CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
[This table has been drawn up in order to bring together in their chronological sequence those events in different parts of Europe which are necessarily treated in the text under the head of different states. The chief events in English History are inserted to serve as guide-posts, even though in some cases no direct reference may be made to them in the following pages.]
| 1273. Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg as King of the Romans. Crowned at Aachen, October 24 | 8 |
| 1274. Death of Henry, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne and Brie. Philip III. of France annexes Champagne and Brie, and assumes the government of Navarre | 48 |
| 1276. First war between Rudolf I. and Ottokar of Bohemia | 9 |
| “ Death of Pope Gregory X. | 27 |
| “ Death of James I. (the Conqueror) of Aragon. Accession of Peter III. | 479 |
| 1277. Election of Pope Nicolas III. | 27 |
| “ Archbishop Otto Visconti obtains the lordship of Milan | 36 |
| 1278. Ottokar of Bohemia killed in the battle of Marchfeld (August 26). Accession of Wenzel II. | 10 |
| 1280. The Teutonic Knights complete the conquest of Prussia | 456 |
| “ Death of Pope Nicolas III. | 27 |
| 1281. Election of Pope Martin IV. | 28 |
| 1282. The Sicilian Vespers (March 30) lead to the transfer of Sicily from the house of Anjou to Peter III. of Aragon | 25 |
| “ Constitutional changes in Florence | 32 |
| “ Austria, Styria, and Carniola acquired by house of Hapsburg, and Carinthia given to Meinhard of Tyrol | 10 |
| “ Death of the Greek Emperor Michael VIII., and accession of Andronicus II. | 497 |
| “ Edward I. of England conquers Wales | 155 |
| 1283. Peter III. of Aragon issues the ‘General Privilege’ | 481 |
| 1284. Battle of Meloria. The Pisans, defeated by the Genoese, lose their maritime importance | 31 |
| “ Death of Alfonso X. (the Wise) of Castile. Accession of Sancho IV. | 48, 470 |
| “ Charles of Valois accepts the crown of Aragon from the Pope. War between France and Aragon | 49 |
| 1285. Death of Charles I., King of Naples (January 7). Accession of Charles II. | 25 |
| “ Death of Pope Martin IV. (March 12). Election of Honorius IV. | 28 |
| “ Death of Philip III. of France (October 5). Accession of Philip IV. | 49 |
| “ Death of Peter III. of Aragon (November 11). Accession of Alfonso III. in Aragon and of James in Sicily | 25, 480 |
| 1286. Accession of Eric Menved in Denmark | 430 |
| “ Death of Alexander III. of Scotland | 157 |
| 1287. Alfonso III. of Aragon issues the ‘Privilege of Union’ | 481 |
| 1288. Death of Pope Honorius IV. Election of Nicolas IV. | 28 |
| 1291. Death of Rudolf I. (July 15) | 11 |
| “ Formation of League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (origin of Swiss Confederation) | 127 |
| “ Fall of Acre puts an end to Christian dominion in the East | 456 |
| “ Death of Alfonso III. of Aragon. Succeeded by his brother, James II. | 26, 480 |
| 1292. Election of Adolf of Nassau as King of the Romans (May 5) | 11 |
| “ Death of Nicolas IV., followed by two years’ interregnum in the Papacy | 28 |
| “ Edward I. awards the Scottish crown to John Balliol | 157 |
| 1293. ‘Ordinances of Justice’ in Florence | 32 |
| 1294. Election of Pope Celestine IV. | 28 |
| “ Abdication of Celestine. Election of Boniface VIII. | 28 |
| “ Outbreak of war between England and France | 51 |
| 1295. John Balliol joins France against Edward I. | 52 |
| “ Death of Archbishop Otto Visconti. Succeeded by his nephew Matteo | 36 |
| “ Death of Sancho IV. of Castile. Accession of Ferdinand IV. | 470 |
| 1296. Edward I. deposes John Balliol and conquers Scotland | 52 |
| “ Boniface VIII. issues the bull Clericis laicos | 29, 52 |
| 1297. Rising in Scotland under Wallace | 160 |
| “ Closing of the Great Council in Venice | 38 |
| 1298. Peace between England and France negotiated by Boniface VIII. | 52 |
| 1298. Death of Adolf of Nassau. Election of Albert I. | 13 |
| 1302. Settlement of the long Sicilian wars. Frederick, brother of James II. of Aragon, recognised as King of Sicily | 26 |
| “ Defeat of French army by the Flemings at Courtrai (July 11) | 53 |
| “ First meeting of the States-General in France | 60 |
| “ Matteo Visconti driven from Milan | 36 |
| 1303. Outrage at Anagni, and death of Boniface VIII. | 29 |
| “ Andronicus II. invites the ‘Grand Company of the Catalans’ into Greece | 497 |
| 1304. Election (February 25) and death (July 27) of Benedict XI. | 29 |
| 1305. Election of Clement VII., who remains in France | 30 |
| “ Death of Wenzel II. of Bohemia. Election of Wenzel III. | 15 |
| 1306. Death of Wenzel III. of Bohemia. Albert I. procures the crown for his son Rudolf | 15 |
| 1307. Death of Rudolf of Bohemia. Accession of Henry of Carinthia | 16 |
| “ Break-up of Seljuk Empire on death of Aladdin III. | 299 |
| 1308. Murder of Albert I. Election of Henry VII. (of Luxemburg) | 17 |
| 1309. Charles Robert, grandson of Charles II. of Naples, recognised as King of Hungary | 15 |
| “ Headquarters of the Teutonic Order transferred from Venice to Marienburg | 457 |
| “ Clement V. fixes his residence in Avignon | 30 |
| “ Death of Charles II. of Naples. Accession of Robert | 26 |
| 1310. Origin of the Council of Ten in Venice | 39 |
| “ Henry VII. sets out on an expedition to Italy | 17, 39 |
| “ Henry of Carinthia driven from Bohemia, and the crown given to Henry VII.’s son John | 18 |
| 1311. Henry VII. restores Matteo Visconti in Milan, and appoints him imperial vicar | 40 |
| “ The Teutonic Knights acquire Pomerellen | 458 |
| 1312. Suppression of the Templars | 55 |
| “ Annexation of Lyons by Philip IV. of France | 56 |
| “ Henry VII. crowned Emperor in St. John Lateran | 41 |
| “ Death of Ferdinand IV. of Castile. Accession of Alfonso XI. | 470 |
| 1313. Death of Henry VII. near Siena | 18, 42 |
| 1314. Battle of Bannockburn (June 24) | 168 |
| “ Double election in Germany of Lewis the Bavarian and Frederick of Hapsburg | 98 |
| “ Death of Philip IV. of France (November 29). Accession of Louis X. | 62 |
| “ Death of Clement V., and papal interregnum for two years | 98 |
| 1315. Swiss victory at the battle of Morgarten | 129 |
| 1316. Election of Pope John XXII. | 99 |
| “ Death of Louis X. of France. Exclusion of his daughter Jeanne in favour of her uncle, Philip V. (so-called Salic Law) | 64 |
| 1319. Death of Eric Menved, and accession of Christopher II. in Denmark | 431 |
| 1322. Defeat and capture of Frederick of Hapsburg at Mühldorf | 99 |
| “ Death of Philip V. of France. Accession of Charles IV. | 65 |
| “ Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father Matteo in Milan | 174 |
| 1323. Lewis the Bavarian protests against the intervention of John XXII. Beginning of quarrel between Empire and Papacy | 99 |
| “ Death of Waldemar, the last Ascanian Margrave of Brandenburg. Lewis the Bavarian gives Brandenburg to his eldest son Lewis | 107 |
| 1326. Orchan succeeds Othman as leader of the Ottoman Turks | 499 |
| 1327. Lewis the Bavarian enters Italy and is crowned in Milan | 105 |
| 1328. Lewis crowned Emperor in Rome | 105 |
| “ Deposition of John XXII., and election of anti-pope | 105 |
| “ Scottish independence recognised by treaty of Northampton | 68 |
| “ Death of Charles IV. of France. Accession of Philip VI. (of Valois) | 65 |
| “ Separation of France and Navarre: the latter goes to Jeanne, daughter of Louis X. | 66 |
| “ Philip VI. defeats the Flemings at Cassel | 70 |
| “ Andronicus II. deposed in favour of his grandson, Andronicus III. | 498 |
| “ Death of Castruccio Castracani, Lord of Lucca | 105, 143 |
| “ Death of Galeazzo Visconti | 174 |
| 1329. Orchan defeats the forces of Andronicus III. at Pelekanon | 499 |
| “ Mastino della Scala succeeds Cangrande in Verona | 143 |
| “ Azzo Visconti becomes imperial vicar in Milan | 143, 174 |
| 1330. Death of Frederick of Hapsburg | 105 |
| “ Lewis the Bavarian returns to Germany | 105 |
| “ Luzern joins the league of the Swiss cantons | 130 |
| “ John of Bohemia enters Italy and occupies Brescia | 144 |
| 1332. League of Italian states against John of Bohemia | 145 |
| “ Edward Balliol obtains the Scottish crown, and does homage to Edward III. | 68 |
| “ Death of Christopher II. followed by eight years’ interregnum in Denmark | 432 |
| 1333. John of Bohemia abandons Italy | 146 |
| “ Edward III. wins battle of Halidon Hill, takes Berwick, and restores Edward Balliol | 68 |
| “ David Bruce escapes to France, and French intervention in Scotland | 68 |
| 1334. Death of John XXII., and election of Benedict XII. | 102 |
| 1335. Death of Henry, Duke of Carinthia and Count of Tyrol | 106 |
| “ Carinthia acquired by Hapsburgs, while Tyrol goes to Margaret Maultasch, wife of John Henry of Moravia | 107 |
| 1336. Rudolf Brun effects a revolution in Zürich | 131 |
| “ Rising in Ghent under Jacob van Artevelde | 71 |
| “ Death of James III. of Aragon, and accession of Peter IV. | 481 |
| 1337. Edward III. claims the French crown and seeks allies in Flanders and Germany | 71 |
| 1338. Electoral meeting at Rense, and diet at Frankfurt to protest against papal pretensions in Germany | 102 |
| “ Meeting of Lewis the Bavarian and Edward III. at Coblentz | 72 |
| “ League against Mastino della Scala. Verona loses its ascendency in northern Italy | 147 |
| 1339. Edward III. invades France from Flanders. Beginning of Hundred Years’ War. Unsuccessful campaign in Picardy | 72 |
| “ Death of Azzo Visconti. Succeeded by his uncle Lucchino | 175 |
| 1340. Naval victory of the English at Sluys | 72 |
| “ Edward repulsed from Tournay, concludes truce with Philip VI. | 72 |
| “ Succession dispute in Brittany on death of John III. | 73 |
| “ Alfonso XI. of Castile defeats the Moors in battle of the Salado | 471 |
| “ Waldemar III. restores monarchical power in Denmark | 433 |
| 1341. Lewis the Bavarian divorces Margaret of Maultasch from John Henry of Moravia, and marries her to his son, Lewis of Brandenburg | 107 |
| “ Death of Andronicus III., and accession of John V. | 500 |
| 1342. Edward III. supports John de Montfort in Brittany | 73 |
| “ Death of Carobert of Hungary, and accession of Lewis the Great | 152 |
| “ Death of Benedict XII., and election of Clement VI. | 106 |
| 1343. Death of Robert of Naples, and accession of Joanna I. | 152 |
| “ Expulsion of Walter de Brienne, and constitutional changes in Florence | 148 |
| “ Treaty of Kalisch between Poland and the Teutonic Order | 458 |
| 1345. Murder of Andrew of Hungary, husband of Joanna of Naples | 152 |
| 1345. Assassination of Jacob van Artevelde | 74 |
| “ Death of William IV. of Holland, Hainault, and Zealand. His territories pass to a son of Lewis the Bavarian | 75, 108 |
| 1346. Opposition in Germany to Lewis the Bavarian. Election of Charles IV. as King of the Romans | 108 |
| “ Battle of Crécy | 76 |
| “ Death of John of Bohemia | 108 |
| “ Defeat of the Scots at Nevill’s Cross | 77 |
| “ Esthonia handed over by Denmark to the Teutonic Order | 458 |
| 1347. Lewis the Great of Hungary attacks Naples. Joanna flies to Provence | 153 |
| “ Triumph of Rienzi in Rome | 157 |
| “ Edward III. takes Calais (August 4) | 77 |
| “ Death of Lewis the Bavarian (October 11) | 108 |
| “ Abdication of Rienzi (December 15) | 159 |
| “ John Cantacuzenos recognised as joint emperor in Constantinople | 501 |
| 1348. Outbreak of the Black Death in Europe | 78 |
| “ Battle of Epila. Peter IV. of Aragon revokes the ‘Privilege of Union’ | 482 |
| “ Lewis de Mâle recovers his authority as Count of Flanders | 78 |
| “ Foundation of the University of Prague by Charles IV. | 113 |
| “ Joanna of Naples sells Avignon to Pope Clement VI. | 153 |
| 1349. Death of Lucchino Visconti. Succeeded by Giovanni, Archbishop of Milan | 175 |
| “ Annexation of Dauphiné to France | 78 |
| “ Death of Jeanne of Navarre, and accession of Charles the Bad | 79 |
| “ Charles IV. succeeds in overcoming opposition in Germany | 111 |
| 1350. Death of Philip VI. of France (August 22), and accession of John | 79 |
| “ Death of Eudes IV., Duke and Count of Burgundy. Succeeded by Philip de Rouvre | 79 |
| “ Death of Alfonso XI. of Castile, and accession of Peter the Cruel | 471 |
| “ Giovanni Visconti obtains Bologna | 160, 175 |
| “ Outbreak of war between Venice and Genoa | 170 |
| 1351. Zürich joins the Swiss League | 132 |
| “ Peace between Lewis of Hungary and Joanna of Naples | 153 |
| 1352. Albert II. of Austria attacks Zürich. Glarus and Zug join the Confederation | 134 |
| “ Death of Pope Clement VI., and election of Innocent VI. | 160 |
| 1353. The accession of Bern completes the eight old cantons of the Swiss Confederation | 135 |
| “ Innocent VI. sends Cardinal Albornoz to recover the Papal States, almost lost during the residence in Avignon | 160 |
| “ Genoa, defeated in naval war with Venice, submits to Milan | 170 |
| 1354. Rienzi’s return to Rome and his death | 161 |
| “ Genoese victory in the battle of Sapienza | 171 |
| “ Death of Giovanni Visconti. Milanese dominions divided between his three nephews | 175 |
| “ John Cantacuzenos compelled to abdicate | 502 |
| “ Turks seize Gallipoli, their first possession on European soil | 502 |
| 1355. Renewal of English invasion of France | 80 |
| “ Charles IV. crowned Emperor in Rome | 114 |
| “ Important meeting of States-General in France | 81 |
| “ Conspiracy and death of Marin Falier in Venice | 169 |
| “ Peace between Venice and Genoa | 171 |
| “ Assassination of Matteo Visconti. Partition of Milanese territories between Bernabo and Galeazzo | 176 |
| “ Death of Stephen Dushan, King of Servia | 501 |
| 1356. Battle of Poitiers, and capture of John of France | 81 |
| “ States-General under the guidance of Etienne Marcel | 83 |
| “ Charles IV. issues the Golden Bull | 115 |
| “ Genoa repudiates Milanese suzerainty | 171, 176 |
| 1358. Rising of the Jacquerie in France | 87 |
| “ Assassination of Marcel, and restoration of order and royal authority by Charles, Duke of Normandy, acting as regent during his father’s captivity | 88 |
| “ Death of Albert II. of Austria, leaving his territories to the joint rule of four sons | 136 |
| 1359. Death of Orchan. Succeeded by Amurath or Murad I. | 502 |
| 1360. Treaty of Bretigni (May 8) ends first period of the Hundred Years’ War | 89 |
| “ Cardinal Albornoz recovers Bologna from the Visconti | 161, 177 |
| 1361. Death of Philip de Rouvre. Duchy of Burgundy granted by John of France to his fourth son, Philip | 90 |
| “ Sack of Wisby by Waldemar III. Beginning of war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League | 433 |
| “ Amurath I. seizes Adrianople, which becomes the European capital of the Turks till 1453 | 502 |
| 1362. Death of Pope Innocent VI., and election of Urban V. | 161 |
| “ Defeat of the Hanseatic League by Danish fleet | 434 |
| 1363. Death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count of Tyrol. Upper Bavaria united with Lower Bavaria: Tyrol acquired by the Hapsburgs | 120 |
| “ Marriage of Margaret of Denmark to Hakon of Norway | 435 |
| 1364. John of France returns to England and dies there. Accession of Charles V. | 188 |
| “ Treaty of mutual inheritance between the houses of Luxemburg and Hapsburg | 120 |
| “ Charles of Blois killed at battle of Aurai | 92 |
| “ Deposition of Magnus of Sweden in favour of Albert of Mecklenburg | 436 |
| 1365. Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg | 137 |
| “ Settlement of Breton war by the recognition of John de Montfort | 92 |
| “ Treaty of Wordingborg between Waldemar III. and Hanse towns | 436 |
| 1366. Peter the Cruel, driven from Castile by Henry of Trastamara, flies to the Black Prince at Bordeaux | 93, 473 |
| 1367. The Black Prince wins the battle of Najara, and restores Peter the Cruel in Castile | 93, 473 |
| “ Urban V. returns from Avignon to Rome | 162 |
| “ Meeting of Hanseatic League at Cologne declares war against Denmark | 437 |
| 1368. Charles IV. visits Urban V. in Rome | 162 |
| “ Death of Cardinal Albornoz | 162, 177 |
| “ Triumph of the Hanseatic fleet: capture of Copenhagen | 438 |
| 1369. Battle of Montiel. Death of Peter the Cruel. Accession of Henry of Trastamara (Henry II.) in Castile | 94, 474 |
| “ Renewal of war between France and England | 94 |
| “ The eastern Emperor John V. visits Rome, and agrees to a union between the Greek and Latin Churches | 503 |
| 1370. Partition of Hapsburg territories between Albert III. and Leopold | 137, 398 |
| “ Massacre at Limoges by order of the Black Prince | 95 |
| “ Urban V. returns from Rome to Avignon | 162 |
| “ Treaty of Stralsund. Hanseatic League at the zenith of its power | 438 |
| “ Death of Casimir the Great of Poland. Succeeded by Lewis of Hungary | 459 |
| 1372. Defeat of the English fleet by Spaniards and French off La Rochelle | 95 |
| 1373. Disastrous expedition of John of Gaunt to France | 95 |
| “ The Emperor Charles IV. acquires Brandenburg | 441 |
| 1375. Truce between England and France, leaving England in occupation of Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne | 96 |
| “ Death of Waldemar III. of Denmark. Accession of Olaf | 442 |
| 1376. Death of the Black Prince (June 8) | 96 |
| “ Election of Wenzel as King of the Romans | 121 |
| 1377. Death of Edward III. of England. Accession of Richard II. | 96 |
| “ Gregory XI. leaves Avignon for Rome | 162, 185 |
| 1378. Death of Gregory XI. in Rome. Election of Urban VI. | 162, 185 |
| “ Rising of the ‘Ciompi’ in Florence | 164 |
| “ Outbreak of war between Venice and Genoa | 172 |
| “ Galeazzo Visconti dies and is succeeded by Gian Galeazzo | 177 |
| “ Election of anti-pope Clement VII. (Sept. 20). Beginning of the great schism | 122, 162, 186 |
| “ Death of the Emperor Charles IV. (Nov. 29). Partition of his dominions | 123 |
| 1379. The Genoese seize Chioggia and blockade Venice | 172 |
| “ Death of Henry II. of Castile, and accession of John I. | 474 |
| 1380. Death of Charles V. of France, and accession of Charles VI. | 97, 315 |
| “ Death of Hakon of Norway. Union of Norway and Denmark under Olaf | 442 |
| “ The Genoese are forced to capitulate at Chioggia. Triumph of Venice | 173 |
| “ Death of Lewis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland | 190, 459 |
| 1381. Rising of the lower classes in England | 316 |
| 1382. Counter-revolution in Florence establishes oligarchy | 166 |
| “ Rising of the Maillotins in Paris | 317 |
| “ Rising of the Flemings under Philip van Artevelde | 317 |
| “ French defeat of the Flemings at Roosebek | 318 |
| “ Suppression of the Maillotins in Paris | 318 |
| “ Death of Joanna I. of Naples. Accession of Charles III. | 154 |
| 1383. Death of Lewis de Mâle. His son-in-law, Philip of Burgundy, acquires Flanders, Artois, Nevers, Rethel, and Franche-Comté | 320 |
| 1385. Gian Galeazzo Visconti imprisons his uncle, Bernabo, and reunites the Milanese dominions | 177 |
| “ Charles III. of Naples claims crown of Hungary | 191 |
| “ Portuguese victory at Aljubarrota over Castilians | 474 |
| “ Death of Louis of Anjou, who had obtained Provence but had been defeated by Charles III. as a claimant to Naples | 154 |
| 1386. Jagello of Lithuania marries Hedwig, younger daughter of Lewis the Great, becomes a Christian, and is crowned King of Poland | 191, 459 |
| 1386. Valentina Visconti married to Louis of Orleans | 178, 321 |
| “ Charles III. of Naples assassinated in Hungary | 155, 191 |
| “ Swiss victory at Sempach. Defeat and death of Leopold of Hapsburg | 138 |
| “ John of Gaunt advances the claim of his wife, Constance, in Castile | 474 |
| “ Schleswig ceded by Denmark to Count of Holstein | 442 |
| 1387. Sigismund of Luxemburg crowned King of Hungary | 192 |
| “ Outbreak of town-war in Germany | 189 |
| “ Death of Peter IV. of Aragon. Accession of John I. | 482 |
| “ John of Gaunt withdraws his wife’s claim and makes peace with John I. of Castile | 475 |
| “ Gian Galeazzo seizes Verona and Vicenza, and ruins the house of Scala | 179 |
| “ Death of Olaf of Denmark and Norway. Succeeded by his mother, Margaret | 443 |
| 1388. Padua subjected by Gian Galeazzo Visconti | 179 |
| “ Albert of Sweden deposed; crown offered to Margaret of Denmark and Norway | 443 |
| 1389. Peace of Eger closes the town-war in Germany | 190 |
| “ Hapsburgs recognise by treaty the independence of the Swiss Confederation | 138 |
| “ Turkish victory at Kossova | 503 |
| “ Amurath I. succeeded by Bajazet I. | 503 |
| “ Death of Urban VI. Election of Boniface IX. | 187 |
| 1390. Death of John I. of Castile, and accession of Henry III. | 475 |
| 1391. Mary of Sicily marries Martin the Younger, son of Martin I. of Aragon | 482 |
| “ Death of Greek emperor, John V., and accession of Manuel II. | 504 |
| 1392. Charles VI. becomes insane. The Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans dispute for the government of France | 319 |
| 1394. Death of Avignon Pope, Clement VII. Election of Benedict XIII. | 187 |
| 1395. Wenzel creates Gian Galeazzo Duke of Milan | 178 |
| 1396. Genoa submits to France through fear of Milan | 180 |
| “ Battle of Nicopolis | 193, 322, 504 |
| 1397. The three Scandinavian kingdoms accept the Union of Kalmar | 443 |
| 1398. Meeting of Wenzel and Charles VI. of France at Rheims | 194 |
| 1399. Gian Galeazzo obtains rule in Pisa and Siena | 181 |
| “ Ladislas, son of Charles III., finally secures crown of Naples against Louis II. of Anjou | 155, 266 |
| 1399. Revolution in England. Accession of Henry IV. (of Lancaster) | 325 |
| 1400. A party of German princes depose Wenzel and elect a rival King of the Romans, Rupert III. | 181, 195 |
| 1401. Battle of Brescia (Oct. 24): Milanese troops rout the forces of Rupert III. | 181, 196 |
| 1402. Death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Sept. 3) | 181, 241 |
| “ Battle of Angora: Timour defeats the Turks and captures Bajazet I. Constantinople saved for the time | 505 |
| 1404. Death of Philip the Bold of Burgundy. Succeeded by John the Fearless | 322 |
| “ Death of Boniface IX. Election of Innocent VII. | 187 |
| “ Venice allied with Milan against Francesco Carrara | 245 |
| 1405. Death of Innocent VII. Election of Gregory XII. | 187 |
| “ Venice acquires Verona and Padua | 245 |
| “ Death of Timour or Tamerlane, the Tartar leader | 505 |
| 1406. Pisa subjected to Florence (Oct. 9) | 244 |
| “ Death of Henry III. of Castile, and accession of John II. | 475 |
| 1407. Assassination of Louis of Orleans in Paris | 322 |
| 1408. Ladislas of Naples occupies Rome | 266 |
| 1409. Council of Pisa. Election of a third Pope, Alexander V. | 199 |
| “ Exodus of Germans from Prague | 210 |
| “ Death of Martin the Younger. Sicily passes to his father, Martin I. of Aragon | 482 |
| 1410. Outbreak of civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs in France | 326 |
| “ Death of Pope Alexander V. Election of John XXIII. | 201 |
| “ Death of Rupert III., King of the Romans | 201 |
| “ Double election of Sigismund (Sept.) and Jobst (Oct.) | 203 |
| “ Recovery of Rome from Ladislas of Naples | 267 |
| “ Battle of Tannenberg: defeat of the Teutonic knights by the Poles | 460 |
| “ Death of Martin I., King of Aragon and Sicily. Disputed succession | 483 |
| 1411. Death of Jobst of Moravia (Jan. 12) | 203 |
| “ Sigismund again elected King of the Romans | 204 |
| “ The Cabochiens supreme in Paris | 327 |
| “ Ladislas defeated by papal and Angevin forces at Rocca-Secca | 267 |
| “ Peace of Thorn between Poland and the Teutonic Order | 461 |
| 1412. Assassination of Gian Maria Visconti. Filippo Maria rules in Milan | 246 |
| 1412. Death of Margaret, ‘the Union Queen.’ Accession of Eric of Pomerania, in the Scandinavian kingdoms | 444 |
| “ Crowns of Aragon and Sicily given to Ferdinand I. (of Castilian house of Trastamara) | 483 |
| 1413. The Armagnacs seize Paris and put down the Cabochiens | 327 |
| “ Ladislas of Naples drives John XXIII. from Rome | 267 |
| “ Mohammed I. reunites the Ottoman dominions | 505 |
| 1414. Defeat of the Burgundians. Treaty of Arras | 327 |
| “ Death of Ladislas of Naples. Accession of Joanna II. | 205, 267 |
| “ Meeting of the Council of Constance | 205, 211 |
| 1415. Henry V. invades France. Capture of Harfleur (Sept. 22). Battle of Agincourt | 328 |
| “ Deposition of John XXIII. at Constance (May 29) | 216 |
| “ Sigismund gives Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern | 216 |
| “ John Hus put to death at Constance (July 6) | 217 |
| “ Sigismund leaves Constance to travel through Europe | 217 |
| “ Spanish kings abandon Benedict XIII. and adhere to the Council of Constance | 218 |
| 1416. Death of Ferdinand I. of Aragon and Sicily. Succeeded by Alfonso V. | 484 |
| 1417. Sigismund returns to Constance | 219 |
| “ Election of Pope Martin V. ends the schism | 220 |
| “ Death of Louis II. of Anjou, unsuccessful claimant to Naples | 269 |
| “ Death of Maso degli Albizzi, leader of the Florentine oligarchs | 289 |
| “ Henry V. renews the invasion of Normandy | 331 |
| 1418. Dissolution of the Council of Constance | 220 |
| “ Burgundians seize Paris from the Armagnacs | 331 |
| 1419. Death of Wenzel. Vacancy of Bohemian throne | 224 |
| “ Fall of Rouen completes the English conquest of Normandy | 331 |
| “ Assassination of John the Fearless at Montereau (Sept. 10) | 332 |
| “ Philip the Good, who succeeds to the Burgundian dominions, allies himself closely with England | 332 |
| 1420. Martin V. publishes a crusade against the Hussites | 225 |
| “ Treaty of Troyes (May 21) gives the regency and the succession in France to Henry V. | 332 |
| “ The Hussites in Bohemia formulate the ‘four articles of Prag’ | 223 |
| 1421. Martin V. re-enters Rome with the help of the Colonnas | 221 |
| “ Battle of Baugé: defeat and death of Thomas of Clarence | 333 |
| “ Death of Mohammed I. Succeeded by Amurath II. | 506 |
| 1422. Death of Albert III., the last Ascanian Elector of Saxony | 226 |
| “ Establishment of the house of Wettin in Saxony | 226 |
| “ Death of Henry V. of England (Aug. 31), and accession of Henry VI. | 333 |
| “ Death of Charles VI. of France. Succeeded in the north by Henry VI., in the south by Charles VII. | 333 |
| “ Attempted reform of military and financial system in Germany | 227 |
| 1423. English and Burgundian victory at Crevant | 337 |
| “ Francesco Foscari becomes Doge of Venice | 249 |
| 1424. John, Duke of Bedford, defeats French and Scots at Verneuil | 337 |
| “ Gloucester marries Jacqueline of Hainault and quarrels with Philip of Burgundy | 337 |
| “ Death of the Hussite leader, John Ziska | 225 |
| 1425. Death of Manuel II., and accession of John VI. in Constantinople | 506 |
| “ Bedford recalled to England by quarrel of Gloucester and Beaufort | 338 |
| “ League of Florence and Venice against Filippo Maria Visconti | 249 |
| 1426. Venice acquires Brescia from Milan | 249 |
| 1427. Defeat of fourth crusade against the Hussites. Proposed constitutional reforms in Germany | 227 |
| 1428. Siege of Orleans by English and Burgundians | 340 |
| “ Venice acquires Bergamo from Milan | 249 |
| 1429. Jeanne Darc raises siege of Orleans (April 19) | 341 |
| “ Charles VI. crowned at Rheims | 341 |
| 1430. Jeanne Darc captured at Compiègne | 344 |
| 1431. Trial and execution (May 28) of Jeanne Darc | 345 |
| “ Death of Martin V., and election of Eugenius IV. | 229 |
| “ Meeting of the Council of Basel | 229 |
| “ Utter failure of the fifth crusade against the Hussites | 228 |
| “ Venetian reverses in the war with Milan | 250 |
| 1432. Death of Bedford’s wife, Anne of Burgundy | 346 |
| “ Trial and execution of Carmagnola | 250 |
| “ Bedford marries Jacquetta of Luxemburg | 346 |
| “ Quarrel between Eugenius IV. and Council of Basel | 230 |
| “ Sigismund crowned Emperor in Rome | 230 |
| 1433. Eugenius IV., driven from Rome to Florence, is compelled to recognise the Council of Basel | 231 |
| “ The Compactata arranged between the Hussites and the Council | 231 |
| 1433. Exile of Cosimo de’ Medici from Florence | 293 |
| 1434. Defeat of the Taborites at the battle of Lipan | 233 |
| “ Fall of the Albizzi in Florence. Recall of Cosimo de’ Medici, and establishment of Medicean ascendency | 294 |
| 1435. Treaty of Arras between Philip the Good and Charles VII. | 347 |
| “ Death of Bedford | 348 |
| “ Death of Joanna II. of Naples. Disputed succession between Alfonso V. of Aragon and Réné of Provence | 271 |
| 1436. Loss of Paris by the English | 350 |
| “ Sigismund at last obtains the Bohemian crown | 233 |
| 1437. Renewed quarrel between Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel | 235 |
| “ Death of Sigismund. Albert V. of Austria succeeds in Hungary and Bohemia | 398 |
| 1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | 237 |
| “ Election of Albert II. (Albert V. of Austria) as King of the Romans | 399 |
| “ Council at Ferrara, transferred to Florence | 236 |
| 1439. States-General of Orleans issue the Ordonnance sur la Gendarmerie | 352 |
| “ Pragmatic Sanction of Mainz | 237 |
| “ Death of Albert II. (Oct. 27) | 401 |
| “ Union of Greek and Latin Churches agreed to at Florence | 236 |
| “ Deposition of Eugenius IV. by the Council of Basel | 238 |
| “ Election of anti-pope Felix V. | 238 |
| 1440. The Praguerie in France | 354 |
| “ Election of Frederick III. as King of the Romans | 402 |
| “ Ladislas Postumus becomes Duke of Austria and King of Bohemia | 409 |
| “ The Hungarians elect Ladislas III. of Poland | 409 |
| “ ‘Prussian League’ formed in opposition to the Teutonic Order | 463 |
| 1441. Peace between Milan and Venice. Venice keeps Brescia and Bergamo | 251 |
| “ Venice acquires possession of Ravenna | 251 |
| 1442. Alfonso V. of Aragon finally secures the crown of Naples | 271 |
| “ Death of Blanche of Navarre. Her husband, John of Aragon, keeps the crown, excluding his son, Charles of Viana | 485 |
| 1443. Eugenius IV. returns to Rome | 239 |
| 1444. Battle of Varna. Death of Ladislas of Poland and Hungary | 410, 508 |
| 1445. Organisation of standing army in France | 354 |
| “ Ladislas Postumus accepted as King of Hungary | 410 |
| “ Æneas Sylvius arranges terms between Frederick III. and Eugenius IV. | 240 |
| “ Marriage of Henry VI. of England with Margaret of Anjou | 356 |
| 1446. Banishment of the dauphin Louis to Dauphiné | 358 |
| 1447. Death of Eugenius IV. (Feb. 23), and election of Nicolas V. | 241, 272 |
| “ Death of Filippo Maria Visconti. Republic in Milan | 252 |
| 1448. Nicolas V. approves concordat with Germany | 241, 273 |
| “ Death of John VI. Succeeded by Constantine Palæologus | 509 |
| “ Death of Christopher vacates the three Scandinavian crowns | 446 |
| “ Swedes elect Karl Knudson | 446 |
| “ Christian I. (of Oldenburg) becomes King of Denmark | 446 |
| 1449. Dissolution of the Council of Basel | 241 |
| “ Renewal of war in France. Invasion of Normandy by the French | 357 |
| 1450. Grand jubilee in Rome | 242, 273 |
| “ Francesco Sforza makes himself master of Milan | 253 |
| “ Disorder in England. Rising of Jack Cade | 357 |
| “ Loss of Normandy by the English | 357 |
| “ Christian I. of Denmark obtains crown of Norway | 446 |
| 1451. French conquest of Guienne | 357 |
| “ Death of Amurath II. Succeeded by Mohammed II. | 508 |
| 1452. Frederick III. crowned Emperor in Rome | 411 |
| “ Ladislas Postumus released from tutelage by Frederick III. | 411 |
| 1453. Capture of Constantinople by Mohammed II. (May 29) | 509 |
| “ Battle of Castillon (July 17). The English retain only Calais | 358 |
| “ Civil war in Prussia leads to Polish invasion | 464 |
| 1454. Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | 253 |
| “ Venice concludes a treaty with the Turks | 254 |
| “ Death of John II. of Castile. Succeeded by Henry IV. (‘The Impotent’) | 476 |
| 1455. Death of Nicolas V. Election of Calixtus III. | 274 |
| “ Beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England | 238 |
| 1456. Mohammed II. repulsed from Belgrade | 411 |
| “ Death of Hungarian leader, John Hunyadi | 411 |
| “ The dauphin Louis, driven from Dauphiné by his father, takes refuge in the Burgundian dominions | 359 |
| 1457. Compulsory abdication of Francesco Foscari in Venice | 254 |
| “ Death of Ladislas Postumus. Austria passes to the Styrian branch of the Hapsburgs | 414 |
| 1457. Karl Knudson driven from Sweden. Coronation of Christian I. reunites the three Scandinavian kingdoms | 447 |
| 1458. Death of Alfonso V. Aragon, Sicily, and Sardinia pass to his brother, John II.; Naples to his natural son, Ferrante | 275, 484 |
| “ Election of Mathias Corvinus in Hungary | 414 |
| “ Election of George Podiebrad in Bohemia | 414 |
| “ Death of Calixtus III. Election of Pius II. | 276 |
| “ Servia conquered by the Turks | 511 |
| 1459. Futile congress at Mantua to arrange a crusade against the Turks | 276 |
| “ Death of Adolf, Count of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig | 447 |
| 1460. John of Calabria revives the Angevin claim to Naples | 277 |
| “ Pius II. issues the bull Execrabilis | 277, 407 |
| “ Turkish conquest of the Morea | 511 |
| “ Death of Prince Henry the Navigator | 491 |
| “ Christian I., King of Denmark, etc., obtains Schleswig and Holstein | 447 |
| 1461. Death of Charles VII. of France, and accession of Louis XI. | 361 |
| “ Death of Charles of Viana. Rising in Catalonia against John II. of Aragon | 486 |
| “ Mohammed II. subdues the empire of Trebizond | 513 |
| “ Yorkist victory at Towton, and accession of Edward IV. in England | 244 |
| 1462. John II. of Aragon, hard pressed by Catalans, cedes Roussillon and Cerdagne to Louis XI. | 389, 486 |
| “ Conquest of Wallachia by the Turks | 511 |
| “ Turkish conquests in the Ægean | 512 |
| 1463. Venice decides to go to war with the Turks | 255, 512 |
| 1464. Genoa subjected to Milan | 260 |
| “ John of Calabria leaves Naples | 278 |
| “ Death of Pius II. at Ancona. Election of Paul II. | 280 |
| “ Death of Cosimo de’ Medici | 299 |
| “ Conquest of Bosnia by the Turks | 511 |
| 1465. War of the Public Weal in France | 365 |
| “ Louis XI. enters Paris after the battle of Montlhéri | 366 |
| “ Conclusion of the Treaty of Conflans | 367 |
| 1466. Death of Francesco Sforza. Succeeded by Galeazzo Maria | 261 |
| “ Conspiracy in Florence against Piero de’ Medici | 300 |
| “ Treaty of Thorn: West Prussia ceded to Poland, and East Prussia retained by Teutonic Order as a Polish fief | 465 |
| 1467. Death of Scanderbeg, the defender of Albania against the Turks | 256 |
| 1467. Death of Philip the Good, and accession of Charles the Bold | 369 |
| 1468. Interview at Péronne between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 370 |
| “ Rebellion in Liége forces Louis to make treaty of Péronne | 371 |
| “ War between Hungary and Bohemia | 415 |
| 1469. Death of Piero de’ Medici. Lorenzo becomes practically lord of Florence | 302 |
| “ Charles the Bold acquires Alsace and the Breisgau from Sigismund of Tyrol | 377 |
| “ Death of John of Calabria | 486 |
| “ Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon | 477 |
| “ Margaret, daughter of Christian I., marries James III. of Scotland | 448 |
| 1470. Warwick and Clarence driven from England to France. Reconciliation of Warwick with Margaret of Anjou | 372 |
| “ Renewed war between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 374 |
| 1471. Edward IV. of England defeats his opponents at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May) | 373 |
| “ Death of George Podiebrad. Bohemians elect Ladislas, son of Casimir IV. of Poland | 416, 465 |
| “ Death of Paul II. Election of Sixtus IV. | 281 |
| “ Constitutional changes in Florence strengthen the Medici | 303 |
| 1472. Death of Charles of Guienne (May 24) | 376 |
| “ Truce between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold | 376 |
| “ Altered policy of Charles the Bold | 376 |
| “ John II. takes Barcelona and puts down the Catalan rebellion | 486 |
| 1473. Death of Nicolas of Calabria. Charles the Bold’s aggressions in Lorraine | 378 |
| “ Interview at Trier between Charles the Bold and Frederick III. | 378, 404 |
| 1474. Charles the Bold lays siege to Neuss | 378 |
| “ The Swiss stirred into hostility to Charles the Bold | 379 |
| “ Death of Henry IV. of Castile. Accession of Isabella | 477 |
| 1475. Edward IV. invades France. Treaty of Pecquigni | 381 |
| “ Charles the Bold overruns Lorraine | 381 |
| “ Execution of the Constable St. Pol | 383 |
| 1476. Charles the Bold undertakes to chastise the Swiss. Battles of Granson (March 2) and Morat (June 22) | 384 |
| “ Murder of Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Milan | 261 |
| 1477. Death of Charles the Bold before Nanci (Jan. 5) | 386 |
| “ Louis XI. occupies Burgundy, Franche-Comté and Artois | 387 |
| 1477. Mary of Burgundy married to Maximilian | 388 |
| 1478. Conspiracy of the Pazzi in Florence | 282, 305 |
| “ Florence at war with Naples and the Papacy | 282, 307 |
| 1479. Death of John II. of Aragon. Succeeded by Ferdinand the Catholic, but Navarre passes to his daughter Eleanor | 487 |
| “ Florentine reverses. Lorenzo de’ Medici goes to Naples | 308 |
| “ Regency of Bona of Savoy in Milan overthrown by Ludovico Sforza | 262 |
| “ Treaty of Constantinople ends the long war between Venice and the Turks | 256, 513 |
| 1480. Occupation of Otranto by the Turks | 283, 310, 513 |
| “ Florence makes peace with Naples and Sixtus IV. | 309 |
| “ Important constitutional changes in Florence | 310 |
| “ Death of Réné le Bon, succeeded by Charles of Maine | 389 |
| 1481. Death of Mohammed II.. Evacuation of Otranto. Temporary decline of Turkish power | 513 |
| “ Death of Charles of Maine enables Louis XI. to acquire Anjou, Maine, and Provence | 389 |
| 1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy | 388 |
| “ Treaty of Arras settles the Burgundian succession | 388 |
| “ Venetian attack upon Ferrara | 257, 283 |
| “ Coalition of Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papacy | 257, 283 |
| 1483. Death of Edward IV. of England | 388 |
| “ Death of Louis XI. Accession of Charles VIII. Regency of Anne of Beaujeu | 390 |
| “ Sixtus IV. deserts Venice and joins the hostile league | 284 |
| 1484. Meeting of States-General at Tours | 391 |
| “ Treaty of Bagnolo ends the Ferrarese war | 257, 284 |
| “ Death of Sixtus IV., and election of Innocent VIII. | 284 |
| “ War between Mathias Corvinus and Frederick III. | 416 |
| 1485. Henry VII. establishes the Tudor dynasty in England | 391 |
| “ Rising of Neapolitan barons against Ferrante. Offer of the crown to Réné of Lorraine | 286 |
| “ Mathias Corvinus seizes Vienna | 417 |
| 1486. Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope | 492 |
| “ Maximilian elected King of the Romans in his father’s lifetime | 417 |
| 1488. Death of Francis II. of Brittany. Succeeded by daughter Anne | 391 |
| 1490. Death of Mathias Corvinus. Succeeded by Ladislas of Bohemia | 417 |
| 1491. Anne of Brittany compelled to marry Charles VIII. | 392 |
| “ Treaty of Pressburg, by which Maximilian recovered the Austrian territories which had been conquered by Mathias Corvinus | 417 |
| “ End of the regency of Anne of Beaujeu | 392 |
| 1492. Columbus discovers the new world of America | 492 |
| “ Annexation of Moorish kingdom of Granada to Spain | 490 |
| “ Death of Innocent VIII., and election of Alexander VI. | 287 |
| “ Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Succeeded by Piero II. | 312 |
| “ Henry VII. invades France, but is bought off by treaty of Étaples | 392 |
| 1493. Bull of Alexander VI. dividing the new world between Spain and Portugal | 493 |
| “ Treaty of Barcelona restores Roussillon and Cerdagne to Aragon | 392 |
| “ Treaty of Senlis cedes Artois and Franche-Comté | 393 |
| “ Neapolitan exiles, advised by Venice, and supported by Ludovico Sforza, urge Charles VIII. to claim Naples as representing the house of Anjou | 263, 286, 392 |
| “ Death of Frederick III. Maximilian unites all Hapsburg dominions | 417 |
| 1494. Death of Ferrante of Naples. Succeeded by Alfonso II. | 287 |
| “ Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal | 493 |
| “ Charles VIII. sets out to assert his claim to Naples | 393 |
| “ Expulsion of Piero de’ Medici, and restoration of republican government in Florence | 314 |