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The dawn of astronomy / A study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians cover

The dawn of astronomy / A study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians

Chapter 4: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
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About This Book

Combines field measurements of temple axes, study of inscriptions, and astronomical reasoning to argue that many Egyptian temple orientations reflect solar and stellar phenomena; it links building alignments to festival timings, cult divinities, and ritual practice. The narrative surveys temple plans and mythic motifs, compares orientations with celestial events, and explains methods for using such evidence to infer ritual calendars and relative chronology. Technical analysis and descriptive chapters are interwoven to show how observations of the sky informed architectural design, ceremonial use, and the symbolic language of temple worship.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
The Temple of Amen-Rā looking from the Sanctuary towards the Place of Sunset at the Summer Solstice Frontispiece
The Rosetta Stone 9
Temple of Edfû, looking East; showing Pylon and Outer Court 13
Great Court of Heaven, at the Entrance to the Hathor Temple at Denderah 15
Temple Gate with Propylon and Obelisks 16
Hathor Temple of Dêr el-Bahari 17
The Central Portion of the Circular Zodiac of Denderah 18
Tablet of Kings at Abydos* 21
Harpocrates 23
Rā, Min-Rā; Amen-Rā 24
Sebak-Rā, Chnemu-Rā 25
Anubis, or Set, Anubis-Osiris, Osiris (as a Mummy) 26
Osiris seated 27
Various Forms of Bes—as Warrior, Musician, and Buffoon 28
Khons-Lunus, Thoth-Lunus, the Goddess Sesheta 29
The Weighing of the Soul by Horus and Anubis, in Presence of Osiris* 30
Thoth and Sesheta Writing the Name of Rameses II. on the Fruit of the Persea 31
Cleopatra as the Goddess Isis 32
Isis (seated) 33
The Rising Sun Horus between Isis and Nephthys 34
The Goddess Nu-t 35
The Goddess Nu-t represented Double 36
Various Forms of Shu 37
Forms of Ptah, the God of Memphis 38
Apparent Movement of the Stars to an Observer at the North Pole 40
Apparent Movement of the Stars to an Observer at the Equator 41
The Celestial Sphere Viewed from a Middle Latitude 42
A Terrestrial Globe with Wafer attached to Show the Varying Conditions of Observation in a Middle Latitude 43
Showing Amplitudes reckoned from the East or West Points to N.P., North Point of Horizon, and S.P., South Point of Horizon 46
Diagram Showing the Various Amplitudes at which Stars of Different Declinations Rise and Set in Different Latitudes 49
Earth and Sun at the Equinoxes 54
Earth and Sun at the Solstices 55
Diagrams Showing Position of the Sun in Relation to the Zenith of London at the Northern Winter Solstice and at the Northern Summer Solstice 56
Azimuth Compass 67
Theodolite for Determining Azimuth and Altitudes 68
Magnetic Map of the British Isles, Showing the Variation at Different Points 71
Plan of the Mounds at Abydos. From Mariette 74
The Mounds and Obelisk at Annu 76
The Colossi of the Plain at Thebes at High Nile, Oriented to the Sunrise at the Winter Solstice 79
Plan of Memphis 80
East and West Pyramids and Temples at Gîzeh 81
Temple and Temenos Walls of Tanis 82
Temple and Temenos Walls of Saïs (Sa-el-Hagar) 83
The Temple near the Sphinx, looking West (True), Showing its relation to the South Face of the Second Pyramid 84
Stonehenge, from the North 90
Stonehenge Restored 91
Plan of St. Peter's at Rome, Showing the Door Facing the Sunrise 96
St. Peter's at Rome; Façade Facing the East (true) 97
Axis of the Temple of Amen-Rā from the Western Pylon, Looking South-East 100
Plan of the Temple of Amen-Rā and some of its Surroundings, Including the Sacred Lake* 101
View to the South-West from the Sacred Lake of Amen-Rā 103
Ruins of Door at Entrance of the Sanctuary 104
The Obelisks near the Oldest Part of the Temple of Amen-Rā 105
Inner Court and Sanctuary at Edfû 106
Plan of the Temple of Amen-Rā 118
Model Illustrating the Precession of the Equinoxes 125
Star-map Representing the Precessional Movement of the Celestial Pole from the Year 4000 B.C. to the year 2000 A.D. 127
Northern Half of the So-called Square Zodiac of Denderah 136
Sirius and Orion (18th Dynasty) 139
Astronomical Drawing's from Bibân el-Mulûk (18th Dynasty) 140
Ruins of the Ramesseum, where the Month-Tables were found 142
The God of Darkness—Set 144
Various Forms of Anubis 145
Forms of Typhon 146
Mestha. Hāpi, Tuamāutef, Qebhsennuf 147
Set-Horus 149
Illustration from a Theban Tomb 151
Horus and Crocodiles 152
Horus and Crocodiles, Ptah and Crocodiles 153
Ground Plan of Edfû 157
Ground Plan of the Temple of Hathor at Denderah; Plan of the Temple of Seti at Abydos 158
Plan of the Temple of Rameses II. in the Memnonia at Thebes 159
Plan of Temples at Medînet-Habû 164
The Bent Axis of the Temple of Luxor 165
The Laying of the Foundation Stone Ceremonial 174
Plan of the Temples at Karnak Showing their Orientations* To face p. 183
Plan of Denderah 192
Ruins of the Mamisi (Place of Birth) or Temple of Isis at Denderah 195
Ceremonial Procession in an Egyptian Temple 199
Orientation of the Temple of Hathor at Denderah 202
Capital, with Masks of Hathor with Cow's Ears 216
The Cow of Isis 217
Hathor as a Cow 218
Hathor, "The Cow of the Western Hills" 219
The Annual Rise and Fall of the Nile 228
Hāpi, the God of the Nile 229
Different Forms of Thoth 232
Scale of the Nilometer at Rôda 235
The Island of Rôda 236
Conditions of the Heliacal Rising of Sirius from 4000 B.C. to 600 A.D.* 255
The Distribution of the 1st of Thoth (representing the Rise of Sirius) among the Egyptian Months in the 1460-year Sothic Cycle 258
Julian Dates of the 1st of Thoth (Vague) from 23 A.D. and 240 A.D. 267
The Month-Table at the Ramesseum* 276
Black Granite Statue of Sekhet from the Temple of Mut at Thebes 288
The Goddess Taurt; the Goddess Serk-t or Selk-t (both with Horns and Disk) 289
Nit (two forms of); Bast 290
Anuqa; Sati 291
Isis Nursing Horus 292
Isis, Osiris and Horus 297
A "Change of Cult" at Luxor 298
Curves showing the Declinations of Some of the Stars used by the Egyptian Astronomers at Different Epochs 307
The Temples at Tell el-Amarna 322
Apis (two forms of) 330
Mnevis 331
The Two Great Pyramids at the Time of the Inundation 332
The Step-Pyramid of Sakkarah 334
The Pyramid of Mêdûm 335
The "Blunted Pyramid" of Dashûr 336
Ship of Hāt-Shepset Laden with Produce from Pun-t* 346
Huts Built on Piles in Pun-t 347
Cynocephalus Ape with Moon Emblem 349
Plan of the Pyramids at Nuri 355
Plan of the Temples and Pyramids at Gebel Barkal 358
Statue of Chephren, Found in Temple near the Sphinx 368
The Temples at Philæ 382
The Temple at Amada 383
Chnemu 385
The Winged Solar Disk 391
A Greek Temple Restored—the Temple of Poseidon at Pæstum 413
The Temple of Theseus at Athens: the Acropolis, with the Parthenon, in the Background 414
The East Front of the Parthenon, Facing the Rising of the Pleiades 415
The Temple of Jupiter Olympius Below the Acropolis at Athens. Oriented to α Arietis 420
[Transcriber's note: * indicates images which link to a larger image on devices which support this facility.]