INDEX.
- Abdomen, 19, 141
- development of, 213
- Abdominal appendages, 143
- development of, 217
- Abdominal somite, characters of, 142
- Ætiology, 47
- AGASSIZ, 308
- Alimentary canal, 51
- Ambulatory legs, 168
- American Crayfishes, 243, 247
- Amœba, 285
- Amurland Crayfishes, 304
- Antenna, 23, 172
- Antennule, 23, 173
- Anthrapalæmon, 341
- Anus, 29
- Apodeme, 99, 158, 175
- Appendage, 24, 143, 161, 173
- Archenteron, 211
- Arctogæal province, 314
- Areola, 235
- ARISTOTLE, referred to, 4
- Arteries, 71
- Arteries, development of, 224
- Arthrobranchia, 75
- Arthrophragm, 158
- Arthropoda, 279, 284
- Articulations, 95
- Asiatic Crayfishes, 304
- Astacina, 254
- Astacoides, 250, 313
- Astacomorpha, 338
- Astacopsis, 250, 264
- Astacus, division into sub-genera, 290
- Astacus
- angulosus, 302, 310
- colchicus, 302, 310
- dauricus, 304, 310
- fluviatilis,
- anatomy, general account of, 17–31
- attachment of young to mother, 40, 351
- branchial formula, 266
- development, 205–226
- distribution, geographical 44, 288, 298
- distribution, chronological, 44
- ecdysis, 32, 350
- general characters, 6
- growth, 31, 349
- habits, 8 {364}
- histology, 174
- mortality, 127
- muscular system, 90
- myths concerning, 44
- name, origin of, 13
- nervous system, 101
- newly hatched young, characters of, 219
- nutrition, 48
- occurrence, 5, 8
- organs of
- prehension of food, 49
- putrid, effect of smell of, 45
- reproduction of lost limbs, 38
- reproduction, sexual, 39, 128, 135, 350
- sexual characters, 7, 20, 32, 145, 241
- somites and appendages, 143
- systematic description, 230
- use as food, 10, 289
- varieties, 289
- fontinalis, 290
- japonicus, 304
- klamathensis, 305
- leniusculus, 305
- leptodactylus, 299, 302, 303, 310, 320
- nigrescens, 244
- nobilis, 290, 295, 296, 299, 310
- oreganus, 305
- pachypus, 302, 310
- pallipes, 290
- politus, 344
- saxatilis, 290
- Schrenckii, 304, 310
- torrentium, 290, 294, 298, 310, 311
- tristis, 290
- Trowbridgii, 305
- Atya, Atyidæ, 331, 336
- Auditory organ, 116
- setæ, 116
- Australian
- Austrocolumbian province, 314
- Axius, 271
- Ball, R., quoted, 36
- Basipodite, 143
- BELL, T., quoted, 37, 42
- Bile-duct, 61, 66
- Biological sciences, scope of, 4
- Blastoderm, 207
- Blastomere, 205
- Blastopore, 209
- Blood, 31, 68, 176
- BOBRETSKY, referred to, 356
- BOLIVAR, Dr., 298
- Branchiæ,
- Branchial
- Branchiobdella, 356
- Branchiostegite, 25
- development of, 217
- BRAUN, quoted, 352
- Brazilian Crayfishes, 306
- Cæcum, 61
- Calcification of exoskeleton, 197
- Californian Crayfishes, 243
- Cambarus, 44, 247, 310, 312
- Cancer, 272, 283
- Carapace, 19
- development of, 214
- CARBONNIER, M., quoted, 297, 349, 350
- Cardia, 52
- Caridina, 330
- Carpopodite, 165
- Cell, 66, 199
- Cell-aggregate, 190, 199
- Cephalic
- Cephalon, 19, 141
- Cephalothorax, 19
- Cervical groove, 19
- spines, 234
- CHANTRAN, M., quoted, 348, 350, 351
- Chelæ, 22
- Chilian Crayfishes, 308
- Chitin, 50
- composition of, 347
- Chæraps, 250
- Chorology, 46
- Circulation, 73
- organs of, 68
- Common knowledge and science, 3
- Connective tissue, 178
- development of, 224
- COPE, Prof., quoted, 316
- Cornea, 118
- Coxopodite, 143
- Coxopoditic setæ, 78
- Crab, see Cancer
- Crab’s-eye, see Gastrolith
- Crangon, 272
- Crayfish,
- origin of name, 12
- common, see Astacus fluviatilis
- Crayfishes,
- Amurland, 304
- Asiatic, 304
- Australian, 306
- Brazilian, 306
- Californian, 243
- Chilian, 308
- definition of, 254
- Eastern North American, 247, 305
- European, 288, 297
- evolution of, 331
- Figian, 306, 313
- Japanese, 304, 313
- Mascarene, 308, 313
- northern and southern, compared, 252
- Novozelanian, 306, 313
- southern, 249
- Tasmanian, 306
- Western North American, 305, 313
- Crustacea, 271, 278
- Crystalline cones, 121
- Cuticle, 33, 50, 175, 192
- Cyclas, 356
- Dactylopodite, 165
- Daphnia, asexual reproduction of, 128
- DARWIN, C., referred to, 4
- DE HAAN, quoted, 313
- Development, 205
- abdomen, 213
- abdominal appendages, 217
- alimentary canal, 213, 222
- antennæ, 214, 218
- antennules, 214, 218
- blood and blood vessels, 224
- branchiostegite, 217
- carapace, 214
- cephalic appendages, 217, 219
- connective tissue, 224
- ear, 225
- eye, 225
- eyestalk, 214, 218
- gills, 224
- heart, 224
- kidney, 224
- labrum, 218
- mandibles, 214
- muscles, 224
- nervous system, 213, 224
- reproductive organs, 225
- rostrum, 217
- thoracic appendages, 217, 219
- Digestion, 63
- Distribution, 46
- DORMER, quoted, 356
- DULK, quoted, 349
- Ear, 116
- development of, 225
- Ecdysis, 32, 350
- Écrevisse
- Ectoderm, 141
- Ectostracum, 194
- Edelkrebs, 290
- Endoderm, 141
- Endophragmal system, 157
- Endopleurite, 158
- Endopodite, 145
- Endoskeleton, 17
- Endosternite, 158
- Endostracum, 194
- Engæus, 250, 306
- Enoplocytia, 342
- Epiblast, 211
- Epidermis, 140
- Epimeron, 143
- Epiostracum, 192
- Epipodite, 167 {367}
- Epistoma, 155
- Epithelium, 140, 177
- Equus excelsus, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316
- Eryma, 341
- Evolution of crayfishes, 331
- Excretion, organs of, 82
- Exopodite, 145
- Exoskeleton, 17
- chemical composition, 347
- Eye, 118
- Eye-stalk, 24, 173
- development of, 214
- Family, 252
- Fat-cells, 180
- Fibre, muscular, 185
- Fibril, muscular, 185
- Figian Crayfishes, 306
- Filament, muscular, 185
- Filter of stomach, 58
- Flagellum, 167
- Food-yelk, 206
- Foot-jaws, see maxillipedes
- Forceps, 22
- Foregut, 61
- Fossil crayfishes, 316
- FOSTER, Dr. M., referred to, 110
- France, consumption of crayfish in, 10
- Function, 22
- Galaxidæ, 315
- Gammarus, 323
- Ganglion, 103, 105
- Ganglionic corpuscle, 87, 103
- Gastric mill, 53
- Gastrolith, 29, 347
- chemical composition, 349
- Gastrula, 211
- GAY, quoted, 356
- Genus, 249
- Geographical distribution, see Distribution
- GERBE, M., quoted, 350
- Germinal
- GERSTFELDT, Dr., quoted, 290
- Gills, see Branchiæ
- GIRARD, quoted, 356
- GORUP-BESANEZ, quoted, 353
- Green-gland, 83, 353
- development of, 224
- GROBBEN, Dr., quoted, 354
- Growth of crayfish, 31, 349
- Guanin, 82, 353
- Gullet, see Œsophagus
- GÜNTHER, Dr., quoted, 315
- HAGEN, Dr., quoted, 305, 312
- Haplochitonidæ, 315
- HARVEY, quoted, 5
- Head, see Cephalon
- Hearing, organ of, 116
- Heart, 27, 71
- development of, 224
- HELLER, Dr., quoted, 298, 330
- Hepatic duct, see Bile duct
- Hind gut, 61
- Histology, 176
- Histriobdella, 356
- Homaridæ, 263 {368}
- Homarina, 261
- Homarus, 13, 42, 257, 332
- Homology, homologous, homologue, 148
- Hoploparia, 342
- Hypoblast, 211
- Idothea, 323, 334
- Impregnation, 135, 350
- Integument, 50
- Interseptal zone, 183
- Intestine, 29, 61
- Ischiopodite, 165
- Japanese Crayfishes, 313, 314
- Jaws, 23
- JOHNSTON, J., quoted, 42
- KESSLER, quoted, 298, 304
- Kidney, see Green gland
- KLUNZINGER, referred to, 330
- Labrum, 51
- development of, 218
- LAMARCK, referred to, 4
- LEREBOULLET, quoted, 353
- Legs, ambulatory, 168
- LEMOINE, referred to, 353
- LEYDIG, referred to, 115, 353
- Liver, 30, 64
- Lobster,
- common, see Homarus
- Norway, see Nephrops
- Rock, see Palinurus
- LOVÈN, referred to, 327
- Machine, living, 128
- McIntosh, Dr. W. C., quoted, 288
- Mandible, 23, 51, 170
- development of, 214
- MARTENS, VON, 306
- Mastodon mirificus, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316
- Maxillæ, 23, 170
- Maxillipedes, 23, 164
- Medullary groove, 213
- Megalopa stage of development, 283
- Meropodite, 165
- Mesoblast, 212
- Mesoderm, 141
- Mesophragm, 158
- Metamere, 143
- Metastoma, 51
- Metope, 278
- Midgut, 61
- MILNE-EDWARDS, quoted, 13, 289
- Mollusca, 284
- Morphology, 46, 138
- comparative, 230
- Mortality of crayfishes, 128
- Morula, 206
- Mosaic vision, 122, 354
- Motor plates, 189
- Mouth, 51
- MÜLLER, JOHANNES, referred to, 122
- Muscle, 57, 90, 175, 181
- Muscles
- Myosin, 186
- Myotome, 174
- Mysis, 281, 323
- relicta, origin of, from M. oculata, 327
- Mysis stage of development, 280
- Natural
- Nauplius stage of development, 215, 280
- Nearctic province, 314
- Nephrops, 259, 332
- Nerve, 101
- Nerve-cells, 103, 187
- Nervous system, 105
- Noble crayfish, see Astacus nobilis
- Nomenclature, binomial, 13, 15
- Norway lobster, see Nephrops
- Novozelanian province, 314
- Nucleated cell, 199
- Nucleolus, 187
- Nucleus, 177, 200
- changes of, in cell-division, 200
- Œsophagus, 51
- Olfactory organ, 114
- Organ, 22
- Origin of crayfish, evidence as to, 320, 331
- Ovary, 31, 129
- structure of, 131
- Oviduct, 129
- Oviposition, 351
- Ovisac, 132
- Ovum, 129
- structure of, 133
- Palæarctic province, 314
- Palæmon, 268, 328
- Palinuridæ, 263
- Palinurus, 261, 264
- Palp, 171
- Paranephrops, 250, 306, 313
- Paraphragm, 158
- Parasites of crayfish, 356
- Parastacidæ, 252, 256, 306, 313
- Parastacus, 250, 306
- Pemphix, 341
- Penæus, 267, 280
- Pericardium, 69
- Perivisceral cavity, 50
- Phyllobranchia, 271
- Physiology, 46
- Pleurobranchia, 79
- Pleuron, 96, 143
- Podobranchia, 75, 165
- Podophthalmia, 279
- Pore-canals, 195
- Post-orbital
- Potamobiidæ, 252, 256
- Prawn, see Palæmon
- Prehension of food, 49
- Procephalic lobes, 160
- development of, 213
- Propodite, 165
- Protopodite, 143
- Prototroctes, 315 {370}
- Protozoa, 285
- Pseudastacus, 343
- Pylorus, 52
- Race, 292
- RATHKE, quoted, 356
- RÉAUMUR, quoted, 33
- Reflex action, 108
- REICHENBACH, quoted, 356
- Renal organ, see Green-gland
- Reproduction
- of lost limbs, 38
- Reproductive organs, 128
- development of, 225
- Respiration, anal, 353
- Respiratory organs, see Branchiæ
- Retropinna, 315
- ROBIN, quoted, 352
- Rock lobster, see Palinurus
- ROESEL VON ROSENHOF, quoted, 41, 43
- RONDOLETIUS, referred to, 4
- Rostrum, 157
- development of, 217
- Salivary glands, 352
- Salmonidæ, parallel between their distribution, and that of Astacidæ, 315
- Sarcolemma, 90, 182
- SARS, G. O., referred to, 327
- SARTORIUS VON WALTERHAUSEN, quoted, 322
- Scaphognathite, 80, 170
- Schizopod stage of development, 280
- SCHLÜTER, 317
- SCHMIDT, O., quoted, 354
- SCHRANK, 290
- Science, physical, 3
- Science and common sense, 1
- Segmentation, 174
- Self-causation, 112
- Sensory organs, 113
- Septal
- Setæ, 197
- Shrimp, see Crangon
- SIEBOLD, VON, referred to, 331
- Sight, organ of, 118
- Sinus, sternal, 69
- Smell, organ of, 114
- Somite, 143, 161, 355
- SOUBEIRAN, M., quoted, 349
- Southern Crayfishes, 249
- Species, 243, 290
- Spermatozoa, 129, 135, 354
- Spontaneous action, 112
- Squame of antenna, 172
- Steinkrebs, see Astacus torrentium
- Sternum, 96, 143
- Stomach, 29, 51
- Stone-crayfish, see Astacus torrentium
- Striated spindle, 121
- Swimmeret, 20
- Taste, organ of, 115
- Teleology, 47, 137
- Tendon, 92, 175 {371}
- Tergum, 96, 143
- Terminal plates, 189
- Terminology, scientific, 14
- Testis, 129
- structure of, 133
- Thoracic appendages, 164
- Thorax, 19, 141
- Tissue, 175
- Touch, organ of, 113
- Transformism, 318
- TREVIRANUS, referred to, 4
- Tribe, 252
- Trichobranchiæ, 263
- Troglocaris, 337
- Valves
- VAN HELMONT, quoted, 45
- Variety, 290, 292
- Vas deferens, 130
- Vent, see Anus
- Vertebrata, 284
- Visual
- Vitelline membrane, 133
- Vitellus, 133
- Voluntary action, 112
- VON DER MARCK, 317
- WARD, J., referred to, 354
- WASSILIEW, quoted, 353
- Whirlpool of life, 84
- WILL, quoted, 353
- WOOD-MASON, quoted, 44
- Yelk, 133
- Yelk-division, 205
- Young of Astacus, newly hatched, characters of, 219
- Zoæa stage of development, 280