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The court of Louis XV

Chapter 31: FOOTNOTES:
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About This Book

The work offers a series of compact biographical portraits of prominent women at the royal court during the eighteenth-century reign, arranged chronologically to follow shifts in favor and influence. Individual chapters profile queens, favorites, and princesses, tracing their personal backgrounds, rivalries, intrigues, patronage of the arts and letters, involvement in court politics and diplomacy, and responses to crises such as assassination attempts and wartime pressures. It emphasizes character studies over grand narrative, reconstructing salon life, theatrical and cultural patronage, and the private and public roles these women played in shaping the court's moral and political climate.

Norwood Press:
J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith.
Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

FAMOUS WOMEN OF THE FRENCH COURT


CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, PUBLISHERS


Former series of M. Imbert de Saint-Amand’s historical works have depicted the great French historical epochs of modern times. The stirring events of the Revolution, of the Consulate and Empire, and of the Restoration period, ending with the July revolution of 1830 and the accession of Louis Philippe, are grouped around the attractive personalities of Marie Antoinette, the Empresses Josephine and Marie Louise, and the Duchesses of Angoulême and of Berry. The remarkable and uniform success of these works has induced the publishers to undertake the translation and publication of a previous series of M. de Saint-Amand’s volumes which deal with epochs more remote, but not for that reason less important, interesting, or instructive. The distinction of the cycle now begun with the “Women of the Valois Court” and ending with “The Last Years of Louis XV.,” is that, whereas in former series several volumes have been devoted to the historical events associated with each of the titular personalities to which they were closely related, in the present instance a more condensed method is followed. The color of the present series is more personal, and therefore more romantic, as is to be expected in the annals of a period during which the famous women of the French Court were not only more numerous but more influential than their successors of later times. The dawn of the modern era, chronicled in M. de Saint-Amand’s “Marie Antoinette and the End of the Old Régime” was the beginning of the extinction of the feminine influence that flourished vigorously in affairs of state from Marguerite of Angoulême to Madame Dubarry. It is the history of this influence that the author has graphically written in the four volumes now announced—“Women of the Valois Court,” “The Court of Louis XIV.,” and “The Court of Louis XV.,” and “The Last Years of Louis XV.”

The first volume is devoted to Marguerite of Angoulême and Catherine de’ Medici and their contemporaries at the French court during the days of the last of the Valois—the most romantic period of royalty probably in all history. The two principal figures are depicted with striking vividness,—the half Catholic, half Protestant sister of Francis I., the grandmother of Henry IV., the author of the famous “Heptameron,” and one of the most admirable historical figures of any epoch; and the diplomatic, ambitious, unscrupulous but extremely human Catherine, universally held responsible for the awful Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. But the subordinate though scarcely less famous women who adorned the Valois Court—Diane de Poitiers, the Duchess d’Étampes, Marguerite of Valois, Marie Stuart, and others—are described with an equally brilliant and illuminating touch.

The volumes on the women of the great Bourbon epoch, the epoch of Louis XIV. and Louis XV., when the Bourbon star was in the zenith, contain a great deal of intimate history as well as setting in relief the interesting personalities of the famous La Vallière and Montespan and that perennial historical enigma, Madame de Maintenon, in the volume devoted to the court of the “Sun King,” and those of Madame de Pompadour, Madame Dubarry, Queen Marie Leczinska, and other celebrities who made Versailles what it was during the long and varied reign of Louis XV. The study of Madame de Maintenon is a real contribution to history, and the pictures of the clever and dazzling beauties who controlled so long the destinies not only of France but measurably of Europe itself from the accession of “le Grand Monarque” to the first threatenings of the Revolution “deluge” are extremely life-like and skilfully executed. The historical chronicle of the time is by no means lost sight of by the author, but in this series even more than in his works heretofore published in English he appears not only as an interesting and impartial historian, but as a brilliant historical portraitist.

FOUR NEW VOLUMES.

WOMEN OF THE VALOIS AND VERSAILLES COURTS.

Each with Portraits, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $5.00; half calf, $10.00.

WOMEN OF THE VALOIS COURT.

THE COURT OF LOUIS XIV.

THE COURT OF LOUIS XV.

THE LAST YEARS OF LOUIS XV.

VOLUMES PREVIOUSLY ISSUED.


THREE VOLUMES ON MARIE ANTOINETTE.

Each with Portrait, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $3.75; half calf, $7.50.

MARIE ANTOINETTE AND THE END OF THE OLD RÉGIME.

MARIE ANTOINETTE AT THE TUILERIES.

MARIE ANTOINETTE AND THE DOWNFALL OF ROYALTY.

In this series is unfolded the tremendous panorama of political events in which the unfortunate Queen had so influential a share, beginning with the days immediately preceding the Revolution, when court life at Versailles was so gay and unsuspecting, continuing with the enforced journey of the royal family to Paris, and the agitating months passed in the Tuileries, and concluding with the abolition of royalty, the proclamation of the Republic, and the imprisonment of the royal family,—the initial stage of their progress to the guillotine.

THREE VOLUMES ON THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE.

Each with Portrait, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $3.75; half calf, $7.50.

CITIZENESS BONAPARTE.

THE WIFE OF THE FIRST CONSUL.

THE COURT OF THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE.

The romantic and eventful period beginning with Josephine’s marriage, comprises the astonishing Italian campaign, the Egyptian expedition, the coup d’état of Brumaire, and is described in the first of the above volumes; while the second treats of the brilliant society which issued from the chaos of the Revolution, and over which Madame Bonaparte presided so charmingly; and the third, of the events between the assumption of the imperial title by Napoleon and the end of 1807, including, of course, the Austerlitz campaign.

FOUR VOLUMES ON THE EMPRESS MARIE LOUISE.

Each with Portrait, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $5.00; half calf, $10.00.

THE HAPPY DAYS OF MARIE LOUISE.

MARIE LOUISE AND THE DECADENCE OF THE EMPIRE.

MARIE LOUISE AND THE INVASION OF 1814.

MARIE LOUISE, THE RETURN FROM ELBA, AND THE HUNDRED DAYS.

The auspicious marriage of the Archduchess Marie Louise to the master of Europe; the Russian invasion, with its disastrous conclusion a few years later; the Dresden and Leipsic campaign; the invasion of France by the Allies, and the marvellous military strategy of Napoleon in 1814, ending only with his defeat and exile to Elba; his life in his little principality; his romantic escape and dramatic return to France; the preparations of the Hundred Days; Waterloo and the definitive restoration of Louis XVIII. closing the era begun in 1789, with “The End of the Old Régime,”—are the subjects of the four volumes grouped around the personality of Marie Louise.

TWO VOLUMES ON THE DUCHESS OF ANGOULÊME.

Each with Portrait, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $2.50; half calf, $5.00.

THE YOUTH OF THE DUCHESS OF ANGOULÊME.

THE DUCHESS OF ANGOULÊME AND THE TWO RESTORATIONS.

The period covered in this first of these volumes begins with the life of the daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette imprisoned in the Temple after the execution of her parents, and ends with the accession of Louis XVIII. after the abdication of Napoleon at Fontainebleau. The first Restoration, its illusions, the characters of Louis XVIII., of his brother, afterwards Charles X., of the Dukes of Angoulême and Berry, sons of the latter, the life of the Court, the feeling of the city, Napoleon’s sudden return from Elba, the Hundred Days from the Royalist side, the second Restoration, and the vengeance taken by the new government on the Imperialists, form the subject-matter of the second volume.

THREE VOLUMES ON THE DUCHESS OF BERRY.

Each with Portrait, $1.25. Price per set, in box, cloth, $3.75; half calf, $7.50.

THE DUCHESS OF BERRY AND THE COURT OF LOUIS XVIII.

THE DUCHESS OF BERRY AND THE COURT OF CHARLES X.

THE DUCHESS OF BERRY AND THE REVOLUTION OF JULY, 1830.

The Princess Marie Caroline, of Naples, became, upon her marriage with the Duke of Berry, the central figure of the French Court during the reigns of both Louis XVIII. and Charles X. The former of these was rendered eventful by the assassination of her husband and the birth of her son, the Count of Chambord, and the latter was from the first marked by those reactionary tendencies which resulted in the dethronement and exile of the Bourbons. The dramatic Revolution which brought about the July monarchy of Louis Philippe, has never been more vividly and intelligently described than in the last volume devoted to the Duchess of Berry.

In these translations of this interesting series of sketches, we have found an unexpected amount of pleasure and profit. The author cites for us passages from forgotten diaries, hitherto unearthed letters, extracts from public proceedings, and the like, and contrives to combine and arrange his material so as to make a great many very vivid and pleasing pictures. Nor is this all. The material he lays before us is of real value, and much, if not most of it, must be unknown save to the special students of the period. We can, therefore, cordially commend these books to the attention of our readers. They will find them attractive in their arrangement, never dull, with much variety of scene and incident, and admirably translated.”—The Nation, of December 19, 1890.

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Gallegher, and Other Stories. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.

The ten stories comprising this volume attest the appearance of a new and strong individuality in the field of American fiction. They are of a wide range and deal with very varied types of metropolitan character and situation; but each proves that Mr. Davis knows his New York as well as Dickens did his London.

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“Dr. Eggleston’s fresh and vivid portraiture of a phase of life and manners, hitherto almost unrepresented in literature; its boldly contrasted characters, and its unconventional, hearty, religious spirit, took hold of the public imagination.”—The Christian Union.

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The Conscript. Illustrated. Waterloo. Illustrated. Sequel to The Conscript. Madame Thérèse. The Blockade of Phalsburg. Illustrated. The Invasion of France in 1814. Illustrated. A Miller’s Story of the War. Illustrated.

The National Novels, each, $1.25; the sets, 6 vol., $7.50.

Friend Fritz. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.25.

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A Little Book of Profitable Tales. 16mo, $1.25.

“This pretty little volume promises to perpetuate examples of a wit, humor, and pathos quaint and rare in their kind.”—New York Tribune.

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Seth’s Brother’s Wife. 12mo, $1.25. The Lawton Girl. 12mo, $1.25; paper, 50 cts. In the Valley. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.50.

“It is almost reasonable to assert that there has not been since Cooper’s day a better American novel dealing with a purely historical theme than ‘In the Valley.’”—Boston Beacon.

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The Two Chiefs of Dunboy. An Irish Romance of the Last Century. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.50.

“The narrative is full of vigor, spirit and dramatic power. It will unquestionably be widely read, for it presents a vivid and life-like study of character with romantic color, and adventurous incident for the background.”—The New York Tribune.

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Face to Face. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.25. The Reflections of a Married Man. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.

“In the ‘Reflections,’ Mr. Grant has given us a capital little book which should easily strike up literary comradeship with ‘The Reveries of a Bachelor.’”—Boston Transcript.

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Philip Nolan’s Friends. Illust’d. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.50.

“There is no question, we think, that this is Mr. Hale’s completest and best novel.”—The Atlantic Monthly.

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Judith. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00. Handicapped. 12mo, $1.50. With the Best Intentions. 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cts.

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Free Joe, and Other Georgian Sketches. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.

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The Jesuit’s Ring. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.

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Weird Tales. With Portrait. 12mo, 2 vols., $3.00.

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Sevenoaks and Arthur Bonnicastle. Each, paper, 50c.

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Color Studies, and a Mexican Campaign. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Lacordaire, 2d Toulouse Conference.

[2]

No, Louis was less harsh than he appeared;
His death has justified him,
Since he, as well as the Messiah,
Has died for our salvation.

[3] Room No. 124 of the Notice du Musée de Versailles, by M. Eudore Soulié.

[4] Room No. 115 of the Notice du Musée de Versailles.

[5] See the interesting work by M. Édouard de Barthélemy, Les filles du Regent, 2 vols., Firmin Didot.

[6] La Reine Leczinska, by Madame the Countess d’Armaillé, born De Ségur, 1 vol., Dentu.

[7] Letter to M. Thiriot, October 17, 1725.

[8] Receveur des décimes—the tithe formerly paid by the clergy to the kings of France.

[9] Memoirs of Duclos.

[10] The Duke was blind in one eye.

[11] The chamber of Louis XV. and the cabinets are now used as the apartment of the President of the National Assembly.

[12] Massillon, Sermon on l’Evidence de la loi.

[13] Memoirs of the Duke de Luynes.

[14] Les Maitresses de Louis XV., par Edmond et Jules de Goncourt. 2 vols. Firmin-Didot.

[15] Correspondence of Louis XV. and the Marshal de Noailles, published by M. Camille Rousset. 2 vols. Dumont.

[16] Lettres autographes de la duchesse de Châteauroux. Bibliothèque de Rouen.

[17] Memoirs of the Duke de Luynes.

[18] M. Capefigue, Madame la Marquise de Pompadour. 1 vol. Amyot.

[19] M. Boutaric, Correspondance Secrète de Louis XV.

[20] The dinner took place in the room called the Queen’s Antechamber, No. 117 of the Notice du Musée, by M. Eudore Soulié.

[21] Room No. 116 of the Notice du Musée.

[22] The gilted screw-rings which served to support this canopy may still be seen in the cornice opposite the windows.

[23] La reine Marie Leczinska, by Madame the Countess d’Armaillé, born de Ségur. 1 vol., Didier.

[24] Massillon, Sermon sur les dégoûts qui accompagnent la piété.

[25] Born at Versailles, September 4, 1729, died at Fontainebleau, December 20, 1765. He married a Spanish Infanta in 1745, and in 1747 a princess of Saxony, the mother of Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and of Charles X.

[26] February 25, 1745.

[27]

When Cæsar, that charming hero,
Whom all Rome idolized,
Gained some brilliant combat,
People complimented on it
The divine Cleopatra.
When Louis, that charming hero,
Who is the idol of all Paris,
Gains some brilliant combat,
One must compliment on it
The divine D’Étioles.

[28]

He knows how to love and how to fight;
He sends to this fair abode
A brevet worthy of Henry Fourth,
Signed: Louis, Mars, and Love.
But the enemies have their turn,
And his valor and his prudence
Give to Ghent, the same day,
A brevet as a French city.
These two brevets, so welcome,
Will both survive in memory.
With him the altars of Venus
Are in the temple of Glory.

[29]

All is about to change: the crimes of an inconstant
No longer will be vaunted as exploits.
Modesty alone will obtain our homage,
Constant Love will resume his rights.
The example of it is given by the greatest of kings
And the most discreet of beauties.

[30]

Great King, London groans, Vienna weeps and admires thee.
Thine arm is about to decide the fate of the Empire.
Sardinia wavers, and Munich repents;
Batavia, undecided, is a prey to remorse;
And France exclaims amidst her joy:
“The best loved of Kings is also the greatest!”

[31] See the accurate and interesting little work by M. Adolphe Julien: Histoire du Théâtre de Mme. de Pompadour, dit Théâtre des petits cabinets, with an etching by Martial after Boucher.

[32]

One traces but on sand
The vague and unstable promises
Of all the nobles of the court;
But on imperishable bronze
The Muses have traced the name of Pompadour
And her invariable promise.

[33] This staircase, which led to the large apartments of the King, was destroyed in 1750. The present staircase in the wing of the palace was constructed on the side of it.

[34]

This perfect American
Has caused too many tears to flow.
Can I not console myself
And see Venus at her toilette?

[35] See the learned and remarkable work of M. Campardon: Madame de Pompadour et la cour de Louis XV., 1 vol., Plon.

[36] Curiosités historiques, par M. Le Roy, 1 vol., Plon.

[37] See rooms 56, 57, 58, 59 of M. Soulie’s Notice of the Museum of Versailles. No. 57 was the bedroom of the Marquise, No. 58 her study.

[38]

Sincere and tender Pompadour
(For I can give you in advance
This name which rhymeth with amour
And soon will be the finest name in France),
This tokay with which Your Excellence
At Étioles regalèd me,
Beareth it not some resemblance
Unto the King who gave it thee?
It is, like him, without melange,
Joins strength to mildness, pleasant art,
Pleases the eyes, enchants the heart,
Does good and never knoweth change.

[39]

Spirits and hearts and ramparts terrible,
All to his efforts yield, all bend beneath his law,
And Berg-Op-Zoom and you, you are invincible;
You have submitted only to my King.
’Tis to your arms he flies from Victory’s breast,
Finds in your heart the guerdon of his toils.
His glory nothing can augment,
And you augment his happiness.

[40]

So then, you reunite
All arts, all gifts to please;
Pompadour, you embellish
The court, Parnassus, and Cythera.
Charm of all eyes, treasure of one alone,
May your love be eternal!
May all your days be marked by festivals!
May new successes mark the days of Louis!
May you both live devoid of enemies
And both preserve your conquests.

[41]

Grotesque monument, infamous pedestal;
The Virtues are on foot, and vice on horseback.

[42]

Here lies she who, starting from a dungheap,
In order to make her fortune complete,
Sold her honor to the farmer,
And her daughter to the proprietor.

[43]

The noble lords abase themselves,
The financiers enrich themselves,
The Poissons aggrandize themselves;
’Tis the reign of good-for-naughts.
They exhaust the treasury,
They waste in buildings,
The State falls into decadence,
The King sets nothing straight.
A little bourgeoise,
Brought up like a wanton,
Measuring all by her own standard,
Makes a kennel of the court;
Louis, in spite of his scruples,
Burns coldly for her,
And his ridiculous amour
Makes all Paris laugh.
A vapid countenance,
And each tooth spotted,
The skin yellow and freckled,
The eyes frigid and the neck long,
Witless and without character,
The soul vile and mercenary,
The tattle of a gossip,
All is low with la Poisson.
If among chosen beauties
She were one of the prettiest,
One pardons follies
When their object is a gem.
But when a ridiculous creature
And so flat a figure
Excites so many murmurs,
Every one thinks the King a fool.

[44]

Who can hereafter recognize his King
Amid these actors who reign with thee?

[45]

Love has been set upon the throne of France.
Theatric rage assassinates the court.
The palaces of our kings, once worthy of respect,
Lose all their éclat, become contemptible;
None but merry-andrews inhabit them!...

[46]

A leech’s daughter and a leech herself,
Fish of an arrogance extreme,
Parades in this château, without fear or dread,
The people’s substance and the monarch’s shame.

[47] Clément XIV. et les Jésuites, by M. Crétineau-Joly.

[48] See the very learned and complete work of M. Jobez: La France sous Louis XV. Six vols., Didier.

[49]

What is clearly conceived is clearly expressed,
And the words to say it come easily.

[50] Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du Lundi, t. viii.

[51]

Soubise says, lantern in hand,
There’s no use looking, where the devil is my army?
It was here yesterday morning, anyhow,
Has some one taken it or have I lost it?
Ah! I lose everything, I am a rattlepate;
But wait till broad daylight, till noon.
What do I see! O heaven! How my soul is enraptured!
Wondrous prodigy, there it is, there it is!—
Ah! zounds! What is that then?
I was mistaken, ’tis the enemy’s army.

[52] Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XV.

[53] See the witty and interesting work by M. Arsène Houssaye: Louis XV. 1 vol., Dentu.

[54]

The sun is sick,
And so is Pompadour;
’Tis but a transient thing,
For both are cured;
The good God who aids
Our wishes and our love,
For the welfare of the world
Restores to us the day
With Pompadour.

[55]

You are too dear to France,
To the god of arts and loves,
To fear the deadly power of fate.
All the gods watched over your life,
All were animated by the zeal that inspires me;
In flying to your rescue
They have established their empire.

[56] Bossuet. Sermon on Final Impenitence.

[57] Room No. 116 of the Notice du Musée, by M. Eudore Soulié.

[58] No. 122 of the Notice.

[59]

These lines, traced by a hand divine,
Cannot but cause me trouble and embarrassment.
’Twere too much daring should my heart divine them;
’Twere too ungrateful not to guess them.

[60]

One should not be old except in Sparta,
Say the ancient writings.
Great God! how far I am out of the way,
Who am so old in Paris.
O Sparta! O Sparta! alas! what has become of you?
You knew the full value of a hoary head.
The more one muffled up in dog-days,
The more the ear was deaf and dim the eye,
The more nonsense one talked in his sad family,
The more one criticised the veriest trifle,
The more gout and similar titbits one possessed,
The more teeth one had lost by their good will,
The more one stooped over his heavy crutch,
The more fit, in fact, one was to be buried,
The more within its ramparts one was honored.
O Sparta! O Sparta! alas! what has become of you?
Yon knew the full value of a hoary head.

[61]

Accumulated years have pushed me to extremity.
I cannot longer, alas! find Sparta everywhere,
But you, the model of queens,
Assuredly should find Athens everywhere.

[62] Mesdames de France, filles de Louis XV., by Édouard de Barthélemy. Didier.

[63] Louis XV. et sa famille, after unpublished letters and documents, by Honoré Bonhomme. 1 Vol., Dentu.

[64] No. 122 of Notice du Musée de Versailles, by M. Eudore Soulié.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.