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The Courtship of Animals

Chapter 19: ERRATUM
By W. P. Pycraft
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Science - Biology

About This Book

The author surveys courtship and mating across the animal kingdom, applying Darwinian ideas of sexual selection to mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, insects, arachnids and crustaceans. Chapters examine weapons, ornament, song, dance, scent and anatomy as means of display and competition; variations in mating systems from monogamy to polygamy and lekking; parental roles and reversed sex roles; hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis and other reproductive shortcuts; and the social organization of ants, bees and other social insects. Explanations draw on hormones, secondary sexual characters and evolutionary theory, and occasional comparisons are made to human mating and social implications.

THE END

INDEX

  • Alcock, Colonel, on courtship of crabs, 255
  • Alder-flies, claspers of, 233
  • Amorousness, a factor in evolution, 24
  • — power of, 6, 9
  • — where absent, 6
  • Andrews, Dr. C. W., on display of Frigate-bird, 111
  • Antelopes, battles of, 64
  • — horns of, 63
  • — scent glands of, 67
  • Antennæ, sense of smell in, 199
  • Antlers, branching of, 61
  • — eaten when shed, 58
  • — in female deer, 62
  • — shedding of, 53
  • — types of, 60
  • — use of, 55
  • Ants, nuptial flight of, 297
  • — dismal fate of queen, 298
  • Apes, brilliant colours of, 45
  • — — — use of, 46
  • — family relations of, 43
  • — polygamy in, 48
  • — power of voice in, 42
  • — related to man, 41
  • Aphides, appalling fertility of, 301
  • — parthenogenesis in, 301
  • Argonaut, remarkable egg-cradle of, 269
  • Armature in birds, 117
  • Argus Pheasant, display of, 96
  • — — ocelli of, 97

  • Baboons, mane of, 44
  • Bailador, dances of, 121
  • Barrett Hamilton, Major, on Fur-seals, 85
  • Bee, Bumble, life of, 292
  • — drone, life of, 281, 289
  • — queen, as executioner, 279
  • — — execution of, 286
  • — — nuptial flight of, 279
  • — worker, evolution of, 290
  • Beetles, fighting between, 214
  • — stridulating organ of, 217
  • — vivid coloration in, 209
  • “Behaviour,” specific character of, 157
  • Birds, secondary sexual characters of, 94
  • Birds-of-Paradise, display of, 101
  • Bower-birds, coloration of, 158
  • — — origin of “bowers,” 160
  • — — singular behaviour of, 157
  • Brine-shrimp, vitality of, 304
  • Bug, extraordinary armature of, 216
  • Bustard, Australian, display of, 108
  • Bustard, Great, display of, 107
  • Butterflies, courtship of, 195
  • — excess of males in, 192
  • — experiments on, 205
  • — and female choice, 193
  • — females larger than males, 193
  • — fighting between, 194
  • — fragrance of, 200
  • — males mobbing females, 196
  • — methods of pairing, 204
  • — scent scales of, 199
  • Butterfly, Small-blue, method of folding wings of, 187

  • Caiman, Dr. W. T., on A pus, 306
  • Campbell on courtship of spiders, 247
  • Cassowary, roar of, 112
  • Castration, effects of, 144
  • Chamæleons, armature of, 167
  • Cicada, music of, 222
  • Cockles, blindness of, 274
  • Coloration, cause of iridescent, 189
  • — forms of, 186
  • Conger-eel, huge size of females in, 178
  • Cooke, Mr. John, and the behaviour of sheep, 69
  • Courtship, meaning of, 21
  • Crabs, courtship of, 258
  • — seizing mates, 260
  • — stridulating organs of, 255
  • Crane, dances of, 120
  • Crocodile, courtship of, 164
  • Cunningham, J. T., and secondary sexual characters, 14

  • Dancing in birds, 119
  • Darwin, his theory of Sexual Selection, 12
  • Darwin on coloration of beetles, 210, 211
  • — on coloration of mollusca, 275
  • — on “horns” of beetles, 212
  • — on mane of baboons, 44
  • — on sexual selection in butterflies, 194
  • Deer, antlers of, 53, 62
  • — courtship of, 53
  • — fatal encounters of, 55
  • “Diathetic” types, meaning of, 50
  • “Display,” function of, 183
  • — in birds, need of, 147, 149
  • Double-eyed fish, 176

  • Dragon-flies, antiquity of, 227
  • Dragonet, courtship of, 177
  • Eland, horns of, 65
  • — strange habits of, 68
  • Elephant, courtship of, 71
  • — remarkable scent glands of, 69
  • — use of tusks in, 70
  • Elephant-seal, courtship of, 87
  • Emotions and human evolution, 32
  • — and sexual selection, 17
  • Emu, air-sacs of, 112
  • Eunuchs, peculiar features of, 145
  • Extinction, causes of, 17

  • Fabre on courtship of scorpions, 252
  • Fashions among savages, 33 et seq.
  • Fighting-fish, ferocity of, 182
  • Fish, disparity in size of sexes 178
  • Forbes, Dr. H. O., on deceptive coloration in a spider, 240
  • Frigate-bird, air-sacs in display of, III
  • Frilled-lizard, courtship of, 165
  • Frogs, concerts of, 171
  • — courtship of, 169
  • — singing like a Greenfinch, 173
  • Fur-seals, courtship of, 81
  • — polygamy of, 81
  • — precocious sexual instincts in, 86

  • Germ-plasm, nature of, 11
  • Giraffe, kick of, 73
  • — strong smell of, 68
  • Grasshopper, air-bladder of, 219
  • — stridulating organs of, 218, 221
  • Grebe, Great-crested, courtship of, 151
  • Groos, Professor, on emotions, 18

  • Hippopotamus, bloody sweat of, 69
  • — teeth of, 72
  • Hooded-seal, air-sac of, 88
  • Hormones, nature of, 16
  • — part played by, 146, 147
  • Horns, evolution of, 51
  • Hottentots, remarkable peculiarities of, 31
  • Howard, H. E., on importance of “territory” 140
  • — on play in warblers, 121
  • — on sexual selection, 138
  • Huxley, Mr. Julian, on the behaviour of Mallard, 149
  • — on the Great-crested Grebe, 151
  • Hypertely, meaning of, 125, 127

  • Image, Professor Selwyn, on Vapourer Moth, 201
  • Impotency, possible consequences of, 155
  • Ingram, Sir William, on display of King Bird-of-Paradise, 102
  • Insects and sexual selection, 192

  • Katydid, song of, 222
  • Kinetogenesis, meaning of, 80

  • Leptodora, olfactory sense of, 262
  • Life, lowest forms of, 3 et seq.
  • Lion, mane of, 77
  • — polygamy in, 81
  • Lizards, courtship of, 165 et seq.
  • — fighting among, 167
  • Locusts, ear of, 220
  • — remarkable ornaments of, 225
  • Lucas, Dr. F. A., on sea-lions, 86

  • Males, degenerate, 307
  • — first to acquire new features, 9
  • — lead in new departures, 190
  • — where superfluous, 307
  • Mallard, remarkable behaviour of, 149
  • Man, evolution of, 22 et seq.
  • “Mate-hunger,” part played by, 147
  • — power, importance of, 5
  • Mating, preferential, 155
  • May-flies, dance of death of, 229, 232
  • — nuptial flight of, 232
  • — remarkable eyes of male, 231
  • May-flies, remarkable use of stomach in, 230
  • Mayer, Mr., experiments on moths, 205
  • Moina, claspers of, 262
  • Moose, peculiar habits of, 58
  • Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on emotions, 18
  • — on factors in selection, 19, 126
  • Moth, aquatic females in, 204
  • — Eyed-hawk, display of, 201
  • — Ghost, scent-bottle of, 200
  • — Kentish Glory, sexual differences in, 203
  • — Oak-eggar, remarkable sense of smell in, 202
  • — Vapourer, remarkable sense of smell in, 201
  • Moths, bright colours of, 188
  • — diurnal, 189
  • — males, sense of smell of, 199
  • — scent organs of, 200
  • Mouth, brilliant colour in birds, 142
  • Muller, Fritz, on fragrant butterflies, 200
  • Music in birds, 123 et seq.

  • Narwhal, tusk of, 90
  • Newts, courtship of, 170
  • — remarkable pairing habits of, 170

  • Ocelli in birds, nature of, 98
  • Octopus, courtship of, 267
  • — remarkable mating habits of, 268
  • Ornament, controlling factors of, 168
  • Orthogenesis, nature of, 17
  • Osborne, Professor, on factors in evolution, 17
  • Ostrich, roar of, 112
  • Oysters, helpless condition of, 274
  • — and social reformers, 275

  • Painted Terrapin, remarkable courtship of, 168
  • Parthenogenesis in Crustacea, 304
  • — occurrence of, 276
  • — significance of, 308
  • — types of, 300
  • Peacock, display of, 95
  • Peckham, Mr., on courtship in spiders, 241
  • Pheasants, display of, 100
  • Pigment intensification, cause of, 150
  • Plovers, fatal conflicts among, 117
  • — dances of, 119
  • Plumage, evolution of, 143
  • Polyandry, human, 29
  • — in birds, 134
  • — interpretation of, 136
  • Polygamy, human, 27
  • — in birds, 115, 135
  • — in ungulates, 75
  • — interpretation of, 76, 115, 135, 136
  • Poulton, Professor E. B., on animal coloration, 186
  • — on courtship of spiders, 245
  • — on sexual selection in spiders, 245
  • Prairie-hen, air-sacs in display of, 109
  • Pugnacity in birds, 116

  • Rays, remarkable teeth of, 176
  • Reproduction, forms of, 10
  • Rhinoceros, horns of, 75
  • Ruff, amorous instincts of, 115
  • — display of, 113
  • — variability of, 114

  • Sabre-toothed tiger, huge canines of, 80
  • — jaw-flanges of, 80
  • Salmon, coloration of, 180
  • — courtship of, 179
  • Sandpiper, Pectoral, air-sacs in display of, 108
  • Scent glands, 67
  • Scorpions, courtship of, 242
  • Secondary Sexual Characters, meaning of, 13
  • Selection, forms of, 7
  • Selous, Mr. F. C., on habits of moose, 59
  • — on the mane of the lion, 78
  • Sex, beginnings of, 4
  • — birth of, 12
  • Sex-antagonism, 9
  • Sexual instincts, dominance of, 162
  • — grades of, 183
  • — importance of, 27
  • Sexual selection, definition of, 20
  • — and human evolution, 38
  • — in the human race, 32
  • — instance of working of, 147
  • Sexual Selection Theory, modification of, 154
  • Sharp, Dr. David, on stridulating organs, 219
  • Sheep, scent of, 69
  • Skull, human, malformation of, 35
  • Smith Woodward, Dr. A., on factors in evolution, 17
  • Smynthurus, remarkable courtship of, 26
  • Snail, hermaphrodite state of, 271
  • — “love-darts” of, 271
  • — significance of coloration of, 272
  • Somato-plasm, nature of, 11
  • South, Mr., on Oak-eggar moth, 202
  • Spiders, courtship of, 242 et seq.
  • — dread sequel to nuptial rites, 246
  • — drumming of, 237
  • — nuptial rites in, 248
  • — remarkable coloration of, 239
  • — stridulating organs in, 237
  • Starling, Prof., on Hormones, 14, 16
  • State executions v. State pensions, 286
  • Stickle-back, paternal care in, 181
  • — remarkable nest of, 181
  • Stone-flies, degenerate wings in, 234
  • — nuptial rites performed in ice, 233
  • Stridulating organs of grass hoppers, 218
  • — nature of, 217
  • Sun-bittern, display of, 142
  • Syrinx in birds, 123

  • Termite, amazing fertility of queen, 302
  • “Territory,” importance of, 154
  • Thomson, Prof. J. A., on evolution of sex, 12, 309
  • Townsend, Mr., on sea-elephants, 87
  • Tragopans, display of, 100
  • Trimen, Dr., on deceptive coloration in a spider, 240
  • Turkey, display of, 99

  • Use, inherited effects of, 59

  • Virgin births, belief in, 296
  • Voice in birds, 123

  • Wallace, Alfred Russell, and Sexual Selection, 13, 137, 196
  • Warblers, play in, 121
  • Water-fleas, olfactory organs of, 261
  • Water-fleas, mating apparatus of, 226
  • Weismann, Professor, on coloration of butterflies, 187
  • Whales, armature of, 89
  • — battering-rams of, 179-89
  • Wheel-animalcule, vitality of, 307
  • Windpipes, where coiled, 128

  • Zebras, fighting among, 73

Printed at The Chapel River Press, Kingston, Surrey.

ERRATUM

For the first line of page 16, instead of “by certain glands of the ductless glands,” read: “by certain of the ductless glands.”