408 ‘Journal of Anthropolog. Soc.’ Oct. 1870, p. clv. See also the several later chapters in Sir John Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ second edition, 1869, which contain an admirable account of the habits of savages.
409 Since this chapter has been printed I have seen a valuable article by Mr. Chauncey Wright (‘North Amer. Review,’ Oct. 1870, page 293), who, in discussing the above subject, remarks, “There are many consequences of the ultimate laws or uniformities of nature through which the acquisition of one useful power will bring with it many resulting advantages as well as limiting disadvantages, actual or possible, which the principle of utility may not have comprehended in its action.” This principle has an important bearing, as I have attempted to shew in the second chapter of this work, on the acquisition by man of some of his mental characteristics.
410 See the very interesting discussion on the Origin and Function of Music, by Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his collected ‘Essays,’ 1858, p. 359. Mr. Spencer comes to an exactly opposite conclusion to that at which I have arrived. He concludes that the cadences used in emotional speech afford the foundation from which music has been developed; whilst I conclude that musical notes and rhythm were first acquired by the male or female progenitors of mankind for the sake of charming the opposite sex. Thus musical tones became firmly associated with some of the strongest passions an animal is capable of feeling, and are consequently used instinctively, or through association, when strong emotions are expressed in speech. Mr. Spencer does not offer any satisfactory explanation, nor can I, why high or deep notes should be expressive, both with man and the lower animals, of certain emotions. Mr. Spencer gives also an interesting discussion on the relations between poetry, recitative, and song.
411 Rengger, ‘Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ s. 49.
412 See an interesting discussion on this subject by Häckel, ‘Generelle Morph.’ B. ii. 1866, s. 246.
413 A full and excellent account of the manner in which savages in all parts of the world ornament themselves is given by the Italian traveller, Prof. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata, Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, p. 525-545; all the following statements, when other references are not given, are taken from this work. See, also, Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropolog.’ Eng. transl. vol. i. 1863, p. 275, et passim. Lawrence also gives very full details in his ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ 1822. Since this chapter was written Sir J. Lubbock has published his 'Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, in which there is an interesting chapter on the present subject, and from which (p. 42, 48) I have taken some facts about savages dyeing their teeth and hair, and piercing their teeth.
414 Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 515; on the imagination shewn in painting the body, p. 522; on modifying the form of the calf of the leg, p. 466.
415 ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ 1867; ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ 1866, vol. i. p. 218.
416 Quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 4th. edit. vol. i. 1851, p. 321.
417 On the Papuans, Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 445. On the coiffure of the Africans, Sir S. Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p. 210.
418 ‘Travels,’ p. 533.
419 ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ 1866, vol. i. p. 217.
420 Livingstone, ‘British Association,’ 1860; report given in the 'Athenæum,’ July 7, 1860, p. 29.
421 Sir S. Baker (ibid. vol. i. p. 210) speaking of the natives of Central Africa says, “every tribe has a distinct and unchanging fashion for dressing the hair.” See Agassiz (‘Journey in Brazil,’ 1868, p. 318) on the invariability of the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians.
422 Rev. R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand and its Inhabitants,’ 1855, p. 152.
423 Mantegazza, ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ p. 542.
424 ‘Travels in S. Africa,’ 1824; vol. i. p. 414.
425 See, for references, ‘Gerland über das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ 1868, s. 51, 53, 55; also Azara, ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 116.
426 On the vegetable productions used by the North-Western American Indians, ‘Pharmaceutical Journal,’ vol. x.
427 ‘A Journey from Prince of Wales Fort,’ 8vo. edit. 1796, p. 89.
428 Quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 3rd edit. vol. iv. 1844, p. 519; Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 129. On the opinion of the Chinese on the Cingalese, E. Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. 1859, p. 107.
429 Prichard, as taken from Crawfurd and Finlayson, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 534, 535.
430 “Idem illustrissimus viator dixit mihi præcinctorium vel tabula fæminæ, quod nobis teterrimum est, quondam permagno æstimari ab hominibus in hac gente. Nunc res mutata est, et censet talem conformationem minime optandam est.”
431 ‘The Anthropological Review,’ November, 1864, p. 237. For additional references, see Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 105.
432 ‘Mungo Park’s Travels in Africa,’ 4to. 1816, p. 53, 131. Burton’s statement is quoted by Schaaffhausen, ‘Archiv für Anthropolog.’ 1866, s. 163. On the Banyai, Livingstone, ‘Travels,’ p. 64. On the Kafirs, the Rev. J. Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country,’ 1857 p. 1.
433 For the Javanese and Cochin-Chinese, see Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. vol. i. p. 305. On the Yura-caras, A. d’Orligny, as quoted in Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. v. 3rd edit. p. 476.
434 ‘North American Indians,’ by G. Catlin, 3rd edit. 1842, vol. i. p. 49; vol. ii. p. 227. On the natives of Vancouver Island, see Sproat, 'Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 25. On the Indians of Paraguay, Azara, ‘Voyages,’ tom. ii. p. 105.
435 On the Siamese, Prichard, ibid. vol. iv. p. 533. On the Japanese, Veitch in ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 1104. On the New Zealanders Mantegazza, ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, p. 526. For the other nations mentioned, see references in Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c. 1822, p. 272.
436 Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 321.
437 Dr. Barnard Davis quotes Mr. Pritchard and others for these facts in regard to the Polynesians, in ‘Anthropological Review,’ April, 1870, p. 185, 191.
438 Ch. Comte has remarks to this effect in his ‘Traité de Législation,’ 3rd edit. 1837, p. 136.
439 The Fuegians, as I have been informed by a missionary who long resided with them, consider European women as extremely beautiful; but from what we have seen of the judgment of the other aborigines of America, I cannot but think that this must be a mistake, unless indeed the statement refers to the few Fuegians who have lived for some time with Europeans, and who must consider us as superior beings. I should add that a most experienced observer, Capt. Burton, believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired throughout the world, 'Anthropological Review,’ March, 1864, p. 245.
440 ‘Personal Narrative,’ Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 518, and elsewhere. Mantegazza, in his ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, strongly insists on this same principle.
441 On the skulls of the American tribes, see Nott and Gliddon, 'Types of Mankind,’ 1854, p. 440; Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. i. 3rd edit. p. 321; on the natives of Arakhan, ibid. vol. iv. p. 537. Wilson, ‘Physical Ethnology,’ Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 288; on the Fijians, p. 290. Sir J. Lubbock (‘Prehistoric Times,’ 2nd edit. 1869, p. 506) gives an excellent résumé on this subject.
442 On the Huns, Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. 1859, p. 300. On the Tahitians, Waitz, ‘Anthropolog.’ Eng. translat. vol. i. p. 305. Marsden, quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 3rd edit. vol. v. p. 67. Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ p. 337.
443 This fact was ascertained in the ‘Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ Dr. Weisbach, 1867, s. 265.
444 ‘Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 289. On the fashions of Arab women, Sir S. Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ 1867, p. 121.
445 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 214; vol. ii. p. 240.
446 Schaaffhausen, ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ 1866, s. 164.
447 Mr. Bain has collected (‘Mental and Moral Science,’ 1868, p. 304-314) about a dozen more or less different theories of the idea of beauty; but none are quite the same with that here given.
448 These quotations are taken from Lawrence (‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c. 1822, p. 393), who attributes the beauty of the upper classes in England to the men having long selected the more beautiful women.
449 “Anthropologie,” ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Oct. 1868, p. 721.
450 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 207.
451 Sir J. Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, chap. iii. especially p. 60-67. Mr. M’Lennan, in his extremely valuable work on 'Primitive Marriage,’ 1865, p. 163, speaks of the union of the sexes “in the earliest times as loose, transitory, and in some degree promiscuous.” Mr. M’Lennan and Sir J. Lubbock have collected much evidence on the extreme licentiousness of savages at the present time. Mr. L. H. Morgan, in his interesting memoir on the classificatory system of relationship (‘Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,’ vol. vii. Feb. 1868, p. 475) concludes that polygamy and all forms of marriage during primeval times were essentially unknown. It appears, also, from Sir J. Lubbock’s work, that Bachofen likewise believes that communal intercourse originally prevailed.
452 Address to British Association ‘On the Social and Religious Condition of the Lower Races of Man,’ 1870, p. 20.
453 ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 86. In the several works above quoted there will be found copious evidence on relationship through the females alone, or with the tribe alone.
454 Brehm (‘Illust. Thierleben,’ B. i. p. 77) says Cynocephalus hamadryas lives in great troops containing twice as many adult females as adult males. See Rengger on American polygamous species, and Owen (‘Anat. of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 746) on American monogamous species. Other references might be added.
455 Dr. Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.’ vol. v. 1845-47, p. 423.
456 ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 1869, p. 424.
457 Mr. M’Lennan, ‘Primitive Marriage,’ 1865. See especially on exogamy and infanticide, p. 130, 138, 165.
458 Dr. Gerland (‘Ueber das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ 1868) has collected much information on infanticide, see especially s. 27, 51, 54. Azara (‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 94, 116) enters in detail on the motives. See also M’Lennan (ibid. p. 139) for cases in India.
459 ‘Primitive Marriage,’ p. 208; Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 100. See also Mr. Morgan, loc. cit., on former prevalence of polyandry.
460 ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 92-95.
461 Burchell says (‘Travels in S. Africa, vol. ii. 1824, p. 58), that among the wild nations of Southern Africa, neither men nor women ever pass their lives in a state of celibacy. Azara (‘Voyages dans l’Amérique Merid.’ tom. ii. 1809, p. 21) makes precisely the same remark in regard to the wild Indians of South America.
462 ‘Anthropological Review,’ Jan. 1870, p. xvi.
463 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 210-217.
464 An ingenious writer argues, from a comparison of the pictures of Raphael, Rubens, and modern French artists, that the idea of beauty is not absolutely the same even throughout Europe: see the ‘Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ by M. Bombet, English translat. p. 278.
465 Azara, ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 23. Dobrizhoffer, ‘An Account of the Abipones,’ vol. ii. 1822, p. 207. Williams on the Fiji Islanders, as quoted by Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 79. On the Fuegians, King and Fitzroy, ‘Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle,’ vol. ii. 1839, p. 182. On the Kalmucks, quoted by M’Lennan, 'Primitive Marriage,’ 1865, p. 32. On the Malays, Lubbock, ibid. p. 76. The Rev. J. Shooter, ‘On the Kafirs of Natal,’ 1857, p. 52-60. On the Bushwomen, Burchell, ‘Travels in S. Africa,’ vol. ii. 1824, p. 59.
466 ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ 1870, p. 346. Mr. Wallace believes (p. 350) “that some intelligent power has guided or determined the development of man;” and he considers the hairless condition of the skin as coming under this head. The Rev. T. R. Stebbing, in commenting on this view (‘Transactions of Devonshire Assoc. for Science,’ 1870) remarks, that had Mr. Wallace “employed his usual ingenuity on the question of man’s hairless skin, he might have seen the possibility of its selection through its superior beauty or the health attaching to superior cleanliness. At any rate it is surprising that he should picture to himself a superior intelligence plucking the hair from the backs of savage men (to whom, according to his own account it would have been useful and beneficial), in order that the descendants of the poor shorn wretches might after many deaths from cold and damp in the course of many generations,” have been forced to raise themselves in the scale of civilisation through the practice of various arts, in the manner indicated by Mr. Wallace.
467 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, p. 327.
468 ‘Investigations into Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,’ by B. A. Gould, 1869; p. 568:—Observations were carefully made on the pilosity of 2129 black and coloured soldiers, whilst they were bathing; and by looking to the published table, “it is manifest at a glance that there is but little, if any, difference between the white and the black races in this respect.” It is, however, certain that negroes in their native and much hotter land of Africa, have remarkably smooth bodies. It should be particularly observed, that pure blacks and mulattoes were included in the above enumeration; and this is an unfortunate circumstance, as in accordance with the principle, the truth of which I have elsewhere proved, crossed races would be eminently liable to revert to the primordial hairy character of their early ape-like progenitors.
469 “Ueber die Richtung der Haare am Menschlichen Körper,” in Müller’s ‘Archiv für Anat. und Phys.’ 1837, s. 40.
470 Mr. Sproat (‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 25) suggests, with reference to the beardless natives of Vancouver’s Island, that the custom of plucking out the hairs on the face, “continued from one generation to another, would perhaps at last produce a race distinguishable by a thin and straggling growth of beard.” But the custom would not have arisen until the beard had already become, from some independent cause, greatly reduced. Nor have we any direct evidence that the continued eradication of the hair would lead to any inherited effect. Owing to this cause of doubt, I have not hitherto alluded to the belief held by some distinguished ethnologists, for instance M. Gosse of Geneva, that artificial modifications of the skull tend to be inherited. I have no wish to dispute this conclusion; and we now know from Dr. Brown-Séquard’s remarkable observations, especially those recently communicated (1870) to the British Association, that with guinea-pigs the effects of operations are inherited.
471 ‘Ueber die Richtung,’ ibid. s. 40.
472 On the “Limits of Natural Selection,” in the ‘North American Review,’ Oct. 1870, p. 295.
473 The Rev. J. A. Picton gives a discussion to this effect in his ‘New Theories and the Old Faith,’ 1870.
INDEX.
- A.
- Abbott, C., on the battles of seals, ii. 240.
- Abductor of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, i. 128.
- Abercrombie, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, i. 58.
- Abipones, marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.
- Abou-Simbel, caves of, i. 217.
- Abortion, prevalence of the practice of, i. 134.
- Abstraction, i. 62.
- Acalles, stridulation of, i. 384.
- Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 36.
- Accentor modularis, ii. 198.
- Acclimatisation, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.
-
Achetidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 353, 355;
- rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359.
- Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, i. 343.
- Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, ii. 162.
-
Acridiidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 356;
- rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359.
- Acting, i. 232.
- Actiniæ, bright colours of, i. 322.
- Admiral butterfly, i. 392.
- Adoption of the young of other animals by female monkeys, i. 41.
- Advancement in the organic scale, Von Baer’s definition of, i. 211.
- Aeby, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. 190.
- Æsthetic faculty, not highly developed in savages, i. 64.
- Affection, maternal, i. 40;
- Africa, probably the birthplace of man, i. 199;
-
Agassiz, L., on conscience in dogs, i. 78;
- on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, i. 218;
- on the number of species of man, i. 226;
- on the courtship of the land-snails, i. 324;
- on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, ii. 13;
- on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, ii. 13, 20;
- on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, ii. 323;
- on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, ii. 342.
-
Age, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, ii. 183;
- variation in accordance with, in birds, ii. 213.
- Agelæus phœniceus, ii. 116.
- Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, i. 387.
- Agrion, dimorphism in, i. 363.
- Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, i. 362.
- Agrionidæ, difference in the sexes of, i. 362.
- Agrotis exclamationis, i. 369.
- Ague, tertian, dog suffering from, i. 13.
- Aïthurus polytmus, young of, ii. 220.
- Ainos, hairiness of the, ii. 321.
- Alca torda, young of, ii. 217. Alces palmata, ii. 259.
- Alder and Hancock, MM., on the nudibranch mollusca, i. 326.
- Algen, Mr., on the stridulation of Scolytus, i. 379.
- Allen, J. A., on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. 260;
- Allen, S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, ii. 48;
-
Alligator, courtship of the male, i. 272, ii. 29;
- roaring of the male, i. 331.
- Amadavat, pugnacity of male, ii. 49.
- Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, ii. 95.
- Amadina castanotis, display of plumage by the male, ii. 95.
-
Amazons, butterflies of the, i. 309;
- fishes of the, ii. 17.
- America, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. 108;
- America, North, butterflies of, i. 309;
- America, South, character of the natives of, i. 216;
- American languages, often highly artificial, i. 112.
- Americans, wide geographical range of, i. 112;
- Ammophila, on the jaws of, i. 342.
- Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, ii. 282, 285.
- Amphibia, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, i. 204;
- vocal organs of the, ii. 331.
- Amphibians, i. 213, ii. 24;
- breeding whilst immature, ii. 215.
- Amphioxus, i. 204.
- Amphipoda, males sexually mature while young, ii. 215.
- Amunoph III., negro character of features of, i. 217.
- Anal appendages of insects, i. 342.
- Analogous variation in the plumage of birds, ii. 74.
- Anas, ii. 180.
- Anas acuta, male plumage of, ii. 84.
- Anas boschas, male plumage of, ii. 84.
- Anas histrionica, ii. 214.
-
Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, ii. 217;
- white nuptial plumage of, ii. 228.
- Anatidæ, voices of, ii. 60.
- Anax junius, difference in the sexes of, i. 362.
- Anglo-Saxons, estimation of the beard among the, ii. 349.
- Animals, cruelty of savages to, i. 94;
- Annelida, i. 327.
- Annulosa, i. 327.
- Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, ii. 32;
- Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, i. 384.
- Anser canadensis, ii. 116.
-
Anser cygnoides, ii. 114;
- knob at the base of the beak of, ii. 129.
- Anser hyperboreus, whiteness of, ii. 228.
- Antelope, prong-horned, horns of, i. 289.
- Antelopes, generally polygamous, i. 267;
- Antennæ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, i. 343.
- Anthidium manicatum, large male of, i. 347.
-
Anthocharis cardamines, i. 388, 393, 394;
- sexual difference of colour in, i. 409.
- Anthocharis genutia, i. 393.
- Anthocharis sara, i. 393.
- Anthophora acervorum, large male of, i. 347.
- Anthophora retusa, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
- Anthus, moulting of, ii. 83.
- Anthropidæ, i. 195.
- Antigua, Dr. Nicholson’s observations on yellow fever in, i. 245.
- Antics of birds, ii. 68.
- Antilocapra americana, horns of, i. 289, ii. 245.
-
Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, ii. 246, 248;
- sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 288.
- Antilope Dorcas and euchore, ii. 245.
- Antilope euchore, horns of, ii. 251.
- Antilope montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, ii. 258.
- Antilope niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 289.
- Antilope oreas, horns of, i. 289.
- Antilope saiga, polygamous habits of, i. 267.
- Antilope strepsiceros, horns of, i. 289.
- Antilope subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, ii. 280.
- Antipathy, shown by birds in confinement, to certain persons, ii. 110.
- Ants, i. 186;
- Ants, White, habits of, i. 364.
- Anura, ii. 25.
- Apatania muliebris, male unknown, i. 314.
- Apathus, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
- Apatura Iris, i. 386, 388.
-
Apes, anthropomorphous, i. 196;
- difference of the young, from the adult, i. 13;
- building platforms, i. 53;
- probable speedy extermination of the, i. 201;
- Gratiolet on the evolution of, i. 230;
- semi-erect attitude of some, i. 142;
- mastoid processes of, i. 143;
- influence of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, i. 144;
- female, destitute of large canines, i. 156;
- imitative faculties of, i. 161;
- canine teeth of male, ii. 241;
- females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, ii. 377.
- Apes, long-armed, their mode of progression, i. 143.
- Apis mellifica, large male of, i. 347.
- Apollo, Greek statues of, ii. 350.
- Apoplexy in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.
- Approbation, influence of the love of, i. 86, 92, 164, 165.
- Appendages, anal, of insects, i. 342.
- Aprosmictus scapulatus, ii. 174.
- Aquatic birds, frequency of white plumage in, ii. 229.
- Aquila chrysaëtos, ii. 105.
- Arab women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, ii. 353.
- Arabs, gashing of cheeks and temples among the, ii. 339.
- Arachnida, i. 337.
- Arakhan, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, ii. 351.
- Arboricola, young of, ii. 190.
- Archeopteryx, i. 204.
- Arctiidæ,, coloration of the, i. 396.
- Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, ii. 231, 232.
- Ardea cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Ardea gularis, change of plumage in, ii. 232.
- Ardea herodias, love-gestures of the male, ii. 68.
-
Ardea ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213;
- continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, ii. 216.
- Ardea nycticorax, cries of, ii. 51.
- Ardeola, young of, ii. 190.
- Ardetta, changes of plumage in, ii. 179.
- Argenteuil, i. 29.
- Argus pheasant, ii. 72, 97, 181;
-
Argyll, Duke of, the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, i. 52;
- on the contest in man between right and wrong, i. 104;
- on the physical weakness of man, i. 156;
- on the primitive civilisation of man, i. 181;
- on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, ii. 91;
- on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. 151;
- on the nests of birds, ii. 167;
- on variety as an object in nature, ii. 230.
- Argynnis aglaia, colouring of the lower surface of, i. 396.
- Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, i. 345.
- Aristocracy, increased beauty of the, ii. 356.
-
Arms, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 116;
- direction of the hair on the, i. 192.
- Arms and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. 144.
- Arrest of development, i. 121, 122.
- Arrow-heads, stone, general resemblance of, i. 233.
- Arrows, use of, i. 232.
- Arteries, variations in the course of the, i. 108.
- Artery, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, i. 116.
- Arthropoda, i. 328.
- Arts practised by savages, i. 234.
- Ascension, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, i. 326.
- Ascidia, affinity of the lancelet to, i. 205;
- tadpole-like larvæ of, i. 205.
-
Ascidians, i. 324;
- bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, ii. 306.
- Asinus tæniopus, ii. 306.
- Ass, colour-variations of the, ii. 305.
- Ateles, effects of brandy on an, i. 12;
- absence of the thumb in, i. 140.
- Ateles beelzebuth, ears of, i. 23.
- Ateles marginatus, colour of the ruff of, ii. 291;
- Ateuchus, stridulation of, i. 384.
- Ateuchus cicatricosus, habits of, i. 376.
- Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Attention, manifestations of, in animals, i. 44.
- Audouin, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. 273.
-
Audubon, J. J., on the pugnacity of male birds, ii. 43, 48;
- on Tetrao cupido, ii. 50;
- on Ardea nycticorax, ii. 51;
- on Sturnella ludoviciana, ii. 51;
- on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. 56;
- on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, ii. 61;
- on sounds produced by the nightjar, ii. 63;
- on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, ii. 68;
- on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. 86;
- on Mimus polyglottus, ii. 116;
- on the turkey, ii. 119, 121;
- on variation in the male scarlet tanager, ii. 126;
- on the habits of Pyranga æstiva, ii. 167;
- on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, ii. 171;
- on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. 175;
- on Bombycilla carolinensis, ii. 180;
- on young females of Tanagra æstiva acquiring male characters, ii. 180;
- on the immature plumage of thrushes, ii. 185;
- on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.;
- on birds breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214;
- on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, ii. 216;
- on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, ii. 231;
- on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, ii. 291;
- on the musk-rat, ii. 298.
-
Audubon and Bachman, MM., on squirrels fighting, ii. 239;
- on the Canadian lynx, ii. 267.
- Austen, N. L., on Anolis cristatellus, ii. 32, 33.
- Australia, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. 220;
- Australia, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. 108.
- Australians, colour of newborn children of, ii. 318;
- Axis deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 290.
- Aymaras, measurements of the, i. 119;
-
Azara, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, i. 302;
- on Palamedea cornuta, ii. 48;
- on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. 322;
- on strife for women among the Guanas, ii. 324;
- on infanticide, ii. 344, 364;
- on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348;
- on polyandry among the Guanas, ii. 366;
- celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, ii. 367;
- on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, ii. 372.
-
B. - Babbage, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, i. 302.
- Babirusa, tusks of the, ii. 264.
- Baboon, employing a mat for shelter against the sun, i. 53;
-
Baboon, Cape, mane of the male, ii. 267;
- Hamadryas, mane of the male, ii. 267.
-
Baboons, effects of intoxicating liquors on, i. 12;
- ears of, i. 23;
- manifestation of maternal affection by, i. 41;
- using stones and sticks as weapons, i. 51;
- co-operation of, i. 75;
- silence of, on plundering expeditions, i. 79;
- diversity of the mental faculties in, i. 110;
- hands of, i. 139;
- habits of, i. 141;
- variability of the tail in, i. 150;
- apparent polygamy of, i. 266;
- polygamous and social habits of, ii. 362.
- Bachman, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, i. 221.
- Baer, K. E. von, on embryonic development, i. 14.
- Bagehot, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, i. 93;
-
Bailly, E. M., on the fighting of stags, ii. 252;
- on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, ii. 250.
- Bain, A., on the sense of duty, i. 71;
- Baird, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, i. 321.
- Baker, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, i. 306.
-
Baker, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, ii. 67;
- on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, ii. 289;
- on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295;
- on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, ii. 296;
- on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, ii. 339;
- on the coiffure of the North Africans, ii. 340;
- on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, ii. 341;
- on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, ii. 342;
- on the coiffure of Arab women, ii. 353.
- “Balz” of the Black-cock, ii. 45, 100.
- Bantam, Sebright, i. 259, 294.
-
Banteng, horns of, ii. 247;
- sexual differences in the colours of the, ii. 289.
- Banyai, colour of the, ii. 346.
- Barbarism, primitive, of civilised nations, i. 181.
- Barbs, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, ii. 74.
- Barr, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, ii. 272.
- Barrington, Daines, on the language of birds, i. 55;
- Barrow, on the widow-bird, ii. 98.
-
Bartlett, A. D., on the tragopan, i. 270;
- on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, i. 290;
- on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, ii. 46;
- on the knot, ii. 82;
- on display in male birds, ii. 87;
- on the display of plumage by the male Polyplectron, ii. 89;
- on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, ii. 93;
- on the habits of Lophophorus, ii. 121;
- on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, ii. 129;
- on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. 204;
- on the Cape Buffalo, ii. 250;
- on the use of the horns of antelopes, ii. 251;
- on the fighting of male wart-hogs, ii. 266;
- on Ammotragus tragelaphus, ii. 282;
- on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, ii. 291;
- on the colours of the faces of monkeys, ii. 310;
- on the naked surfaces of monkeys, ii. 377.
- Bartram, on the courtship of the male alligator, ii. 29.
- Basque language, highly artificial, i. 61.
- Bate, C. S., on the superior activity of male crustacea, i. 272;
-
Bates, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, i. 111;
- on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, i. 309;
- on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. 345;
- on the field-cricket, i. 353;
- on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, i. 367;
- on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, i. 370, 371;
- on the colours of Epicaliæ, &c., i. 388;
- on the coloration of tropical butterflies, i. 391;
- on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, i. 402;
- on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. 403;
- on mimickry, i. 411;
- on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, i. 416;
- on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, ii. 58;
- on the toucans, ii. 227;
- on Brachyurus calvus, ii. 309.
- Batokas, knocking out two upper incisors, ii. 340.
-
Batrachia, ii. 25;
- eagerness of male, i. 272.
- Bats, sexual differences in the colour of, ii. 286.
- Battle, law of, i. 182;
-
Beak, sexual difference in the forms of the, ii. 39;
- in the colour of the, ii. 72.
- Beaks, of birds, bright colours of, ii. 227.
- Beard, development of, in man, ii. 317;
-
Beards, in monkeys, i. 192;
- of mammals, ii. 282.
-
Beautiful, taste for the, in birds, ii. 108;
- in the quadrumana, ii. 296.
- Beauty, sense of, in animals, i. 63;
- Beavan, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, i. 288.
- Beaver, instinct and intelligence of the, i. 37, 38;
- Beavers, battles of male, ii. 239.
- Bechstein, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, ii. 52;
- Beddoe, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, i. 115.
- Bee-eater, ii. 56.
- Bees, i. 73;
- Beetle, luminous larva of a, i. 345.
- Beetles, i. 366;
- Belgium, ancient inhabitants of, i. 237.
- Bell, Sir C, on emotional muscles in man, i. 5;
- Bell, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, i. 305;
- Bell-bird, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 79.
- Bell-birds, colours of, ii. 228.
- Benevolence, manifested by birds, ii. 109.
- Bennett, A. W., on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, ii. 205.
- Bennett, Dr., on birds of paradise, ii. 89.
- Bernicla antarctica, colours of, ii. 228.
- Bernicle gander pairing with a Canada goose, ii. 114.
- Bettoni, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, ii. 171.
- Bhoteas, colour of the beard in, ii. 319.
- Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, ii. 83.
- Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, i. 349.
- Bichat, on beauty, ii. 354.
- Bile, coloured, in many animals, i. 323.
- Bimana, i. 190.
-
Birds, imitations of the songs of other birds by, i. 44;
- dreaming, i. 46;
- language of, i. 55;
- sense of beauty in, i. 63;
- pleasure of, in incubation, i. 79;
- male, incubation by, i. 210;
- and reptiles, alliance of, i. 213;
- sexual differences in the beak of some, i. 255;
- migratory, arrival of the male before the female, i. 259;
- apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, i. 270;
- monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, i. 270;
- eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, i. 272;
- wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306;
- secondary sexual characters of, ii. 38;
- difference of size in the sexes of, ii. 43;
- fights of male, witnessed by females, ii. 49;
- display of male, to captivate the females, ii. 50;
- close attention of, to the songs of others, ii. 52;
- acquiring the song of their foster-parents, ii. 55;
- brilliant, rarely good songsters, ii. 56;
- love-antics and dances of, ii. 68;
- coloration of, ii. 74 et seqq.;
- moulting of, ii. 80 et seqq.;
- unpaired, ii. 103;
- male, singing out of season, ii. 106;
- mutual affection of, ii. 108;
- in confinement, distinguish persons, ii. 110;
- hybrid, production of, ii. 113;
- European, number of species of, ii. 124;
- variability of, ii. 124;
- gradation of secondary sexual characters in, ii. 135;
- obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, ii. 169;
- young female, acquiring male characters, ii. 180;
- breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214;
- moulting of, ii. 214;
- aquatic, frequency of white plumage in, ii. 229;
- vocal courtship of, ii. 331;
- naked skin of the head and neck in, ii. 377.
- Birgus latro, habits of, i. 334.
- Birkbeck, Mr. on the finding of new mates by Golden Eagles, ii. 105.
- Birthplace of man, i. 199.
-
Births, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, i. 263, 265;
- male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, i. 300.
- Bischoff, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the Orang, i. 11;
- Bishop, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, ii. 28;
- Bison, American, mane of the male, ii. 267.
- Bitterns, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, ii. 179.
-
Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, ii. 38;
- large size of male, ii. 43.
- Blackbird, sexual differences in the, i. 268;
- Black-buck, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 288.
-
Blackcap, arrival of the male, before the female, i. 259;
- young of the, ii. 219.
- Black-cock, polygamous, i. 269;
- Black-grouse, characters of young, ii. 185, 194.
- Blackwall, J., on the speaking of the magpie, i. 59;
- Bladder-nose Seal, hood of the, ii. 278.
- Blaine, on the affections of dogs, ii. 270.
- Blair, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, i. 243.
- Blake, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, i. 126.
-
Blakiston, Capt., on the American snipe, ii. 64;
- on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. 69.
- Blasius, Dr., on the species of European birds, ii. 124.
- Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, i. 374.
- Bleeding, tendency to profuse, i. 292.
- Blenkiron, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, ii. 272.
- Blennies, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, ii. 12.
- Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Bloch, on the proportions of the sexes in Fishes, i. 308.
- Blood, arterial, red colour of, i. 323.
- Blood-pheasant, number of spurs in, ii. 46.
- Bluebreast, red-throated, sexual differences of the, ii. 195.
- Blumenbach, on Man, i. 111;
-
Blyth, E., observations on Indian crows, i. 77;
- on the structure of the hand in species of Hylobates, i. 140;
- on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. 24;
- on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, ii. 41;
- on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythropthalmus, ii. 46;
- on the pugnacity of the amadavat, ii. 49;
- on the spoonbill, ii. 60;
- on the moulting of Anthus, ii. 83;
- on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, ii. 84;
- on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. 126;
- on sexual differences in the colour or the eyes of hornbills, ii. 129;
- on Oriolus melanocephalus, ii. 178;
- on Palæornis javanicus, ii. 179;
- on the genus Ardetta, ii. 179;
- on the peregrine falcon, ii. 180;
- on young female birds acquiring male characters, ii. 180;
- on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 185;
- on representative species of birds, ii. 190;
- on the young of Turnix, ii. 202;
- on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, ii. 211;
- on the sexes and young of the sparrows, ii. 212;
- on dimorphism in some herons, ii. 214;
- on orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214;
- on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, ii. 217;
- on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, ii. 219;
- on the young of the stonechat, ii. 220;
- on the white plumage of Anastomus, ii. 229;
- on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, ii. 246;
- on the horns of Bovine animals, ii. 247;
- on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, ii. 249;
- on the voice of the Gibbons, ii. 276;
- on the crest of the male wild goat, ii. 282;
- on the colours of Portax picta, ii. 287;
- on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, ii. 288;
- on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, i. 289;
- on the colour of the Axis deer, ii. 290;
- on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, ii. 291;
- on the hog-deer, ii. 303;
- on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, ii. 319.
- Boar, wild, polygamous in India, i. 267;
-
Boitard and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. 283;
- on the antipathy shown by some female pigeons to certain males, ii. 118.
- Bold, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, ii. 53.
- Bombet, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, ii. 370.
- Bombus, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
-
Bombycidæ, coloration of, i. 394;
- pairing of the, i. 401.
- Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, ii. 179.
- Bombyx cynthia, i. 346;
-
Bombyx mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, i. 346;
- pairing of, i. 401.
- Bombyx Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, i. 313.
- Bombyx Yamamai, i. 346;
- Bonaparte, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, ii. 60.
- Bond, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. 104.
- Bone, implements of, skill displayed in making, i. 138.
- Boner, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, ii. 245;
- Bones, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, i. 116.
- Bonnet monkey, i. 192.
- Boomerang, i. 183.
- Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, i. 314.
-
Bory St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, i. 226;
- on the colours of Labrus pavo, ii. 16.
- Bos gaurus, horns of, ii. 247.
- Bos primigenius, ii. 240.
-
Bos sondaicus, horns of, ii. 247;
- colours of, ii. 289.
- Botocudos, i. 181;
- Boucher de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, i. 3.
- Bourbon, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, i. 310.
- Bourien, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, ii. 373.
- Bovidæ, dewlaps of, ii. 284.
- Bower-birds, ii. 102;
- Bows, use of, i. 232.
- Brachiopoda, i. 329.
- Brachycephalic structure, possible explanation of, i. 148.
- Brachyscelus, second pair of antennæ in the male, i. 337.
- Brachyura, i. 332.
- Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, ii. 309.
-
Brain, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, i. 10;
- convolutions of, in the human fœtus, i. 16;
- larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, i. 51;
- relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, i. 57;
- disease of the, affecting speech, i. 58;
- influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, i. 145;
- influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, i. 146;
- difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, i. 216.
- Brakenridge, Dr., on the influence of climate, i. 115.
-
Braubach, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, i. 68;
- on the self-restraint of dogs, i. 78.
- Brauer, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, i. 363.
- Brazil, skulls found in caves of, i. 218;
- Break between man and the apes, i. 200.
- Bream, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.
- Breeding, age of, in birds, ii. 214.
- Breeding season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, ii. 80.
-
Brehm, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, i. 12;
- on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. 13;
- on revenge taken by monkeys, i. 40;
- on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, i. 41;
- on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, i. 42;
- on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, i. 53;
- on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, i. 51;
- on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57;
- on sentinels posted by monkeys, i. 74;
- on co-operation of animals, i. 75;
- on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, i. 76;
- on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, i. 78;
- on the habits of baboons when plundering, i. 79;
- on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. 110;
- on the habits of baboons, i. 141;
- on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, i. 266;
- on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. 306;
- on the love-dance of the Black-cock, ii. 45;
- on Palamedea cornuta, ii. 48;
- on the habits of the Black-grouse, ii. 49;
- on sound produced by Birds of Paradise, ii. 63;
- on assemblages of grouse, ii. 101;
- on the finding of new mates by birds, ii. 106;
- on the fighting of wild boars, ii. 263;
- on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, ii. 362.
- Brent, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117.
- Breslau, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Bridgman, Laura, i. 57.
-
Brimstone butterfly, i. 393;
- sexual difference of colour in the, i. 409.
- British, ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. 339.
- Broca, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28;
- Brodie, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, i. 71.
- Bronn, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. 342.
- Bronze period, men of, in Europe, i. 160.
-
Brown, R., sentinels of seals generally females, i. 74;
- on the battles of seals, ii. 240;
- on the narwhal, ii. 242;
- on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, ii. 242;
- on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278;
- on the colours of the sexes in Phoca grœnlandica, ii. 287;
- on the appreciation of music by seals, ii. 333;
- on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, ii. 344.
- Brown-Séquard, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea pigs, ii. 380.
- Bruce, on the use of the elephant’s tusks, ii. 249.
-
Brulerie, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, i. 376;
- on the stridulation of Ateuchus, i. 384.
- Brünnich, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, ii. 126.
- Bryant, Capt., on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. 269.
- Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, i. 372.
- Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, ii. 29.
- Buceros, nidification and incubation of, ii. 169.
- Buceros bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, ii. 129.
- Buceros corrugatus, sexual difference in the beak of, ii. 72.
- Büchner, L., on the origin of man, i. 4;
- Buckland, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, i. 305;
- Buckland, W., on the complexity of crinoids, i. 61.
- Buckler, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. 313.
- Buckinghamshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 300.
- Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male, during courtship, ii. 72.
- Budytes Raii, i. 260.
- Buffalo, Cape, ii. 250.
- Buffalo, Indian, horns of the, ii. 247.
- Buffalo, Italian, mode of fighting of the, ii. 250.
- Buffon, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Bugs, i. 349.
-
Buist, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, i. 308;
- on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3.
-
Bulbul, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41;
- display of under tail-coverts by the male, ii. 96.
-
Bull, mode of fighting of the, ii. 250;
- curled frontal hair of the, ii. 282.
- Bullfinch, sexual differences in the, i. 269;
-
Bullfinches distinguishing persons, ii. 110;
- rivalry of female, ii. 121.
-
Bulls, two young, attacking an old one, i. 75;
- wild, battles of, ii. 240.
- Bull-trout, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
-
Bunting, reed, head feathers of the male, ii. 95;
- attacked by a bullfinch, ii. 111.
- Buntings, characters of young, ii. 184.
- Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, ii. 217;
- Burchell, Dr., on the zebra, ii. 302;
- Burke, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Burmese, colour of the beard in, ii. 319.
-
Burton, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. 346;
- on a universal ideal of beauty, ii. 351.
- Bushmen, i. 157.
- Bushwoman, extravagant ornamentation of a, ii. 344.
-
Bushwomen, hair of, i. 216;
- marriage-customs of, ii. 374.
- Busk, Prof. G., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28.
- Bustard, throat-pouch of the male, ii. 58;
- Bustards, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, i. 269;
- Butler, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, i. 345;
- Butterfly, noise produced by a, i. 387;
-
Butterflies, proportion of the sexes in, i. 309;
- forelegs atrophied in some male, i. 344;
- sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, i. 345;
- pugnacity of male, i. 386;
- protective resemblances of the lower surface of, i. 392;
- display of the wings by, i. 396;
- white, alighting upon bits of paper, i. 400;
- attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. 400;
- courtship of, i. 400;
- male and female, inhabiting different stations, i. 403.
-
Buxton, C., observations on macaws, i. 76;
- on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, ii. 109.
- Buzzard, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, ii. 126.
-
C. - Cabbage butterflies, i. 393.
- Cachalot, large head of the male, ii. 242.
- Cadences, musical, perception of, by animals, ii. 333.
-
Cæcum, i. 27;
- large, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.
- Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.
- Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, i. 330.
- Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, ii. 7.
-
Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260;
- courtship of, ii. 269.
- Calotes nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 36.
- Cambridge, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, i. 315.
- Camel, canine teeth of male, ii. 241, 257.
-
Campbell, J., on the Indian elephant, i. 267, 268;
- on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, i. 303.
- Campylopterus hemileucurus, i. 307.
- Canaries distinguishing persons, ii. 110.
- Canary, polygamy of the, i. 270;
-
Canestrini, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, i. 4;
- on rudimentary characters, i. 17;
- on the movement of the ear in man, i. 20;
- on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, i. 27;
- on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. 124;
- on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 124;
- on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, i. 125;
- on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, i. 309, 311.
- Canine teeth in man, i. 126;
- Canoes, use of, i. 137, 234.
- Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
-
Capercailzie, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306;
- pugnacity of the male, ii. 45;
- pairing of the, ii. 49;
- autumn meetings of the, ii. 54;
- call of the, ii. 61;
- duration of the courtship of, ii. 100;
- behaviour of the female, ii. 121;
- inconvenience of black colour to the female, ii. 154;
- sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226;
- crimson eye-cere of the male, ii. 227;
- polygamous, i. 269.
- Capital, i. 169.
- Capitonidæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171.
- Capra ægagrus, ii. 249;
- Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, ii. 298.
- Caprice, common to man and animals, i. 65.
- Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, ii. 62.
- Caprimulgus virginianus, pairing of, ii. 49.
- Carabidæ, bright colours of, i. 367.
-
Carbonnier, on the natural history of the pike, i. 308;
- the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. 7.
- Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 173.
- Carcinus mænas, i. 331, 333.
- Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, ii. 39.
-
Carnivora, marine, polygamous habits of, i. 268;
- sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 286.
- Carp, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.
- Carr, R., on the peewit, ii. 48.
- Carrier pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, i. 293.
- Carrion beetles, stridulation of, i. 378.
- Carus, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, i. 289.
- Cassowary, sexes and incubation of the, ii. 204.
- Castoreum, ii. 279.
- Casuarius galeatus, ii. 204.
-
Cat, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, i. 30;
- sick, sympathy of a dog with a, i. 77.
- Cataract in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.
- Catarrh, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. 11.
- Catarrhine monkeys, i. 196.
- Caterpillars, bright colours of, i. 415.
- Cathartes aura, ii. 116.
- Cathartes jota, love-gestures of the male, ii. 68.
-
Catlin, G., on the development of the beard among North American Indians, ii. 322;
- on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, ii. 348.
- Caton, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, i. 288;
- Cats, dreaming, i. 46;
- Cattle, domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293;
-
Caudal vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. 150;
- basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, i. 151.
-
Cebus, maternal affection in a, i. 40;
- gradation of species of, i. 227.
- Cebus Azaræ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. 11;
- Cebus capucinus, polygamous, i. 266;
- Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, ii. 307.
- Cecidomyidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Celibacy, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, ii. 367.
- Centipedes, i. 339.
- Cephalopoda, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 325.
- Cephalopterus ornatus, ii. 58, 59.
- Cephalopterus penduliger, ii. 59.
- Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, i. 380.
- Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, ii. 34.
- Ceratophora Stoddartii, nasal horn of, ii. 34.
- Cerceris, habits of, i. 364.
- Cercocebus æthiops, whiskers, &c., of, ii. 308.
-
Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, i. 76;
- definition of species of, i. 227.
- Cercopithecus cephus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291, 311.
- Cercopithecus cynosurus and griseo-viridis, colour of the scrotum in, ii. 291.
- Cercopithecus Diana, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 291, 311, 312.
- Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, i. 75.
- Cercopithecus petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, ii. 308.
- Ceres, of birds, bright colours of, ii. 227.
- Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, ii. 72.
- Cervulus, weapons of, ii. 257.
- Cervulus moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, ii. 245.
- Cervus alces, i. 288.
- Cervus campestris, odour of, ii. 279.
- Cervus canadensis, traces of horns in the female, ii. 245;
-
Cervus elaphus, battles of male, ii. 240;
- horns of, with numerous points, ii. 252.
- Cervus Eldi, i. 288.
- Cervus mantchuricus, ii. 303.
- Cervus paludosus, colours of, ii. 290.
- Cervus strongyloceros, i. 288.
-
Cervus virginianus, i. 288;
- horns of, in course of modification, ii. 255.
- Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, ii. 173.
- Cetacea, nakedness of, i. 148.
- Ceylon, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, ii. 321.
-
Chaffinch, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306, 307;
- courtship of the, ii. 94.
-
Chaffinches, ii. 53;
- new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, ii. 185.
- Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, i. 368.
- Chamæleon, sexual differences in the genus, ii. 34.
- Chamæleon bifurcus, ii. 34, 35.
- Chamæleon Owenii, ii. 34, 36.
- Chameleons, ii. 32.
-
Chamois, danger-signals of, i. 74;
- transfer of male characters to an old female, ii. 245.
- Chamæpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, ii. 64.
- Chapuis, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. 283;
- Char, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
- Characters, male, developed in females, i. 280;
- Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, ii. 216.
- Chardin on the Persians, ii. 356.
- Charms, worn by women, ii. 344.
- Charruas, freedom of divorce among the, ii. 372.
-
Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, ii. 79;
- colours of, ii. 228.
- Chastity, early estimation of, i. 96.
- Chatterers, sexual differences in, i. 269.
- Cheiroptera, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.
- Chelæ of crustacea, i. 330, 336.
- Chelonia, sexual differences in, ii. 28.
- Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, ii. 46.
- Chera progne, ii. 84, 120.
-
Chest, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117;
- large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. 119.
- Chevrotains, canine teeth of, ii. 257.
- Chiasognathus, stridulation of, i. 384.
- Chiasognathus Grantii, mandibles of, i. 377.
- Children, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.
-
Chiloe, lice of the natives of, i. 220;
- population of, i. 225.
- Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, ii. 12.
- Chimæroid fishes, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.
-
Chimpanzee, ii. 323;
- ears of the, i. 21;
- representatives of the eyebrows in the, i. 25;
- platforms built by the, i. 36;
- cracking nuts with a stone, i. 51;
- hands of the, i. 139;
- absence of mastoid processes in the, i. 143;
- direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192;
- supposed evolution of the, i. 230;
- polygamous and social habits of the, ii. 362.
- China, North, idea of female beauty in, ii. 344.
- China, Southern, inhabitants of, i. 246.
- Chinese, use of flint tools by the, i. 183;
- Chinsurdi, his opinion of beards, ii. 341, 349.
- Chlamydera maculata, ii. 70.
- Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, i. 341.
- Chloephaga, coloration of the sexes in, ii. 178.
- Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), i. 355.
- Chorda Dorsalis, i. 207.
- Chough, red beak of the, ii. 227.
-
Chromidæ, frontal protuberance in male, ii. 13;
- sexual differences in colour of, ii. 20.
- Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, ii. 28.
- Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, ii. 185.
- Chrysomela cerealis, bright colours of, i. 367.
- Chrysomelidæ, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Cicada pruinosa, i. 351.
- Cicada septendecim, i. 351.
-
Cicadæ, songs of the, i. 350;
- rudimentary sound-organs in females of, i. 359.
- Cicatrix of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, i. 147.
- Cichla, frontal protuberance of male, ii. 13.
- Cimetière du Sud, Paris, i. 28.
- Cincloramphus cruralis, large size of male, ii. 43.
- Cinclus aquaticus, ii. 170.
- Cingalese, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, ii. 345.
- Cirripedes, complemental males of, i. 255.
-
Civilisation, effects of, upon natural selection, i. 170;
- influence of, in the competition of nations, i. 239.
- Clanging of Geese, &c., ii. 51.
- Claparède, E., on natural selection applied to man, i. 137.
- Clarke, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, ii. 373.
- Classification, i. 188.
- Claus, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, i. 336.
- Cleft-palate, inherited, i. 121.
- Climacteris erythrops, sexes of, ii. 206.
- Climate, i. 115;
- Cloaca, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, i. 207.
- Cloacal passage existing in the human embryo, i. 16.
- Club, origin of the, i. 234.
- Clucking of fowls, ii. 51.
- Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Cobra, ingenuity of a, ii. 31.
- Coccus, i. 186.
- Coccyx, i. 29, 30;
- Cochin-China, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, ii. 345, 347.
- Cock, game, killing a kite, ii. 44;
- Cock of the rock, ii. 100.
- Cockatoos, ii. 226, 228, 230;
- Cœlenterata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
- Coffee, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.
-
Cold, supposed effects of, i. 116;
- power of supporting, by man, i. 237.
-
Coleoptera, i. 366;
- stridulant organs of, discussed, i. 381.
-
Collingwood, C., on the pugnacity of the butterflies of Borneo, i. 386;
- on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. 400.
- Colombia, flattened heads of savages of, ii. 340.
- Colonists, success of the English as, i. 179.
- Coloration, protective, in birds, ii. 223.
-
Colour, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, i. 115;
- correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, i. 242;
- purpose of, in lepidoptera, i. 399;
- relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, ii. 14;
- difference of, in the sexes of snakes, ii. 29;
- sexual differences of, in lizards, ii. 36;
- influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. 115;
- relation of, to nidification, ii. 167, 172;
- sexual differences of, in mammals, ii. 286, 294;
- recognition of, by quadrupeds, ii. 295;
- of children, in different races of man, ii. 318;
- of the skin in man, ii. 381.
- Colours, admired alike by man and animals, i. 64;
- Colquhoun, example of reasoning in a retriever, i. 48.
- Columba passerina, young of, ii. 188.
- Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, ii. 211.
- Comb, development of, in fowls, i. 295.
- Combs and wattles in male birds, ii. 98.
- Community, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, i. 155.
- Compositæ, gradation of species among the, i. 227.
- Comte, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, ii. 380.
-
Conditions of life, action of changed, upon man, i. 113;
- influence of, on plumage of birds, ii. 196.
- Condor, eyes and comb of the, ii. 129.
- Conjugations, origin of, i. 61.
- Conscience, i. 91, 104;
- absence of, in some criminals, i. 92.
- Constitution, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.
-
Consumption, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. 12;
- connexion between complexion and, i. 244.
- Convergence, i. 230.
- Cooing of pigeons and doves, ii. 60.
- Cook, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, ii. 356.
-
Cope, E. D., on the dinosauria, i. 204;
- on the origin of genera, ii. 215.
- Cophotis ceylanica, sexual differences of, ii. 32, 36.
- Copris, i. 370.
- Copris Isidis, sexual differences of, i. 369.
- Copris lunaris, stridulation of, i. 380.
- Corals, bright colours of, i. 322.
- Coral-snakes, ii. 31.
- Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of, ii. 36.
- Corfu, habits of the chaffinch in, i. 307.
- Cornelius, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, i. 313.
-
Corpora Wolffiana, i. 207;
- agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, i. 16.
- Correlated variation, i. 130.
- Correlation, influence of, in the production of races, i. 247.
- Corse, on the mode of fighting of the elephant, ii. 257.
- Corvus corone, ii. 104.
- Corvus graculus, red beak of, ii. 227.
- Corvus pica, nuptial assembly of, ii. 102.
- Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, i. 342.
- Cosmetornis, ii. 181.
- Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, ii. 73, 97.
- Cotingidæ, sexual differences in, i. 269;
- Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, ii. 9.
-
Counting, origin of, i. 181;
- limited power of, in primeval man, i. 234.
- Courage, variability of, in the same species, i. 40;
- Courtship, greater eagerness of males in, i. 272;
- Cow, winter change of the, ii. 299.
- Crab, devil, i. 332.
- Crab, shore, habits of, i. 331.
- Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, i. 343.
- Crabs, proportions of the sexes in, i. 315.
- Cranz, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. 117.
- Crawfurd, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, ii. 19.
- Crest, origin of, in Polish fowls, i. 284.
-
Crests, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. 189;
- dorsal hairy, of mammals, ii. 282.
-
Cricket, field-, stridulation of the, i. 353;
- pugnacity of male, i. 360.
- Cricket, house-, stridulation of the, i. 352, 354.
- Crickets, sexual differences in, i. 361.
- Crioceridæ, stridulation of the, i. 379.
- Crinoids, complexity of, i. 61.
- Croaking of frogs, ii. 27.
- Crocodiles, musky odour of, during the breeding season, ii. 29.
- Crocodilia, ii. 28.
- Crossbills, characters of young, ii. 184.
- Crosses in man, i. 225.
- Crossing of races, effects of the, i. 241.
- Crossoptilon auritum, ii. 93, 166, 196;
- Crotch, G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, i. 379, 382;
- Crow Indians, long hair of the, ii. 348.
- Crow, young of the, ii. 209.
- Crows, ii. 226;
- Crows, carrion, new mates found by, ii. 104.
- Crows, Indian, feeding their blind companions, i. 77.
- Cruelty of savages to animals, i. 94.
- Crustacea, amphipod, males sexually mature while young, ii. 215;
- Crystal worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, ii. 341.
- Cuckoo fowls, i. 294.
- Culicidæ, i. 254, 349.
- Cullen, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. 58.
- Cultivation of plants, probable origin of, i. 167.
- Cupples, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, i. 304, 305;
- Curculionidæ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. 255;
- Curiosity, manifestations of, by animals, i. 42.
- Curlews, double moult in, ii. 80.
- Cursores, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, i. 269.
- Curtis, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, i. 314.
- Cuvier, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. 13.
- Cuvier, G., views of, as to the position of man, i. 190;
- Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, ii. 195.
-
Cyanalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, ii. 173;
- immature plumage of, ii. 188.
- Cychrus, sounds produced by, i. 382.
- Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.
- Cygnus ferus, trachea of, ii. 59.
- Cygnus olor, white young of, ii. 211.
- Cyllo Leda, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 133.
- Cynanthus, variation in the genus, ii. 125.
- Cynipidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Cynocephalus, difference of the young, from the adult, i. 13;
- Cynocephalus chacma, i. 41.
- Cynocephalus gelada, i. 51.
-
Cynocephalus hamadryas, i. 51;
- sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291.
- Cynocephalus leucophœus, colours of the sexes of, ii. 292.
- Cynocephalus mormon, colours of the male, ii. 292, 296, 310.
- Cynocephalus porcarius, mane of the male, ii. 267.
- Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, i. 315.
- Cyprinidæ, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.
- Cyprinidæ, Indian, ii. 17.
- Cyprinodontidæ, sexual differences in the, ii. 7, 9.
- Cyprinus auratus, ii. 16.
- Cyprinus phoxinus, spawning of, ii. 15.
- Cypris, relations of the sexes in, i. 315.
- Cystophora cristata, hood of, ii. 278.
-
D. - Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
- Dacelo Gaudichaudi, young male of, ii. 188.
- Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, i. 306.
- Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, ii. 301.
- Damalis pygarga, peculiar markings of, ii. 300.
- Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 116, 242.
- Danaidæ, i. 387.
- Dances of birds, ii. 68.
- Dancing, i. 232.
- Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, i. 245.
- Darfur, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.
- Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, i. 379.
- Dasychira pudibunda, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.
- Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.
-
Davis, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, i. 146;
- on the beards of the Polynesians, ii. 322.
- Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, i. 175.
- Death-tick, i. 384.
- De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, i. 20.
- Declensions, origin of, i. 61.
- Decoration in birds, ii. 71.
- Decticus, i. 355.
-
Deer, spots of young, ii. 184, 303;
- horns of, ii. 243, 248;
- use of horns of, ii. 252, 263;
- size of the horns of, ii. 259;
- female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, ii. 269;
- male, attracted by the voice of the female, ii. 276;
- male, odour emitted by, ii. 279;
- development of the horns in, i. 288;
- horns of a, in course of modification, ii. 255.
- Deer, Axis, sexual, difference in the colour of the, ii. 290.
- Deer, fallow, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.
- Deer, Mantchurian, ii. 303.
- Deer, Virginian, ii. 303;
- Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, i. 293, ii. 260.
- Defensive organs of mammals, ii. 263.
- De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, i. 339.
- Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.
- Demerara, yellow fever in, i. 243.
- Dendrocygna, ii. 185.
- Dendrophila frontalis, young of, ii. 220.
- Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, i. 219.
- Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Descent traced through the mother alone, ii. 359.
- Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, ii. 224.
-
Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, ii. 280;
- on the whiskers of Macacus, ii. 283;
- on the colour of the opossum, ii. 286;
- on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, ii. 286;
- on the colouring of the ocelot, ii. 287;
- on the colours of seals, ii. 287;
- on Antilope caama, ii. 289;
- on the colours of goats, ii. 290;
- on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, ii. 291;
- on the mandrill, ii. 293;
- on Macacus cynomolgus, ii. 318.
-
Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, i. 226;
- on the musk-deer, ii. 281.
- Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, i. 44.
- Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, i. 92.
-
Development, embryonic, of man, i. 14, 16;
- correlated, ii. 130.
- Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, i. 67.
- Devil-crab, i. 332.
- Devonian, fossil insect from the, i. 360.
- Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, ii. 284.
- Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.
- Diadema anomala, mimickry by the female of, i. 413.
- Diadema bolina, i. 413.
- Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, i. 367.
- Diastema, occurrence of, in man, i. 126.
- Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, i. 315.
- Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. 321.
-
Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73;
- nidification of, ii. 167.
- Dicrurus macrocercus, change of plumage in, ii. 179.
- Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.
- Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, ii. 192.
- Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276;
-
Dimorphism in females of water-beetles, i. 343;
- in Neurothemis and Agrion, i. 363.
- Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, i. 369.
- Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, i. 340.
- Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 29.
- Diptera, i. 348.
- Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, i. 239.
- Diseases common to man and the lower animals, i. 11;
- Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, i. 395;
-
Distribution, wide, of man, i. 137;
- geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, i. 218.
- Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, i. 18;
- Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, ii. 372.
- Dixon, E. S., on the habits of the guinea-fowl, i. 270;
- Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, ii. 374.
-
Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, i. 13;
- memory of, i. 45;
- domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, i. 50;
- distinct tones uttered by, i. 54;
- parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, i. 68;
- sociability of the, i. 74;
- sympathy of, with a sick cat, i. 77;
- sympathy of, with his master, i. 77;
- possible use of the hair on the forelegs of the, i. 193;
- races of the, i. 229;
- diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, i. 40;
- dreaming, i. 46, 158;
- exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48;
- their possession of conscience, i. 78;
- numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304;
- sexual affection between individuals of, ii. 270;
- howling at certain notes, ii. 333;
- rolling in carrion, ii. 281.
- Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, i. 148.
- Dolphins, nakedness of, i. 148.
-
Domestic animals, races of, i. 229;
- change of breeds of, ii. 369.
- Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, i. 222.
-
D’Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242;
- on the Yura-caras ii. 347.
- Dotterel, ii. 203.
- Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.
- Doubleday, H., on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 311;
-
Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, i. 349;
- on the colours of British Homoptera, i. 352.
- Down, of birds, ii. 80.
- Draco, gular appendages of, ii. 33.
- Dragonet, Gemmeous, ii. 7.
- Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, i. 344;
- Drake, breeding plumage of the, ii. 84.
-
Dreams, i. 46;
- a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66.
- Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 291.
- Dromœus irroratus, ii. 204.
- Dromolæa, Saharan species of, ii. 172.
- Drongo shrike, ii. 179.
- Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, ii. 73, 83.
- Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 242.
- Dryopithecus, i. 199.
-
Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, ii. 213;
- breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Duck, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, ii. 122.
- Duck, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, ii. 114.
- Duck, voice of the, ii. 60;
- Duck, wild, sexual differences in the, i. 268;
-
Ducks, dogs and cats recognised by, ii. 110;
- wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, i. 270.
-
Dugong, tusks of, ii. 242;
- nakedness of, i. 148.
- Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, i. 145.
- Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, i. 174.
- Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.
- Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, i. 113.
-
Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, i. 55;
- on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, ii. 55.
- Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, i. 242.
- Duty, sense of, i. 70.
- Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, i. 40.
- Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, i. 94.
- Dynastes, large size of males of, i. 347.
- Dynastini, stridulation of, i. 381.
-
Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343;
- grooved elytra of the female, i. 343.
-
E. - Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, i. 75.
- Eagle, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Eagles, golden, new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Ear, motion of the, i. 20;
- Ears, piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. 341.
- Echidna, i. 201.
- Echini, bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
- Ecker, figure of the human embryo, i. 15;
-
Edentata, former wide range of, in America, i. 219;
- absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.
- Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73.
- Edwards, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, i. 309.
- Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252;
- Eggs, hatched by male fishes, ii. 20.
- Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, ii. 217.
-
Egrets, breeding plumage of, ii. 82;
- white, ii. 228.
- Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, ii. 267.
- Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.
- Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, i. 311.
- Eland, development of the horns of the, i. 289.
- Elands, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.
- Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, i. 349.
- Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Elaps, ii. 31.
- Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 313.
- Elaters, luminous, i. 345.
- Elephant, i. 200;
- Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, i. 120.
- Elimination of inferior individuals, i. 172.
- Elk, ii. 249;
- winter change of the, ii. 299.
- Elk, Irish, horns of the, ii. 259.
- Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349.
-
Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, i. 305;
- on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.
- Elliott, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, ii. 80.
- Elliott, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, i. 267.
- Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, ii. 364.
-
Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, i. 115;
- on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, i. 215.
- Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, i. 343.
- Emberiza, characters of young, ii. 184.
- Emberiza miliaria, ii. 185.
-
Emberiza schœniculus, ii. 111;
- head-feathers of the male, ii. 95.
-
Embryo of man, i. 14, 15;
- of the dog, i. 15.
- Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, i. 32.
- Emigration, i. 172.
-
Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, i. 39;
- manifested by animals, i. 42.
- Emperor moth, i. 398.
- Emulation of singing-birds, ii. 53.
- Emu, sexes and incubation of, ii. 204.
- Endurance, estimation of, i. 95.
- Energy, a characteristic of men, ii. 328.
- England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 300.
- Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, ii. 106.
- English, success of, as colonists, i. 179.
- Engravers, short-sighted, i. 118.
- Entomostraca, i. 332.
- Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, i. 321.
- Eocene, possible divergence of man during the, i. 200.
- Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, i. 323.
- Epeira, i. 337.
- Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, i. 338.
- Ephemeræ, i. 341.
- Ephemeridæ, i. 361.
- Ephemerina, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, i. 354, 358.
- Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.
- Equus hemionus, winter change of, ii. 298.
- Erateina, coloration of, i. 397.
- Erect attitude of man, i. 141, 142.
- Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, i. 24;
- Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.
- Esox lucius, i. 308.
- Esox reticulatus, ii. 14.
- Esquimaux, i. 157, 167;
- Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, ii. 49.
- Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 389.
- Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, i. 381.
- Eudromias morinellus, ii. 203.
- Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, ii. 168.
- Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, i. 131.
- Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, ii. 73.
- Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, ii. 168.
- Euphema splendida, ii. 174.
- Euplocamus erythropthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, ii. 46.
- Euplœa midamas, mimickry of, by the female of Diadema anomala, i. 413.
- Europe, ancient inhabitants of, i. 237.
-
Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, i. 240;
- hairiness of, probably due to reversion, ii. 378.
- Eurostopodus, sexes of, ii. 206.
- Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, i. 344.
-
Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, ii. 39;
- young of, ii. 220.
- Exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351.
- Exogamy, ii. 360, 364.
- Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, i. 191.
- Extinction of races, causes of, i. 238.
- Eye, destruction of the, i. 116;
- Eyebrows, elevation of, i. 19;
- Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, ii. 339.
- Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348.
-
Eyes, difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, ii. 128;
- pillared, of the male of Chloëon, i. 341.
- Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, i. 288.
- Eyzies, Les, human remains from, i. 237.
-
F. - Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, i. 364.
- Facial bones, causes of modification of the, i. 147.
- Faculties, mental, variation of, in the same species, i. 36;
- Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, i. 96.
- Falco leucocephalus, ii. 214.
- Falco peregrinus, ii. 104, 179.
- Falco tinnunculus, ii. 109.
- Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, ii. 104.
- Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, ii. 257;
- Falkland islands, horses of, i. 236.
- Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.
- Famines, frequency of, among savages, i. 333.
- Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, i. 123;
- Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, i. 56;
- Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, ii. 343, 352.
-
Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, i. 301;
- on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, i. 302.
- Feathers, modified, producing sounds, ii. 63 et seqq., 163;
- Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. 115.
-
Feet, modification of, in man, i. 141;
- thickening of the skin on the soles of the, i. 118.
- Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, ii. 267.
- Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. 287.
- Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, i. 273.
- Female birds, differences of, ii. 193.
- Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, i. 208;
- Females and males, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276;
- Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.
- Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. 118.
-
Fertilization, phenomena of, in plants, i. 273;
- in the lower animals, i. 274.
- Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, i. 243.
- Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of, ii. 298.
-
Fidelity of savages to one another, i. 95;
- importance of, i. 162.
- Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, i. 246.
- Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, i. 77;
-
Fiji Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349;
- marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.
- Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, i. 81.
- Filum terminale, i. 30.
- Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.
-
Finches, spring change of colour in, ii. 85;
- British, females of the, ii. 193.
- Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, i. 140.
- Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, ii. 345.
- Fire, use of, i. 137, 183, 234.
- Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, i. 376.
-
Fish, proportion of the sexes in, i. 307;
- eagerness of male, i. 272.
-
Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, i. 16;
- male, hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210;
- receptacles for ova possessed by, i. 254;
- relative size of the sexes in, ii. 7;
- freshwater, of the tropics, ii. 17;
- protective resemblances in, ii. 18;
- nest-building, ii. 19;
- spawning of, ii. 19;
- sounds produced by, ii. 23, 331;
- continued growth of, ii. 216.
- Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, i. 129.
- Flint tools, i. 183.
- Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, i. 138.
- Florida, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.
- Flounder, coloration of the, ii. 18.
- Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128;
- Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, ii. 170.
-
Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, i. 25;
- arrangement of the hair on, i. 193.
- Food, influence of, upon stature, i. 115.
-
Foot, prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206;
- prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, i. 142.
-
Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, i. 28, 130;
- in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.
- Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, i. 119;
- Forel, F., on white young swans, ii. 211.
- Formica rufo, size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145.
- Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, i. 201.
- Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, i. 280;
-
Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, i. 281, 294;
- sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, i. 283;
- loss of secondary sexual characters by male, i. 284;
- inheritance of changes of plumage by, i. 281;
- Polish, origin of the crest in, i. 284;
- period of inheritance of characters by, i. 294;
- cuckoo-, i. 294;
- development of the comb in, i. 295;
- numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306;
- courtship of, ii. 117;
- mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, ii. 131;
- pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, ii. 158;
- Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, ii. 158;
- spurred, in both sexes, ii. 162.
- Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, i. 270;
-
Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, i. 50;
- black, ii. 294.
- France, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Francesco, B., on the Simian resemblances of man, i. 4.
- Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.
- Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.
- Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.
- Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.
- Fringilla leucophrys, young of, ii. 217.
- Fringilla spinus, ii. 115.
-
Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring, ii. 85;
- young of, ii. 216.
- Fringillidæ, resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. 192.
- Frogs, ii. 25;
- Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, i. 124.
- Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.
-
Fuegians, i. 167, 181;
- mental capacity of the, i. 34;
- quasi-religious sentiments of the, i. 67;
- power of sight in the, i. 118;
- skill of, in stone-throwing, i. 138;
- resistance of the, to their severe climate, i. 156, 237;
- difference of stature among the, i. 115;
- mode of life of the, i. 246;
- resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, i. 232;
- aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. 348;
- said to admire European women, ii. 351.
- Fulgoridæ, songs of the, i. 351.
- Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, i. 282.
- Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, i. 50.
-
G. - Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, ii. 128.
- Gallicrex cristatus, red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, ii. 80.
- Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, i. 269;
-
Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, ii. 44;
- racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, ii. 73.
- Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of male, ii. 40.
- Gallinula cristata, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41.
-
Galloperdix, spurs of, ii. 46;
- development of spurs in the female, ii. 162.
- Gallophasis, young of, ii. 190.
-
Gallus bankiva, ii. 158;
- neck-hackles of, ii. 84.
- Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.
- Galls, i. 152.
-
Galton, Mr., on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, i. 104;
- on hereditary genius, i. 111;
- on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168;
- on the sterility of sole daughters, i. 170;
- on the degree of fertility of people of genius, i. 171;
- on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173;
- on the ancient Greeks, i. 177;
- on the Middle Ages, i. 178;
- on the progress of the United States, i. 179;
- on South African notions of beauty, ii. 347.
- Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, i. 331.
- Gammarus marinus, i. 334.
- Gannets, white only when mature, ii. 228.
- Ganoidei, i. 204.
- Ganoid fishes, i. 212.
- Gaour, horns of the, ii. 247.
- Gap between man and the apes, i. 200.
- Gaper, sexes and young of, ii. 217.
- Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, i. 334.
- Garrulus glandarius, ii. 104.
- Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.
-
Gasteropoda, i. 324;
- pulmoniferous, courtship of, i. 324.
-
Gasterosteus, i. 271;
- nidification of, ii. 20.
- Gasterosteus leiurus, ii. 2, 14, 20.
- Gasterosteus trachurus, ii. 2.
- Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.
- Gauchos, want of humanity among the, i. 101.
- Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, i. 197.
- Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
- Geese, clanging noise made by, ii. 51;
-
Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125;
- on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, i. 207.
- Gelasimus, use of the enlarged chela of the male, i. 331;
- Gemmules, sexual selection of, i. 285.
- Genesis, i. 318.
-
Genius, ii. 328;
- hereditary, i. 111.
- Genius, fertility of men and women of, i. 171.
-
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. 13;
- on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29;
- on monstrosities, i. 113;
- on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, i. 125;
- on the correlation of monstrosities, i. 130;
- on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, i. 149;
- on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150;
- on correlated variability, i. 151;
- on the classification of man, i. 186;
- on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, i. 192;
- on the hair in monkeys, i. 194;
- on the development of horns in female deer, ii. 244;
- and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, ii. 293;
- on Hylobates, ii. 318, 320.
- Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, i. 218.
- Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.
-
Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, ii. 13, 20;
- eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, ii. 200.
- Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, i. 246.
- Geotrupes, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.
- Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, ii. 19.
- Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, i. 94; ii. 344, 364;
- on the extinction of races, i. 237, 238.
-
Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, i. 149;
- on the mandrill, ii. 293.
- Gesture-language, i. 232.
- Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.
- Gibb, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, ii. 330.
- Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, i. 192.
- Gibbons, voice of, ii. 276.
-
Giraffe, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274;
- its mode of using the horns, ii. 250.
- Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, i. 118.
- Glanders, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.
- Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, ii. 279, 281.
- Glareola, double moult in, ii. 80.
- Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 340.
-
Glowworm, female, apterous, i. 255;
- luminosity of the, i. 345.
- Gnats, dances of, i. 349.
- Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, ii. 289.
- Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, ii. 249;
- Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, i. 283;
- Goat-sucker, Virginian, pairing of the, ii. 49.
- Gobies, nidification of, ii. 20.
- God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, i. 65.
- Godron, M., on variability, i. 112;
- Goldfinch, ii. 56, 85;
- Goldfinch, North American, young of, ii. 216.
- Gold-Fish, ii. 16.
-
Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314;
- difference in the sexes of, i. 362.
-
Gonepteryx Rhamni, i. 393;
- sexual difference of colour in, i. 409.
- Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, i. 205.
- Goosander, young of, ii. 189.
- Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, ii. 228.
- Goose, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114.
- Goose, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, ii. 129.
- Goose, Egyptian, ii. 46.
- Goose, Sebastopol, plumage of, ii. 74.
- Goose, Snow-, whiteness of the, ii. 228.
- Goose, Spur-winged, ii. 46.
- Gorilla, ii. 323;
- Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-birds, ii. 40.
- Gosse, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, ii. 380.
- Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, i. 108;
-
Gould, J., on the arrival of male snipes before the females, i. 260;
- on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. 306;
- on Neomorpha, ii. 39;
- on the species of Eustephanus, ii. 39;
- on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 39;
- on the relative size of the sexes in Biziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, ii. 43;
- on Lobivanellus lobatus, ii. 48;
- on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. 56;
- on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, ii. 58;
- on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. 65;
- on the Bower-birds, ii. 69, 102;
- on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, ii. 78;
- on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 83;
- on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, ii. 86;
- on the shyness of adorned male birds, ii. 97;
- on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, ii. 112;
- on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, ii. 112;
- on variation in the genus Cynanthus, ii. 125;
- on the colour of the thighs in a male parrakeet, ii. 126;
- on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. 151, 152;
- on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168;
- on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, ii. 169;
- on Trogons and Kingfishers, ii. 173;
- on Australian parrots, ii. 174;
- on Australian pigeons, ii. 175;
- on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 181;
- on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.;
- on the Australian species of Turnix, ii. 201;
- on the young of Aithurus polytmus, ii. 220;
- on the colours of the bills of Toucans, ii. 227;
- on the relative size of the sexes in the Marsupials of Australia, ii. 260;
- on the colours of the Marsupials, ii. 286.
- Goureau, on the stridulation of Mutilla europæa, i. 366.
- Gout, sexually transmitted, i. 292.
-
Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, ii. 126;
- on the Bridled Guillemot, ii. 127.
- Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, ii. 135.
-
Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 270;
- double moult in some, ii. 81.
- Grallina, nidification of, ii. 169.
- Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, i. 356.
-
Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, i. 196;
- on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 230.
- Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, i. 227.
-
Gray, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150;
- on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus, ii. 245;
- on the horns of goats and sheep, ii. 246;
- on the beard of the Ibex, ii. 283;
- on the Berbura goat, ii. 285;
- on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, ii. 286;
- on the colours of the Elands, ii. 288;
- on the Sing-sing antelope, ii. 289;
- on the colours of goats, ii. 290;
- on the Hog-deer, ii. 303.
- “Greatest happiness principle,” i. 97, 98.
- Greeks, ancient, i. 177.
-
Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, ii. 239;
- on the voice of the beaver, ii. 277.
- Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, ii. 115.
- Greg, W. R., on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173;
- Grenadiers, Prussian, i. 112.
- Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, ii. 364.
-
Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265;
- numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304.
- Grouse, red, monogamous, i. 269;
- Grube, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.
-
Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213;
- breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Grus virgo, trachea of, ii. 60.
-
Gryllus campestris, i. 353;
- pugnacity of male, i. 360.
- Gryllus domesticus, i. 354.
- Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, ii. 39.
-
Guanacoes, battles of, ii. 239;
- canine teeth of, ii. 257.
-
Guanas, strife for women among the, ii. 324;
- polyandry among the, ii. 366.
- Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, i. 29.
- Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, i. 302;
- Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, i. 310.
- Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the LOCUSTIDÆ, i. 352.
- Guillemot, variety of the, ii. 127.
- Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, i. 289.
- Guinea-fowl, monogamous, i. 269;
- Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, ii. 380.
- Gull, instance of reasoning in a, ii. 108.
-
Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228;
- white, ii. 228.
-
Günther, Dr., on hermaphroditism in Serranus, i. 208;
- on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210, ii. 20;
- on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, i. 308;
- on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, ii. 2;
- on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, ii. 3;
- on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. 7;
- on sexual differences in fishes, ii. 8 et seqq.;
- on the genus Callionymus, ii. 9;
- on a protective resemblance in a Pipe-fish, ii. 18;
- on the genus Solenostoma, ii. 22;
- on Megalophrys montana, ii. 26;
- on the coloration of frogs and toads, ii. 26;
- on sexual differences in the Ophidia, ii. 29;
- on differences of the sexes of lizards, ii. 32 et seqq.
- Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, ii. 132.
- Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. 242.
-
H. -
Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, i. 101;
- variability of the force of, i. 183.
-
Häckel, E., on the origin of man, i. 4;
- on rudimentary characters, i. 17;
- on the canine teeth in man, i. 126;
- on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28;
- on the steps by which man became a biped, i. 142;
- on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 199;
- on the position of the Lemuridæ, i. 202;
- on the genealogy of the Mammalia, i. 203;
- on the lancelet, i. 204;
- on the transparency of pelagic animals, i. 323;
- on the musical powers of women, ii. 337.
- Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American neuroptera, i. 314.
-
Hair, development of, in man, i. 24;
- character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, i. 116;
- distribution of, in man, i. 149, ii. 375;
- possibly removed for ornamental purposes, i. 149;
- arrangement and direction of, i. 192;
- of the early progenitors of man, i. 206;
- different texture of, in distinct races, i. 216;
- and skin, correlation of colour of, i. 248;
- development of, in mammals, ii. 281;
- management of, among different peoples, ii. 340;
- great length of, in some North American tribes, ii. 348;
- elongation of the, on the human head, ii. 380.
-
Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes, in man, ii. 320;
- variation of, in races of men, ii. 321.
- Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, i. 248.
- Hairy family, Siamese, ii. 378.
-
Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, i. 75;
- mane of the male, ii. 267.
-
Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kafirs to animals, i. 94;
- on the engrossment of the women by the Kafir chiefs, ii. 369.
- Hammering, difficulty of, i. 138.
- Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch mollusca, i. 326.
- Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, i. 117;
- Handwriting, inherited, i. 58.
- Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.
- Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.
- Hare, protective colouring of the, ii. 298. Hares, battles of male, ii. 239.
- Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246.
- Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, i. 245.
- Harris, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, i. 353;
- Harry-long-legs, pugnacity of male, i. 349.
- Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, i. 351.
- Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, i. 129.
- Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, ii. 107.
- Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge-dogs on thin ice, i. 46.
- Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143;
- Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324;
- Heart, in the human embryo, i. 16.
- Heat, supposed effects of, i. 116.
- Hectocotyle, i. 325.
-
Hedge-warbler, ii. 198;
- young of the, ii. 209.
- Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 120.
- Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, i. 290.
-
Heliconidæ, i. 387;
- mimickry of, by other butterflies, i. 411.
- Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, i. 383.
- Heliothrix auriculata, young of, ii. 188, 189.
- Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, i. 325.
- Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. 313.
- Helmholtz, on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, ii. 333.
- Hemiptera, i. 349.
- Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, ii. 283.
- Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, ii. 54.
- Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.
- Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.
- Hermaphroditism of embryos, i. 207.
- Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, ii. 84.
- Heron, love-gestures of a, ii. 68.
- Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, ii. 119, 120, 152.
- Herons, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74;
-
Hetærina, difference in the sexes of, i. 362;
- proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Heterocerus, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Hewitt, Mr. on a game-cock killing a kite, ii. 44;
- Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, i. 99, 103.
- Hindoos, local difference of stature among, i. 115;
- Hipparchia Janira, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 132.
- Hipparchiæ, i. 387.
-
Hippocampus, development of, i. 210;
- marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.
- Hippopotamus, nakedness of, i. 148.
- Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.
- Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, i. 71.
-
Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, ii. 244;
- on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, ii. 273.
-
Hog, wart-, ii. 265;
- river-, ii. 266.
- Hog-deer, ii. 303.
- Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, i. 238.
- Homologous structures, correlated variation of, i. 130.
- Homoptera, i. 350;
- stridulation of the, and orthoptera, discussed, i. 360.
- Honduras, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.
- Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, ii. 126.
-
Honey-suckers, moulting of the, ii. 83;
- Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.
- Honour, law of, i. 99.
- Hooker, Jos., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.
- Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, i. 192.
-
Hoopoe, ii. 56;
- sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.
- Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, ii. 48.
- Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, ii. 72.
-
Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129;
- nidification and incubation of, ii. 169.
- Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, i. 361.
- Horns, of deer, ii. 243, 248, 259;
- Horse, polygamous, i. 267;
-
Horses, dreaming, i. 46;
- rapid increase of, in South America, i. 135;
- diminution of canine teeth in, i. 144;
- of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, i. 236;
- numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265;
- lighter in winter in Siberia, i. 282;
- sexual preferences in, ii. 272;
- pairing preferentially the same colour, ii. 295;
- numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 303;
- formerly striped, ii. 305.
- Hottentot women, peculiarities of, i. 225.
- Hottentots, lice of, i. 220;
- House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, i. 246.
- Huber, P., on ants playing together, i. 39;
- Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. 345.
- Human kingdom, i. 186.
- Human sacrifices, i. 68.
-
Humanity, unknown among some savages, i. 94;
- deficiency of, among savages, i. 101.
- Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, i. 48;
- Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, i. 85.
-
Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73;
- display of plumage by the male, ii. 86.
- Humming-birds, ornament their nests, i. 63, ii. 112;
- Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the Stickle-back, i. 271, ii. 2.
- Hunger, instinct of, i. 89.
- Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, ii. 352.
- Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, i. 226;
-
Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, i. 133;
- on the Santali, i. 241.
- Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, ii. 110.
- Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, i. 48.
- Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, ii. 249.
-
Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, i. 3;
- on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, i. 10;
- on the adult age of the Orang, i. 13;
- on the embryonic development of man, i. 14;
- on the origin of man, i. 4, 17;
- on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, i. 108;
- on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128;
- on the position of man, i. 191;
- on the sub-orders of primates, i. 195;
- on the Lemuridæ, i. 202;
- on the Dinosauria, i. 204;
- on the amphibian affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204;
- on variability of the skull in certain races of man, i. 226;
- on the races of man, i. 229.
- Hybrid birds, production of, ii. 113.
- Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.
- Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343.
- Hyelaphus porcinus, ii. 303.
- Hygrogonus, ii. 21.
- Hyla, singing species of, ii. 27.
- Hylobates, maternal affection in a, i. 40;
- Hylobates agilis, i. 140;
- Hylobates hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291.
-
Hylobates lar, i. 140;
- hair on the arms of, i. 193.
- Hylobates leuciscus, i. 140.
-
Hylobates syndactylus, i. 140;
- laryngeal sac of, ii. 276.
- Hymenoptera, i. 364;
- Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, i. 272.
- Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. 304.
- Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.
- Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.
- Hypopyra, coloration of, i. 397.
-
I. -
Ibex, male, falling on his horns, ii. 249;
- beard of the, ii. 283.
-
Ibis, scarlet, young of the, ii. 208;
- white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, ii. 80.
- Ibis tantalus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213;
- Ibises, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74;
- Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.
- Ichthyopterygia, i. 125.
- Ichthyosaurians, i. 204.
- Ideas, general, i. 62.
-
Idiots, microcephalous, imitative faculties of, i. 57;
- microcephalous, their characters and habits, i. 121.
- Iguana tuberculata, ii. 32.
- Iguanas, ii. 32.
- Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.
- Imagination, existence of, in animals, i. 45.
- Imitation, i. 39;
- Immature plumage of birds, ii. 183, 187.
- Implacentata, i. 202.
- Implements, employed by monkeys, i. 51;
- fashioning of, peculiar to man, i. 52.
- Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, i. 303.
- Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, i. 49.
- Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. 340.
-
Increase, rate of, i. 131;
- necessity of checks in, i. 135.
- Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, i. 96.
- India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, i. 215;
- Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, i. 93.
- Individuality, i. 62.
- Individuation, i. 318.
- Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, ii. 175.
- Infanticide, prevalence of, i. 94, 134;
- Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, i. 156.
- Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.
- Inheritance, i. 110;
- Inquisition, influence of the, i. 179.
- Insanity, hereditary, i. 111.
- Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, i. 360.
-
Insectivora, ii. 286;
- absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.
- Insects, relative size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145;
- Insessores, vocal organs of, ii. 55.
- Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.
- Instinct and intelligence, i. 37.
- Instinct, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, i. 83, 90.
- Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, i. 80.
-
Instinctive impulses, difference of the force of, i. 87, 89;
- and moral impulses, alliance of, i. 88.
- Instincts, i. 36;
- Instrumental music of birds, ii. 61, 66.
- Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, i. 171.
-
Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158;
- probably perfected through natural selection, i. 160.
- Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, i. 37.
-
Intemperance, no reproach among savages, i. 96;
- its destructiveness, i. 172.
- Intoxication in monkeys, i. 12.
- Iphias glaucippe, i. 394.
- Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, ii. 72, 128.
- Ischio-pubic muscle, i. 127.
- Ithaginis cruentus, number of spurs in, ii. 46.
- Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, i. 340.
-
J. - Jackals learning to bark from dogs, i. 44.
- Jack-snipe, coloration of the, ii. 226.
- Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Jaeger, Dr., on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, i. 74;
- Jaguars, black, ii. 294.
-
Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, i. 314;
- on stridulant beetles, i. 379.
- Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, i. 134.
-
Japanese, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321;
- aversion of the, to whiskers, ii. 349.
- Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, ii. 72, 97.
- Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, i. 147.
-
Javanese, relative height of the sexes of, ii. 320;
- notions of female beauty, ii. 347.
- Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, i. 144.
- Jaws, smaller in the same ratio with the extremities, i. 117;
-
Jay, young of the, ii. 209;
- Canada, young of the, ii. 209.
-
Jays, new mates found by, ii. 104;
- distinguishing persons, ii. 110.
-
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, i. 324;
- on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, i. 326.
- Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, ii. 61;
-
Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84;
- on male birds singing after the proper season, ii. 107.
-
Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, ii. 46;
- on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, ii. 41;
- on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, ii. 44;
- on the spurs of Galloperdix, ii. 46;
- on the habits of Lobivanellus, ii. 48;
- on the spoonbill, ii. 60;
- on the drumming of the Kalij pheasant, ii. 63;
- on Indian bustards, ii. 65;
- on Otis bengalensis, ii. 69;
- on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, ii. 73;
- on the double moults of certain birds, ii. 82;
- on the moulting of the honey-suckers, ii. 83;
- on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, ii. 84;
- on display in male birds, ii. 86;
- on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. 86;
- on the display of the under tail-coverts by the male bulbul, ii. 96;
- on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. 126;
- on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, ii. 129;
- on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, ii. 134;
- on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168;
- on the nidification of the hornbills, ii. 169;
- on the Sultan yellow-tit, ii. 174;
- on Palæornis javanicus, ii. 180;
- on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.;
- on representative species of birds, ii. 190;
- on the habits of Turnix, ii. 202;
- on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, ii. 216;
- on coloration in the genus Palæornis, ii. 231.
- Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, i. 135.
- Jews, ancient, use of flint tools by the, i. 183;
- Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, i. 268.
- Jollofs, fine appearance of the, ii. 357.
- Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, i. 313.
- Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, ii. 221.
- Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.
- Jupiter, Greek statues of, ii. 350.
-
K. - Kafir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, i. 126.
- Kafirs, their cruelty to animals, i. 94;
-
Kalij pheasant, drumming of the male, ii. 62;
- young of, ii. 190.
- Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, i. 392.
-
Kalmucks, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349;
- marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.
- Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.
- Kant, Imm., on duty, i. 70;
- Katy-did, stridulation of the, i. 352.
- Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.
- Kestrels, new mates found by, ii. 104.
- Kidney, i. 116.
- King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. 56;
- King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, ii. 374.
- King-crows, nidification of, ii. 167.
-
Kingfisher, ii. 56;
- racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.
- Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173, 176;
-
King Lory, ii. 174;
- immature plumage of the, ii. 188.
- Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, ii. 23.
-
Kirby and Spence, on the courtship of insects, i. 272;
- on sexual differences in the length of the snout in curculionidæ, i. 255;
- on the elytra of Dytiscus, i. 343;
- on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, i. 344;
- on the relative size of the sexes in insects, i. 345;
- on the luminosity of insects, i. 345;
- on the Fulgoridæ, i. 351;
- on the habits of Termites, i. 364;
- on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367;
- on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, i. 371;
- on hornlike processes in male curculionidæ, i. 374;
- on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.
- Kite, killed by a game-cock, ii. 44.
- Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, ii. 82.
- Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, i. 23;
- Koala, length of the cæcum in, i. 27.
- Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.
- Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.
-
Koodoo, development of the horns of the, i. 289;
- markings of the, ii. 300.
- Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, i. 352.
- Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.
- Kowalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.
-
Kowalevsky, W., on the pugnacity of the male Capercailzie, ii. 45;
- on the pairing of the Capercailzie, ii. 49.
- Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.
- Kuppfer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.
-
L. - Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, i. 329.
- Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, ii. 16.
- Labrus mixtus, sexual differences in, ii. 9.
- Labrus pavo, ii. 16.
- Lacertilia, sexual differences of, ii. 32.
- Lafresnaye, M. de, on Birds of Paradise, ii. 78.
- Lamarck, on the origin of man, i. 4.
- Lamellibranchiata, i. 324.
- Lamellicorn beetles, hornlike processes from the head and thorax of, i. 370, 373;
- Lamellicornia, stridulation of, i. 380.
-
Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the Walrus, ii. 242;
- on the use of its tusks by the Walrus, ii. 257.
- Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, ii. 168.
- Lancelet, i. 204, 212.
-
Landois, H., on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, i. 351;
- on the stridulating organ of the Crickets, i. 354;
- on Decticus, i. 355;
- on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, i. 356;
- on the presence of rudimentary stridulating organs in some female Orthoptera, i. 359;
- on the stridulation of Necrophorus, i. 378;
- on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, i. 380;
- on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, i. 382;
- on the ticking of Anobium, i. 385;
- on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, i. 380.
-
Language an art, i. 55;
- articulate, origin of, i. 56;
- relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, i. 57;
- effects of inheritance in production of, i. 58;
- complex structure of, among barbarous nations, i. 61;
- natural selection in, i. 61;
- gesture, i. 232;
- primeval, i. 235;
- of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, i. 236.
- Languages, presence of rudiments in, i. 60;
- Languages and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, i. 59.
-
Lanius, ii. 180;
- characters of young, ii. 185.
- Lanius rufus, anomalous young of, ii. 211.
-
Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, i. 168, 171;
- on the destructive effects of intemperance, i. 173.
- Lanugo, of the human fœtus, i. 25; ii. 375.
- Lapponian language, highly artificial, i. 61.
-
Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307;
- female, singing of the, ii. 54.
- Larks, attracted by a mirror, ii. 112.
- Lartet, E., on the size of the brain in mammals, i. 51;
- Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
- Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, i. 345.
- Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, ii. 55.
-
Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, i. 311;
- sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.
- Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, i. 136.
- Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, ii. 341.
- Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. 124.
- Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, i. 118;
-
Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a Cobra, ii. 30;
- on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, ii. 44.
- Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, i. 12.
- Leaves, decaying, tints of, i. 323.
- Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, i. 71;
- Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, i. 381.
- Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. 308.
- Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, ii. 340.
- Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.
- Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, i. 108;
- “Lek” of the black-cock and capercailzie, ii. 100.
- Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, i. 56.
- Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 290.
- Lemuridæ, i. 195;
-
Lemurs, uterus in the, i. 123;
- tailless species of, i. 194.
- Leopards, black, ii. 294.
- Lepidoptera, i. 386;
- Lepidosiren, i. 204, 212.
- Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, ii. 341.
- Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, i. 375.
- Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 367.
- Lequay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.
-
Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, i. 50;
- on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84.
- Lesse, valley of the, i. 29.
-
Lesson, on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269, ii. 98;
- on the sea-elephant, ii. 278.
- Lestis bombylans, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
- Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, i. 371, 376.
-
Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, i. 31;
- on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, i. 302.
- Levator claviculæ muscle, i. 128.
- Libellula depressa, colour of the male, i. 363.
-
Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes of, i. 347;
- difference in the sexes of, i. 361.
- Lice of domestic animals and man, i. 219.
-
Licentiousness, prevalence of, among savages, i. 96;
- a check upon population, i. 134.
- Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, ii. 120.
- Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, i. 280, 285.
-
Light, supposed effects of, i. 116;
- influence of, upon the colours of shells, i. 326.
- Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, ii. 111.
- Limosa lapponica, ii. 204.
- Linaria, ii. 180.
- Linaria montana, i. 307.
- Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, i. 190.
- Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307;
- Linyphia, i. 337.
- Lion, polygamous, i. 268;
- Lions, stripes of young, ii. 183.
- Lips, piercing of the, by savages, ii. 341.
- Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, i. 340.
- Lithosia, coloration in, i. 396.
- Littorina littorea, i. 324.
-
Livingstone, Dr., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242;
- on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243;
- on the spur-winged goose, ii. 47;
- on weaver-birds, ii. 63;
- on an African nightjar, ii. 73, 97;
- on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, ii. 239;
- on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, ii. 340;
- on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, ii. 342;
- on the Banyai, ii. 347.
- Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
-
Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, ii. 32;
- gular pouches of, ii. 33.
-
Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, i. 269;
- on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and blackcock, i. 306;
- on the salmon, ii. 5;
- on the colours of the sea-scorpion, ii. 9;
- on the pugnacity of male grouse, ii. 45;
- on the capercailzie and black-cock, ii. 49, 54;
- on the call of the capercailzie, ii. 61;
- on assemblages of grouse and snipes, ii. 101;
- on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, ii. 114;
- on the battles of seals, ii. 240;
- on the elk, ii. 249.
- Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, ii. 48.
- Local influences, effect of, upon stature, i. 114.
- Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, i. 210.
- Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, i. 361.
- Locust, migratory, i. 352.
-
Locustidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 354;
- descent of the, i. 356.
-
Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, i. 367;
- stridulation of, i. 380.
- Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, i. 325.
- Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.
- Lophophorus, habits of, ii. 121.
- Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, ii. 226.
- Lophornis ornatus, ii. 76.
- Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, ii. 5.
-
Lory, King, ii. 174;
- immature plumage of the, ii. 188.
- Love-antics and dances of birds, ii. 68.
- Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, i. 145, 349.
- Loxia, characters of young of, ii. 184.
-
Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, i. 3;
- on the origin of man, i. 4;
- on the mental capacity of savages, i. 34;
- on the origin of implements, i. 52;
- on the simplification of languages, i. 62;
- on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, i. 65;
- on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66;
- on superstitions, i. 69;
- on the sense of duty, i. 71;
- on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, i. 77;
- non-prevalence of suicide among the lowest barbarians, i. 94;
- on the immorality of savages, i. 97;
- on Mr. Wallace’s claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, i. 137;
- on the absence of remorse among savages, i. 164;
- on the former barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181;
- on improvements in the arts among savages, i. 182;
- on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, i. 232;
- on the power of counting in primeval man, i. 234;
- on the arts practised by savages, i. 234;
- on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, i. 329;
- on Chloëon, i. 341;
- on Smynthurus luteus, i. 348;
- on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324;
- on music, ii. 334;
- on the ornamental practices of savages, ii. 338;
- on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 349;
- on artificial deformation of the skull, ii. 352;
- on “communal marriages,” ii. 358, 360;
- on exogamy, ii. 360, 364;
- on the Veddahs, ii. 363;
- on polyandry, ii. 365.
- Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, i. 376.
- Lucanus, large size of males of, i. 347.
-
Lucanus cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, i. 313;
- weapons of the male, i. 375.
-
Lucanus elaphus, use of mandibles of, i. 377;
- large jaws of male, i. 342.
- Lucas, Prosper, on sexual preference in horses and bulls, ii. 272.
- Lunar periods, i. 212.
- Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, i. 218.
- Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. 119;
- Luminosity in insects, i. 345.
- Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, i. 30.
- Lust, instinct of, i. 89.
- Luxury, comparatively innocuous, i. 171.
- Lycæna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 390.
- Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, i. 3;
- Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, ii. 267.
- Lyre-bird, assemblies of, ii. 101.
-
M. - Macacus, ears of, i. 23;
- Macacus cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, ii. 318;
- beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, ii. 319.
- Macacus inornatus, i. 151.
- Macacus lasiotus, facial spots of, ii. 308.
- Macacus radiatus, i. 192.
- Macacus rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 293, 310.
- Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, i. 109;
-
Macaws, Mr. Buxton’s observations on, i. 76;
- screams of, ii. 61.
- McCann, J., on mental individuality, i. 63.
- McClelland, J., on the Indian cyprinidæ, ii. 17.
- Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, ii. 364.
- Macculloch, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, i. 13.
-
Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, i. 59;
- on the Egyptian goose, ii. 48;
- on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. 63;
- on the habits of the snipe, ii. 64;
- on the whitethroat, ii. 69;
- on the moulting of the snipes, ii. 82;
- on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85;
- on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103;
- on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, ii. 113;
- on pied ravens, ii. 126;
- on the guillemots, ii. 127;
- on the colours of the tits, ii. 174;
- on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seqq.
- Machetes, sexes and young of, ii. 216.
- Machetes pugnax, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306;
- Mackintosh, on the moral sense, i. 70.
- MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, i. 314;
- McLennan, Mr., on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66;
- McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252;
- Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, ii. 278.
- Magpie, power of speech of, i. 59;
- Magpies, vocal organs of the, ii. 55.
- Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, i. 310.
-
Maine, Mr., on the absorption of one tribe by another, i. 159;
- on the want of a desire for improvement, i. 166.
- Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, ii. 341.
- Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, i. 124.
- Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, ii. 373.
- Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, i. 218;
- Malays and Papuans, contrasted characters of, i. 216.
- Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, i. 259, 260;
-
Male characters, developed in females, i. 280;
- transfer of, to female birds, ii. 193.
- Male, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, i. 272.
- Malefactors, i. 172.
- Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, i. 208.
- Males and females, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276;
- Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, ii. 174.
- Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, i. 131, 132, 134.
- Maluridæ, nidification of the, ii. 169.
- Malurus, young of, ii. 216.
- Mammæ, i. 254;
-
Mammalia, Prof. Owen’s classification of, i. 187;
- genealogy of the, i. 203.
- Mammals, secondary sexual characters of, ii. 239;
-
Man, variability of, i. 108;
- erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, i. 111;
- definitive origin of, i. 235;
- migrations of, i. 135;
- wide distribution of, i. 137;
- causes of the nakedness of, i. 149;
- supposed physical inferiority of, i. 156;
- numerical proportions of the sexes in, i. 264;
- a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 198;
- early progenitors of, i. 206;
- secondary sexual characters of, ii. 316;
- primeval condition of, ii. 367.
- Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, i. 248.
- Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, i. 344.
- Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, i. 342;
- Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, i. 150;
- Mantegazza, Prof., on the ornaments of savages, ii. 338 et seqq.;
- Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, ii. 369.
- Mantis, pugnacity of species of, i. 360.
-
Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71;
- on the influence of habitual thoughts, i. 101.
- Mareca penelope, ii. 114.
- Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131.
- Marriage, influence of, upon morals, i. 96;
- Marriages, communal, ii. 358, 360;
- Marshall, Mr., on the brain of a Bushwoman, i. 216.
- Marsupials, i. 202;
- Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, i. 208.
- Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, i. 43;
- Martin, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, ii. 321.
- Martins deserting their young, i. 84.
- Martins, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28.
- Mastoid processes in man and apes, i. 143.
- Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, i. 24;
- Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, ii. 17.
- Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, ii. 270.
- Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, ii. 28.
- Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, i. 130.
- Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, i. 12.
- Medusæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Megalithic structures, prevalence of, i. 233.
- Megalophrys montana, sexual differences in, ii. 26, 27.
- Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
- Megasoma, large size of males of, i. 347.
- Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, i. 108.
- Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, i. 309.
- Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.
- Melita, secondary sexual characters of, i. 331.
- Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
- Memory, manifestations of, in animals, i. 45.
- Memnon, young, i. 217.
- Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.
- Mental faculties, variation of, in the same species, i. 36, 110;
- Mental powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, ii. 326.
-
Menura Alberti, ii. 102;
- song of, ii. 55.
-
Menura superba, ii. 101, 102;
- long tails of both sexes of, ii. 164.
- Merganser, trachea of the male, ii. 60.
- Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, i. 291.
- Mergus merganser, young of, ii. 189.
- Merganser serrator, male plumage of, ii. 85.
- Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, ii. 152.
- Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, i. 347.
- Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, ii. 63.
- Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.
- Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.
- Meyer, Dr. A., on the copulation of phryganidæ of distinct species, i. 342.
- Migrations of man, effects of, i. 135.
- Migratory instinct of birds, i. 79;
- Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71;
- Millipedes, i. 339.
- Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chela of the male Gelasimus, i. 331.
- Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, ii. 205.
- Mimickry, i. 411.
- Mimus polyglottus, ii. 109.
-
Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, i. 104;
- similarity of the, in different races, i. 232.
- Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309.
- Minnows, spawning habits of, ii. 15.
- Mirror, larks attracted by, ii. 112.
- Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, i. 18;
-
Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, ii. 109;
- young of the, ii. 219.
- Modifications, unserviceable, i. 153.
-
Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305;
- battles of male, ii. 239.
- Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, ii. 9.
-
Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326;
- absence of secondary sexual characters in the, i. 324.
- Molluscoida, i. 205, 324.
- Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, sexual differences in, ii. 12.
- Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, i. 119.
- Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, i. 78, 87;
-
Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. 11;
- male, recognition of women by, i. 13;
- revenge taken by, i. 40;
- maternal affection in, i. 40;
- variability of the faculty of attention in, i. 44;
- using stones and sticks, i. 51;
- imitative faculties of, i. 56;
- signal-cries of, i. 57;
- sentinels posted by, i. 74;
- diversity of the mental faculties in, i. 110;
- mutual kindnesses of, i. 75;
- hands of the, i. 139, 140;
- breaking hard fruits with stones, i. 140;
- basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, i. 151;
- human characters of, i. 191;
- gradation of species of, i. 227;
- beards of, ii. 283;
- ornamental characters of, ii. 306;
- analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318;
- different degrees of difference in the sexes of, ii. 323;
- expression of emotions by, ii. 336;
- generally monogamous habits of, ii. 361;
- polygamous habits of some, ii. 362;
- naked surfaces of, ii. 376;
- American, manifestation of reason in, i. 47;
- American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, i. 192.
- Monogamy, not primitive, i. 182.
- Monogenists, i. 228.
- Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, i. 382.
- Monotremata, i. 202;
- Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, i. 113;
- Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269;
- Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, ii. 72.
- Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, ii. 40.
- Monticola cyanea, ii. 172.
- Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.
-
Moose, battles of, ii. 240;
- horns of the, an incumbrance, ii. 259.
- Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, i. 88.
- Moral faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158.
- Moral rules, distinction between the higher and lower, i. 100.
- Moral sense, origin of the, i. 102;
- Moral tendencies, inheritance of, i. 102.
- Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, i. 97;
- Morgan, L. H., on the Beaver, i. 37;
- Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, ii. 107.
- Mortality, comparative, of females and males, i. 264, 276, 302.
- Morton, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, ii. 280.
- Motacillæ, Indian, young of, ii. 190.
- Moths, i. 394;
- Motmot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.
-
Moult, double, ii. 181;
- double annual, in birds, ii. 80.
- Moulting of birds, ii. 214.
- Moults, partial, ii. 83.
- Moustache-monkey, colours of the, ii. 291, 311.
- Moustaches, in monkeys, i. 192.
- Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, ii. 28.
-
Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, i. 221;
- immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243.
- Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, i. 221.
- Mules, rational, i. 48.
- Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, i. 183.
-
Müller, Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, i. 255;
- on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, ii. 305;
- on the proportions of the sexes in some crustacea, i. 315;
- on secondary sexual characters in various crustaceans, i. 328 et seqq.;
- on the luminous larva of a beetle, i. 345;
- musical contest between male Cicadæ, i. 351;
- on the sexual maturity of young amphipod crustacea, ii. 215.
- Müller, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23.
-
Müller, Max, on the origin of language, i. 56;
- struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, i. 60.
-
Müller, S., on the Banteng, ii. 290;
- on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, ii. 291.
- Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, ii. 257.
-
Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, i. 18;
- on the ears of the Lemuroidea, i. 23;
- on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, i. 128, 136;
- basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus inornatus imbedded in the body, i. 151;
- on differences in the Lemuroidea, i. 198;
- on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. 58;
- on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. 267;
- on the suborbital pits of Ruminants, ii. 280;
- on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, ii. 287.
- Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, i. 219.
- Murray, T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 220.
- Mus coninga, i. 50.
- Mus minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.
- Musca vomitoria, i. 145.
- Muscicapa grisola, ii. 170.
- Muscicapa luctuosa, ii. 170.
- Muscicapa ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Muscle, ischio-pubic, i. 127.
-
Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 19;
- variability of the, i. 109;
- effects of use and disuse upon, i. 116;
- animal-like abnormalities of, in man, i. 127;
- correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, i. 130;
- variability of, in the hands and feet, i. 136;
- of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, i. 144;
- habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, i. 147;
- of the early progenitors of man, i. 206;
- greater variability of the, in men than in women, i. 275.
- Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, i. 19.
- Music, i. 232;
-
Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, ii. 333;
- powers of man, ii. 330 et seqq.
- Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, ii. 241, 256, 257;
- Musk-duck, Australian, ii. 38;
- Musk-ox, horns of, ii. 247.
- Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, ii. 298.
-
Musophagæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171;
- both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.
- Mussels opened by monkeys, i. 140.
- Mustela, winter change of two species of, ii. 298.
- Mutilations, healing of, i. 13.
- Mutilla europæa, stridulation of, i. 366.
- Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, i. 341.
- Mycetes caraya, polygamous, i. 266;
- Mycetes seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.
- Myriapoda, i. 339.
-
N. -
Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, i. 152;
- on the gradation of species of plants, i. 227.
- Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, ii. 339.
- Naples, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.
- Narwhal, tusks of the, ii. 242, 248.
- Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, i. 119.
- Nascent organs, i. 18.
-
Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, i. 230;
- on the breeding of domestic animals, ii. 370.
- Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, i. 136;
- Natural and sexual selection contrasted, i. 278.
- Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, i. 126.
- Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, i. 146.
- Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.
- Necrophorus, stridulation of, i. 378, 382.
- Nectarinia, young of, ii. 190.
-
Nectariniæ, nidification of, ii. 169;
- moulting of the, ii. 83.
- Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, i. 232.
- Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, i. 95.
-
Negroes, character of, i. 216;
- lice of, i. 220;
- blackness of, i. 224, ii. 381;
- variability of, i. 225, 226;
- immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243;
- difference of, from Americans, i. 247;
- disfigurements of the, ii. 296;
- colour of newborn children of, ii. 318;
- comparative beardlessness of, ii. 321;
- readily become musicians, ii. 334;
- appreciation of beauty of their women by, ii. 344, 346;
- idea of beauty among, ii. 350;
- compression of the nose by some, ii. 352.
- Neolithic period, i. 183.
- Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, ii. 39.
- Nephila, i. 337.
-
Nests, made by fishes, ii. 19;
- decoration of, by Humming-birds, ii. 112.
- Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, i. 294.
- Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, i. 345.
- Neuroptera, i. 314, 361.
- Neurothemis, dimorphism in, i. 363.
- New Zealand, expectation by the natives of, of their extinction, i. 240;
- Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. 58;
- Newts, ii. 24.
- Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, i. 245.
- Nictitating membrane, i. 23, 207.
- Nidification, of fishes, ii. 19;
- Night-heron, cries of the, ii. 51.
-
Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, i. 259;
- object of the song of the, ii. 52.
- Nightingales, new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116;
- Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, ii. 62;
- Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, ii. 287.
-
Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, i. 233;
- on the development of the horns in the reindeer, i. 288.
- Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, i. 209.
- Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, ii. 80.
- Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, i. 397.
- Noctuidæ, coloration of, i. 394.
- Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, ii. 100.
- Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, i. 167.
- Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, i. 192;
- Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., i. 217;
- Nudibranch mollusca, bright colours of, i. 326.
- Numerals, Roman, i. 182.
- Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, ii. 322, 349.
-
O. - Obedience, value of, i. 162.
- Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, ii. 109.
-
Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, i. 115;
- effect of, upon the proportions of the body, i. 116.
- Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, i. 341.
- Ocelli of birds, formation and variability of the, ii. 132.
- Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, ii. 287.
- Ocyphaps lophotes, ii. 96.
- Odonata, i. 314.
- Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.
- Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, i. 248;
- Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.
- Oidemia, ii. 226, 227.
- Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, i. 385.
- Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, i. 381.
- Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, i. 372.
- Onthophagus, i. 370.
-
Onthophagus rangifer, sexual differences of, i. 369;
- variation in the horns of the male, i. 370.
- Ophidia, sexual differences of, ii. 29.
- Opossum, wide range of, in America, i. 219.
- Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, i. 116.
-
Orang-Outan, ii. 323;
- Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, i. 11;
- adult age of the, i. 13;
- ears of the, i. 21;
- vermiform appendage of, i. 27;
- platforms built by the, i. 36;
- alarmed at the sight of a turtle, i. 43;
- using a stick as a lever, i. 51;
- using missiles, i. 52;
- using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, i. 53;
- hands of the, i. 139;
- absence of mastoid processes in the, i. 143;
- direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192;
- its aberrant characters, i. 197;
- supposed evolution of the, i. 230;
- voice of the, ii. 276;
- monogamous habits of the, ii. 361;
- male, beard of the, ii. 284.
- Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, i. 139.
- Orange-tip butterfly, i. 388, 393, 394.
- Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, i. 332.
- Orchestia Tucuratinga, limbs of, i. 330, 331, 337.
- Ordeal, i. 68.
- Oreas canna, colours of, ii. 288.
- Oreas Derbyanus, colours of, ii. 288, 299.
-
Organs, prehensile, i. 256;
- utilised for new purposes, ii. 335.
- Organic scale, von Baer’s definition of progress in, i. 211.
- Orioles, nidification of, ii. 167.
- Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.
- Oriolus melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, ii. 178.
- Ornaments, prevalence of similar, i. 233;
-
Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, ii. 297;
- of monkeys, ii. 306.
- Ornithoptera crœsus, i. 310.
- Ornithorhynchus, i. 200;
- Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, ii. 219.
- Orrony, Grotto of, i. 28.
- Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.
- Orthoptera, i. 352;
- Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.
-
Oryctes, stridulation of, i. 381;
- sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, i. 383.
- Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, ii. 251, 263.
- Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.
- Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, ii. 205.
- Ostriches, stripes of young, ii. 184.
- Otaria jubata, mane of the male, ii. 267.
- Otaria nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, ii. 287.
- Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, ii. 68.
-
Otis tarda, polygamous, i. 269;
- throat-pouch of the male, ii. 58.
- Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 179.
- Ouzel, water-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.
- Ovibos moschatus, horns of, ii. 247.
- Ovipositor of insects, i. 254.
- Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, ii. 249.
- Ovule of man, i. 14.
-
Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, i. 16;
- on the great toe in man, i. 16;
- on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23;
- on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26;
- on the length of the cæcum in the Koala, i. 27;
- on the coccygeal vertebræ, i. 29;
- on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, i. 31;
- on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123;
- on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125;
- on the canine teeth in man, i. 126;
- on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, i. 139;
- on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, i. 143;
- on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, i. 149;
- on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150;
- classification of mammalia, i. 187;
- on the hair in monkeys, i. 194;
- on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204;
- on polygamy and monogamy among the antelopes, i. 267;
- on the horns of Antilocapra americana, i. 289;
- on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, ii. 29;
- on the scent-glands of snakes, ii. 30;
- on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ii. 242;
- on the antlers of the red deer, ii. 252;
- on the dentition of the camelidæ, ii. 257;
- on the tusks of the Mammoth, ii. 258;
- on the horns of the Irish elk, ii. 259;
- on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, ii. 274;
- on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, ii. 276;
- on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279, 280;
- on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, ii. 330;
- on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332;
- on American monogamous monkeys, ii. 362.
- Owls, white, new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, ii. 193.
-
P. - Pachydermata, i. 268.
-
Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, i. 25;
- on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, i. 118.
- Painting, i. 232.
- Palæmon, chelæ of a species of, i. 331.
- Palæornis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 231.
- Palæornis Javanicus, colour of beak of, ii. 179.
- Palæornis rosa, young of, ii. 188.
- Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, ii. 47.
- Paleolithic period, i. 183.
- Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, i. 307.
-
Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, i. 119;
- on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241;
- on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, i. 267;
- on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, i. 282;
- on the tusks of the musk-deer, ii. 256, 258;
- on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279;
- on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, ii. 280;
- on winter changes of colour in mammals, ii. 298;
- on the ideal of female beauty in North China, ii. 344.
- Palmaris accessorius muscle, variations of the, i. 109.
- Pampas, horses of the, i. 236.
- Pangenesis, hypothesis of, i. 280, 284.
- Panniculus carnosus, i. 19.
- Papilio, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389;
- Papilio ascanius, i. 389.
- Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, variability of, i. 402.
- Papilio Turnus, i. 310.
- Papilionidæ, variability in the, i. 402.
- Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, i. 218;
- Papuans and Malays, contrast in characters of, i. 216.
- Paradise, Birds of, ii. 100, 181;
- Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, ii. 74;
- Paradisea rubra, ii. 75, 78.
- Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, ii. 348.
- Parrakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, ii. 126.
- Parallelism of development of species and languages, i. 59.
- Parasites on man and animals, i. 12;
- Parental affection, partly a result of natural selection, i. 81.
- Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, i. 302.
- Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
- Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, i. 95;
-
Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73;
- instance of benevolence in a, ii. 109.
- Parrots, imitative faculties of, i. 44;
- Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, i. 314;
- Partridge, monogamous, i. 269;
- “Partridge-dances,” ii. 68.
- Partridges, living in triplets, ii. 106;
- Parus cæruleus, ii. 174.
- Passer, sexes and young of, ii. 212.
- Passer brachydactylus, ii. 212.
- Passer domesticus, ii. 170, 212.
- Passer montanus, ii. 170, 212.
- Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, i. 88.
- Patterson, Mr., on the AGRIONIDÆ, i. 362.
- Paulistas of Brazil, i. 225.
- Pavo cristatus, i. 290; ii. 136.
- Pavo muticus, i. 290, ii. 136;
- Pavo nigripennis, ii. 120.
- Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, i. 117.
- Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.
-
Peacock, polygamous, i. 269;
- sexual characters of, i. 290;
- pugnacity of the, ii. 46;
- rattling of the quills by, ii. 61;
- elongated tail-coverts of the, ii. 72, 97;
- love of display of the, ii. 68, 87, 135;
- ocellated spots of the, ii. 135;
- inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, ii. 154, 164, 165;
- continued increase of beauty of the, ii. 216.
- Peacock-butterfly, i. 392.
-
Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, ii. 120;
- first advances made by the female, ii. 120.
- Pediculi of domestic animals and man, i. 219.
- Pedigree of man, i. 213.
- Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, ii. 201.
- Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, ii. 48.
- Pelagic animals, transparency of, i. 323.
- Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 80.
- Pelecanus onocrotalus, spring plumage of, ii. 85.
- Pelelé, ii. 341.
- Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, i. 77;
- Pelicans, fishing in concert, i. 75.
- Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.
-
Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143;
- differences of the, in the sexes in man, ii. 317.
- Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, ii. 64.
-
Pennant, on the battles of seals, ii. 240;
- on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.
- Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, i. 343.
- Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.
- Peregrine Falcon, new mate found by, ii. 104.
- Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, i. 296.
- Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock on, i. 12.
- Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, i. 12, 212.
- Periods of life, inheritance at corresponding, i. 280, 285.
- Perisoreus canadensis, young of, ii. 209.
- Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
- Periwinkle, i. 324.
- Pernis cristata, ii. 126.
- Perseverance, a characteristic of man, ii. 328.
- Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, ii. 357.
- Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, i. 310.
- Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.
- Petrels, colours of, ii. 230.
- Petrocincla cyanea, young of, ii. 219.
- Petronia, ii. 212.
- Pfeiffer, Ida, on Javanese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.
- Phacochœrus æthiopicus, tusks and pads of, ii. 265.
- Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, ii. 294.
- Phalaropus fulicarius, ii. 203.
- Phalaropus hyperboreus, ii. 203.
- Phanæus, i. 373.
- Phanæus carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, i. 370.
- Phanæus faunus, sexual differences of, i. 369.
- Phanæus lancifer, i. 370.
- Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, i. 354, 356.
- Phasianus Sœmmerringii, ii. 157.
- Phasianus versicolor, ii. 89.
- Phasianus Wallichii, ii. 93, 196.
- Phasmidæ, mimickry of leaves by the, i. 414.
- Pheasant, polygamous, i. 269;
- Pheasant, Argus, ii. 72, 181;
- Pheasant, Blood-, ii. 46.
- Pheasant, Cheer, ii. 93, 195.
- Pheasant, Eared, i. 290, ii. 93, 195;
- Pheasant, Golden, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89;
- Pheasant, Kalij, drumming of the male, ii. 62.
- Pheasant, Reeve’s, length of the tail in, ii. 166.
-
Pheasant, Silver, sexual coloration of the, ii. 228;
- triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, ii. 120.
- Pheasant, Sœmmerring’s, ii. 156, 166.
- Pheasant, Tragopan, ii. 72;
- Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, i. 290;
- Philodromus, i. 337.
- Philters, worn by women, ii. 344.
- Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, ii. 287.
- Phœnicura ruticilla, ii. 105.
- Phosphorescence of insects, i. 345.
- Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, i. 342.
- Phryniscus nigricans, ii. 25.
- Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, i. 156.
- Pickering, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, ii. 395.
- Picus auratus, ii. 43.
- Pieridæ, mimickry by female, i. 413.
- Pieris, i. 393.
- Pigeon, carrier, late development of the wattle in, i. 293;
-
Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, i. 210;
- changes of plumage in, i. 281;
- transmission of sexual peculiarities in, i. 283;
- changing colour after several moultings, i. 294;
- numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306;
- cooing of, ii. 60;
- variations in plumage of, ii. 74;
- display of plumage by male, ii. 96;
- local memory of, ii. 109;
- antipathy of female, to certain males, ii. 118;
- pairing of, ii. 118, 119;
- profligate male and female, ii. 119;
- wing-bars and tail-feathers of, ii. 131;
- supposititious breed of, ii. 155;
- pouter and carrier, peculiarities of predominant in males, ii. 158;
- nidification of, ii. 168;
- immature plumage of the, ii. 188;
- Australian, ii. 175;
- Belgian, with black-streaked males, i. 285, 293; ii. 157.
- Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, i. 230;
- Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
- Pike, male, devoured by females, i. 308.
- Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, i. 68.
- Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, i. 385.
-
Pintail Drake, plumage of, ii. 84;
- pairing with a wild duck, ii. 115.
- Pintail Duck, pairing with a Wigeon, ii. 114.
-
Pipe-fish, filamentous, ii. 18;
- marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.
- Pipits, moulting of the, ii. 83.
- Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, ii. 65.
- Pipra deliciosa, ii. 65, 66.
- Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, i. 350.
- Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.
-
Pithecia Satanas, beard of, ii. 283, 284, 285;
- resemblance of, to a negro, ii. 381.
- Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, ii. 280.
- Pittidæ, nidification of, ii. 167.
- Placentata, i. 202.
- Plagiostomous fishes, ii. 1.
- Plain-wanderer, Australian, ii. 201.
- Planariæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.
-
Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171;
- both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.
- Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, i. 132;
-
Platalea, ii. 60;
- change of plumage in, ii. 179.
- Platyblemnus, i. 361.
- Platycercus, young of, ii. 209.
- Platyphyllum concavum, i. 352, 356.
- Platyrrhine monkeys, i. 196.
- Platysma myoides, i. 19.
- Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the male of a species of, ii. 10.
- Plecostomus barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, ii. 10.
- Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, ii. 46.
- Ploceus, ii. 54.
-
Plovers, wing-spurs of, ii. 48;
- double moult in, ii. 83.
- Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, i. 281;
- Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. 164.
- Pneumora, structure of, i. 357.
- Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, ii. 128.
- Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, i. 239.
- Poison, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49.
- Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, i. 36.
- Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, i. 242.
- Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, i. 284.
- Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. 290.
- Polyandry, ii. 365;
- Polydactylism in man, i. 125.
- Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, i. 265;
- Polygenists, i. 228.
- Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, ii. 364.
- Polynesians, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349;
- Polyplectron, display of plumage by the male, i. 89;
- Polyplectron chinquis, ii. 90, 138, 139.
- Polyplectron Hardwickii, ii. 138, 139.
- Polyplectron malaccense, ii. 139, 140.
- Polyplectron Napoleonis, ii. 138, 140.
- Polyzoa, i. 324.
- Pontoporeia affinis, i. 329.
- Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274.
- Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. 248.
- Porpitæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. 282;
- Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. 332.
- Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. 266.
- Pouchet, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. 37;
- Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, i. 293.
- Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.
- Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, i. 307.
- Pre-eminence of man, i. 137.
-
Preference for males by female birds, ii. 113, 122;
- shown by mammals, in pairing, ii. 268.
- Prehensile organs, i. 256.
- Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, ii. 324.
- Preyer, Dr., on supernumerary mammæ in women, i. 125.
-
Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, i. 115;
- on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, i. 119;
- on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, i. 146;
- on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, ii. 340;
- on Siamese notions of beauty, ii. 345;
- on the beardlessness of the Siamese, ii. 349;
- on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, ii. 352.
- Primary sexual organs, i. 254.
-
Primates, i. 190;
- sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.
- Primogeniture, evils of, i. 170.
- Primula, relation between number and size of seeds in, i. 317.
- Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.
- Proctotretus multimaculatus, ii. 26, 37.
- Proctotretus tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 37.
- Profligacy, i. 173.
- Progenitors, early, of man, i. 206.
-
Progress, not the normal rule in human society, i. 166;
- elements of, i. 177.
- Prong-horn, horns of, i. 289.
- Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, i. 216.
- Protective colouring in butterflies, i. 392;
- Protective nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, i. 403, 405, 414.
- Protective resemblances in fishes, ii. 18.
- Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
-
Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29;
- on the colour of negro infants, ii. 318.
- Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Ptarmigan, monogamous, i. 269;
- Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171.
- Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, ii. 93.
- Pumas, stripes of young, ii. 183.
- Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, i. 44.
-
Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41;
- display of under tail coverts by the male, ii. 96.
- Pyranga æstiva, male aiding in incubation, ii. 167.
- Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.
-
Q. -
Quadrumana, hands of, i. 139;
- differences between man and the, i. 190;
- dependence of, on climate, i. 218;
- sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290;
- ornamental characters of, ii. 306;
- analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318;
- fighting of males for the females, ii. 324;
- monogamous habits of, ii. 361;
- beards of the, ii. 378.
- Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, i. 109.
-
Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29;
- on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, i. 70;
- on variability, i. 112;
- on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 221;
- on the Paulistas of Brazil, i. 225;
- on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, i. 230;
- on the Jews, i. 242;
- on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243;
- on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246;
- on the influence of climate on colour, i. 246;
- on the Ainos, ii. 321;
- on the women of San-Giuliano, ii. 357.
- Quechua Indians, i. 119;
- Querquedula acuta, ii. 114.
- Quiscalus major, proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, i. 307.
-
R. - Rabbit, white tail of the, ii. 298.
- Rabbits, danger-signals of, i. 74;
-
Races, distinctive characters of, i. 215;
- or species of man, i. 217;
- crossed, fertility or sterility of, i. 220;
- of man, variability of the, i. 225;
- of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, i. 232;
- formation of, i. 235;
- of man, extinction of, i. 236;
- effects of the crossing of, i. 240;
- of man, formation of the, i. 240;
- of man, children of the, ii. 318;
- beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349.
- Raffles, Sir S., on the Banteng, ii. 290.
- Rafts, use of, i. 137, 234.
- Rage, manifested by animals, i. 40.
- Raia batis, teeth of, ii. 6.
-
Raia clavata, female spined on the back, ii. 2;
- sexual difference in the teeth of, ii. 6.
- Raia maculata, teeth of, ii. 6.
- Rails, spur-winged, ii. 48.
- Ram, mode of fighting of the, ii. 249;
- Rameses II., i. 217.
- Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 38;
- Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, ii. 28.
- Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, i. 50;
- Rats, enticed by essential oils, ii. 281.
- Rationality of birds, ii. 108.
- Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29;
- said to use their rattles as a sexual call, ii. 30.
- Raven, vocal organs of the, ii. 55;
- Rays, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.
- Razor-bill, young of the, ii. 217.
-
Reade, Winwood, on the Guinea sheep, i. 289;
- non-development of horns in castrated male Guinea sheep, ii. 247;
- on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, ii. 285;
- on the negroes’ appreciation of the beauty of their women, ii. 344;
- on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, ii. 346;
- on the idea of beauty among negroes, ii. 350;
- on the Jollofs, ii. 357;
- on the marriage-customs of the negroes, ii. 374.
- Reason, in animals, i. 46.
- Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
- Redstarts, new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Reduvidæ, stridulation of, i. 350.
-
Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, ii. 95;
- attacked by a bullfinch, ii. 111.
- Reefs, fishes frequenting, ii. 17.
- Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, i. 13.
- Regent-bird, ii. 112.
- Reindeer, antlers of, with numerous points, ii. 252;
- Relationship, terms of, ii. 360.
-
Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, i. 65;
- psychical elements of, i. 68.
-
Remorse, i. 91;
- deficiency of, among savages, i. 164.
-
Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azaræ, i. 11;
- on maternal affection in a Cebus, i. 40;
- revenge taken by monkeys, i. 40;
- on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, i. 47;
- on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, i. 51;
- on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azaræ, i. 54;
- on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57;
- on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. 110;
- on the Payaguas Indians, i. 117;
- on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, i. 118;
- on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, i. 266;
- on the voice of the howling monkeys, ii. 277;
- on the odour of Cervus campestris, ii. 279;
- on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, ii. 283;
- on the colours of Felis mitis, ii. 287;
- on the colours of Cervus paludosus, ii. 290;
- on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, ii. 291;
- on the colour of the infant Guaranys, ii. 318;
- on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azaræ, ii. 318;
- on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. 322, 323;
- on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, ii. 336;
- on American polygamous monkeys, ii. 362.
- Representative species, of birds, ii. 190, 191.
-
Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, i. 13;
- period of, in birds, ii. 214.
-
Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, i. 30;
- accessory parts of, i. 207.
- Reptiles, ii. 28.
- Reptiles and birds, alliance of, i. 213.
- Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, i. 191.
- Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48.
- Revenge, manifested by animals, i. 40.
-
Reversion, i. 122;
- perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, i. 173.
- Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
- Ramphastos carinatus, ii. 227.
- Rhinoceros, nakedness of, i. 148;
- Rhynchæa, sexes and young of, ii. 202.
- Rhynchæa australis, ii. 203.
- Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. 203.
- Rhynchæa capensis, ii. 202.
- Rhythm, perception of, by animals, ii. 333.
- Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, i. 19.
-
Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, ii. 49;
- on Tetrao urophasianus, ii. 58;
- on the drumming of grouse, ii. 63;
- on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. 69;
- on assemblages of grouse, ii. 101;
- on the battles of male deer, ii. 240;
- on the reindeer, ii. 244;
- on the horns of the musk-ox, ii. 247;
- on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, ii. 252;
- on the moose, ii. 259.
- Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261.
- Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, i. 45.
- Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, ii. 119.
- Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.
- Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, i. 215.
- Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, ii. 53.
- River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, ii. 266.
- Rivers, analogy of, to islands, i. 204.
- Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, ii. 13.
- Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, i. 94.
- Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, i. 288.
- Robin, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40;
- Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, i. 346.
- Rodents, uterus in the, i. 123;
- Roe, winter change of the, ii. 299.
-
Rolle, F., on the origin of man, i. 4;
- on a change in German families settled in Georgia, i. 246.
- Roller, ii. 56.
- Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, i. 101.
- Rook, voice of the, ii. 61.
- Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, i. 392.
- Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, i. 255.
-
Rudimentary organs, i. 17;
- origin of, i. 32.
- Rudiments, presence of, in languages, i. 60.
- Rudolph, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241.
- Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, i. 270;
- Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, i. 144, ii. 325;
- Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, ii. 87.
- Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, ii. 258.
- Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Ruticilla, ii. 180.
-
Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, i. 149;
- on the sexual differences of monkeys, ii. 323.
- Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
-
S. - Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, i. 274.
- Sacrifices, Human, i. 182.
- Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, ii. 319.
-
Sahara, birds of the, ii. 172;
- animal inhabitants of the, ii. 224.
-
Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, i. 114;
- long-sighted, i. 118.
- Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.
- St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, ii. 108.
- St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, ii. 321.
- Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
- Salmo lycaodon, ii. 4.
- Salmo salar, ii. 4.
- Salmon, leaping out of fresh water, i. 83;
- Salvin, O., on the Humming-birds, i. 269, ii. 168;
- Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.
- Sand-skipper, i. 334.
- Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, i. 108;
- superiority of the nobles in the, ii. 356.
- Sandwich Islanders, lice of, i. 219.
- San-Giuliano, women of, ii. 357.
-
Santali, recent rapid increase of the, i. 133;
- Mr. Hunter on the, i. 241.
- Saphirina, characters of the males of, i. 335.
- Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, ii. 185.
- Sars, O., on Pontoporeia offinis, i. 329.
- Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, i. 311.
- Saturnia Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, i. 398.
- Saturniidæ, coloration of the, i. 396, 398.
-
Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, ii. 324;
- on the habits of the gorilla, ii. 363.
- Savage and Wyman, on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, i. 266.
-
Savages, imitative faculties of, i. 57, 161;
- causes of low morality of, i. 97;
- uniformity of, exaggerated, i. 111;
- long-sighted, i. 118;
- rate of increase among, usually small, i. 132;
- retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, i. 142;
- tribes of, supplanting one another, i. 160;
- improvements in the arts among, i. 182;
- arts of, i. 234;
- fondness of, for rough music, ii. 67;
- attention paid by, to personal appearance, ii. 338;
- relation of the sexes among, ii. 363.
- Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, i. 364.
- Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Saxicola rubicola, young of, ii. 220.
- Scalp, motion of the, i. 20.
- Scent-glands in snakes, ii. 30.
-
Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26;
- on the jaw from La Naulette, i. 126;
- on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, i. 130;
- on the mastoid processes of man, i. 143;
- on modifications of the cranial bones, i. 147;
- on human sacrifices, i. 182;
- on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 201;
- on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, i. 237;
- on the effects of use and disuse of parts, i. 247;
- on the superciliary ridge in man, ii. 316;
- on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, ii. 318;
- on ugliness, ii. 354.
- Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, i. 343.
- Schelver, on dragon-flies, i. 363.
- Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, i. 379.
- Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, i. 61.
- Schlegel, Prof., on Tanysiptera, ii. 190.
- Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, i. 56.
- Schleiden, Prof., on the rattle-snake, ii. 30.
-
Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, ii. 43;
- on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, ii. 87.
- Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.
- Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, ii. 65;
- Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
- Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.
- Scolopax gallinago, drumming of, ii. 63.
- Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.
- Scolopax major, assemblies of, ii. 101.
- Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by, ii. 64.
- Scolytus, stridulation of, i. 379.
-
Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226;
- bright beak of male, ii. 227.
- Scott, J., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.
-
Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3;
- on the battles of stags, ii. 240.
- Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, i. 353;
- Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, ii. 350.
- Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, i. 322.
- Sea-bear, polygamous, i. 268.
-
Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, ii. 278;
- polygamous, i. 268.
- Sea-lion, polygamous, i. 268.
- Seal, bladder-nose, ii. 278.
- Seals, their sentinels generally females, i. 74;
- Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, ii. 9.
-
Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, ii. 80;
- changes of plumage of birds in relation to, ii. 180.
- Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, i. 282.
- Sebituani, ii. 340.
- Sebright Bantam, i. 294.
- Secondary sexual characters, i. 253;
- Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, i. 133.
-
Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, ii. 334;
- on the effects of music, ii. 335.
- Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, ii. 65.
- Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269.
- Selection, double, i. 276.
- Selection of male by female birds, ii. 99, 122.
- Selection, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, i. 112.
- Selection, sexual, influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 403;
- Selection, sexual and natural, contrasted, i. 278.
-
Self-command, habit of, inherited, i. 92;
- estimation of, i. 95.
- Self-consciousness, i. 62.
- Self-preservation, instinct of, i. 89.
-
Self-sacrifice, by savages, i. 88;
- estimation of, i. 95.
- Semilunar fold, i. 23.
- Semnopithecus, i. 197;
- Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in ii. 291.
- Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 307.
- Semnopithecus frontatus, beard, &c., of, ii. 308.
- Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, i. 192.
- Semnopithecus nemæus, colouring of, ii. 310.
- Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 306.
- Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, i. 118.
- Sentinels, i. 74, 82.
- Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, i. 37, 42.
- Serranus, hermaphroditism in, i. 208.
- Sex, inheritance limited by, i. 282.
-
Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, i. 300, ii. 320;
- probable relation of the, in primeval man, ii. 362.
- Sexual characters, secondary, i. 253;
- Sexual and natural selection, contrasted, i. 278.
-
Sexual characters, effects of the loss of, i. 284;
- limitation of, i. 284.
- Sexual differences in man, i. 14.
- Sexual selection, explanation of, i. 256, 260, 271;
- Sexual similarity, i. 277.
- Sharks, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.
- Sharpe, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, ii. 165;
- Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3.
- Shaw, J., on the decorations of birds, ii. 71.
- Sheep, danger-signals of, i. 74;
-
Sheep, Merino, loss of horns in females of, i. 284;
- horns of, i. 289.
-
Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, i. 324;
- beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326.
-
Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, ii. 114;
- New Zealand, sexes and young of, ii. 206.
-
Shooter, J., on the Kafirs, ii. 347;
- on the marriage-customs of the Kafirs, ii. 373.
- Shrew-mice, odour of, ii. 279.
- Shrike, Drongo, ii. 179.
- Shrikes, characters of young, ii. 185.
- Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, i. 345.
- Shyness of adorned male birds, ii. 97.
-
Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314;
- dimorphism in males of, i. 374.
- Siam, proportion of male and female births in, i. 303.
- Siamese, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321;
- Siebold, C. T. von, on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant orthoptera, i. 353.
- Sight, inheritance of long and short, i. 118.
- Signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57.
- Silk-moth, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, i. 346;
-
Simiadæ, i. 195;
- their origin and divisions, i. 213.
- Similarity, sexual, i. 277.
- Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, i. 351;
- Sirenia, nakedness of, i. 148.
- Sirex juvencus, i. 365.
- Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.
-
Siskin, ii. 85;
- pairing with a canary, ii. 115.
- Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, ii. 33, 36.
- Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, i. 345.
- Skin, movement of the, i. 19;
- Skin and hair, correlation of colour of, i. 248.
-
Skull, variation of, in man, i. 108;
- cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, i. 145;
- Neanderthal, capacity of the, i. 146;
- causes of modification of the, i. 147;
- difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, i. 216;
- variability of the shape of the, i. 226;
- differences of, in the sexes in man, ii. 317;
- artificial modifications of the shape of, ii. 340.
- Skunk, odour emitted by the, ii. 279.
-
Slavery, prevalence of, i. 94;
- of women, ii. 366.
- Slaves, difference between those of field and house, i. 246.
- Smell, sense of, in man and animals, i. 23.
- Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, i. 82.
-
Smith, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. 13;
- on an instance of memory in a baboon, i. 45;
- on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, i. 242;
- on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, i. 267;
- on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, i. 305;
- on Bucephalus capensis, ii. 29;
- on South African lizards, ii. 37;
- on fighting gnus, ii. 240;
- on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. 248;
- on the fighting of lions, ii. 266;
- on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. 288;
- on the colours of the gnu, ii. 289;
- on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. 345.
- Smith, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, i. 314;
- Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, i. 348.
-
Snakes, sexual differences of, ii. 29;
- male, ardency of, ii. 30.
- “Snarling muscles,” i. 127.
-
Snipe, drumming of the, ii. 63;
- coloration of the, ii. 226.
- Snipe, painted, sexes and young of, ii. 202.
- Snipe, solitary, assemblies of, ii. 101.
- Snipes, arrival of male before the female, i. 260;
- Snow-goose, whiteness of the, ii. 228.
-
Social animals, affection of, for each other, i. 76;
- defence of, by the males, i. 83.
- Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, i. 71;
- Sociality, probable, of primeval men, i. 155;
- Soldiers, American, measurements of, i. 114.
- Soldiers and sailors, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.
- Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, ii. 22.
- Song of male birds appreciated by their females, i. 63;
- Sorex, odour of, ii. 279.
- Sounds admired alike by man and animals, i. 64;
- Spain, decadence of, i. 178.
- Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337, 338.
- Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40;
- Sparrow, white-crowned, young of the, ii. 217.
- Sparrows, house- and tree-, ii. 170.
- Sparrows, new mates found by, ii. 105.
-
Sparrows, sexes and young of, ii. 212;
- learning to sing, ii. 334.
- Spathura Underwoodi, ii. 77.
- Spawning of fishes, ii. 15, 19.
- Spear, origin of the, i. 234.
-
Species, causes of the advancement of, i. 172;
- distinctive characters of, i. 214;
- or races of man, i. 217;
- sterility and fertility of, when crossed, i. 122;
- supposed, of man, i. 226;
- gradation of, i. 227;
- difficulty of defining, i. 228;
- representative, of birds, ii. 190, 191;
- of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, ii. 192.
- Spectre-insects, mimickry of leaves by, i. 414.
- Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.
- Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, i. 58.
- “Spel” of the black-cock, ii. 60.
- Spencer, Herbert, on the dawn of intelligence, i. 37;
- Sperm-whales, battles of male, ii. 240.
- Sphingidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.
- Sphinx, Humming-bird, i. 399.
- Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, i. 416.
- Spiders, i. 337;
- Spilosoma menthrasti, rejected by turkeys, i. 398.
- Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143.
- Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.
- Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, i. 65.
-
Spoonbill, ii. 60;
- Chinese, change of plumage in, ii. 179.
-
Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, i. 131;
- disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.
- Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, i. 260.
- Spring-boc, horns of the, ii. 251.
- Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, i. 239;
- Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, i. 280, 284;
- Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, i. 335.
- Squirrels, battles of male, ii. 239;
- Stag, long hairs of the throat of, ii. 268;
- Stag-beetle, large size of male, i. 347;
- Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 310;
- Stallion, mane of the, ii. 268.
- Stallions, two, attacking a third, i. 75;
- Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, i. 77.
- Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, i. 374.
- Starfishes, bright colours of some, i. 322.
- Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, i. 175;
- Starling, American field, pugnacity of male, ii. 51.
- Starling, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.
-
Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, i. 269, ii. 106;
- new mates found by, ii. 105.
- Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, ii. 350.
- Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, i. 114.
-
Staudinger, Dr., his list of Lepidoptera, i. 312;
- on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311.
- Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, i. 96.
- Stealing of bright objects by birds, ii. 112.
- Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, ii. 375.
- Stemmatopus, ii. 278.
- Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulating organs of, i. 357.
-
Sterility, general, of sole daughters, i. 170;
- when crossed, a distinctive character of species, i. 214.
- Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
- Stickle-back, polygamous, i. 271;
- Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, i. 51.
- Sting in bees, i. 254.
- Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great Bower-bird, ii. 70.
- Stonechat, young of the, ii. 220.
- Stone implements, difficulty of making, i. 138;
- as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.
-
Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, i. 140;
- piles of, i. 233.
-
Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, ii. 60;
- red beak of the, ii. 227.
-
Storks, ii. 226, 230;
- sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, ii. 128.
- Strange, Mr., on the Satin Bower-bird, ii. 69.
- Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, i. 306.
-
Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, ii. 255;
- markings of, ii. 300.
- Stridulation, by males of Theridion, i. 339;
-
Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131;
- disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.
- Strix flammea, ii. 105.
- Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, i. 153.
- Struggle for existence, in man, i. 180, 185.
- Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.
- Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, ii. 51.
- Sturnus vulgaris, ii. 105.
- Sub-species, i. 227.
- Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, i. 94.
- Suicide, i. 172;
- Suidæ, stripes of young, ii. 184.
- Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, ii. 352.
- Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, i. 49.
- Sun-birds, nidification of, ii. 169.
-
Superstitions, i. 182;
- prevalence of, i. 99.
- Superstitious customs, i. 68.
- Superciliary ridge in man, ii. 316, 318.
- Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276;
- Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.
- Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, i. 39.
- Sulivan, Sir B. J., on two stallions attacking a third, ii. 241.
- Swallow-tail Butterfly, i. 393.
- Swallows deserting their young, i. 84, 90.
- Swan, black, red beak of the, ii. 227;
-
Swans, ii. 226, 230;
- young, ii. 208.
- Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, i. 259.
- Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, i. 50;
- Sylvia atricapilla, young of, ii. 219.
- Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.
- Sympathy, i. 168;
- Sympathies, gradual widening of, i. 100.
- Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, i. 210.
-
Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, ii. 64;
- ear-tufts of, ii. 73.
-
T. - Tabanidæ, habits of, i. 254.
- Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, ii. 206.
- Tadorna vulpanser, ii. 114.
-
Tahitians, i. 183;
- compression of the nose by the, ii. 352.
-
Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 29;
- convoluted body in the extremity of the, i. 30;
- absence of, in man and the higher apes, i. 150, 194;
- variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, i. 150;
- presence of, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206;
- length of, in pheasants, ii. 156, 164, 166;
- difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, ii. 164.
- Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168.
- Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, ii. 126.
-
Tanagra æstiva, ii. 180;
- age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.
-
Tanagra rubra, ii. 126;
- young of, ii. 220.
- Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, i. 255;
- Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, ii. 240.
- Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, ii. 190.
- Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of, ii. 165.
- Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, i. 344.
- Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, ii. 184, 303.
- Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, i. 343.
- Tarsius, i. 200.
- Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. 220.
-
Tattooing, i. 232;
- universality of, ii. 339.
- Taste, in the Quadrumana, ii. 296.
- Taylor, G. on Quiscalus major, i. 307.
- Tea, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.
- Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, ii. 280.
- Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, i. 281.
- Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, i. 17;
- Tegetmeier, Mr., on the abundance of male pigeons, i. 306;
- Tembeta, ii. 341.
- Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, i. 40.
-
Tench, proportions of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309;
- brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.
- Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, i. 379.
- Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, ii. 248, 258;
- Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, i. 101.
- Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314;
- Tephrodornis, young of, ii. 190.
- Terai, i. 237.
- Termites, habits of, i. 364.
-
Terns, white, ii. 228;
- and black, ii. 230.
- Terns, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
- Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, i. 39.
- Testudo nigra, ii. 28.
-
Tetrao cupido, battles of, ii. 50;
- sexual difference in the vocal organs of, ii. 56.
-
Tetrao phasianellus, dances of, ii. 68;
- duration of dances of, ii. 100.
- Tetrao scoticus, ii. 170, 185, 194.
-
Tetrao tetrix, ii. 170, 185, 194;
- pugnacity of the male. ii. 45.
- Tetrao umbellus, pairing of, ii. 49;
- Tetrao urogalloides, dances of, ii. 100.
- Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male, ii. 45.
- Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, ii. 57.
- Thamnobia, young of, ii. 190.
- Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89.
- Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.
- Thecla rubi, protective colouring of, i. 392.
-
Theridion, i. 337;
- stridulation of males of, i. 339.
- Theridion lineatum, variability of, i. 338.
- Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337.
- Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, ii. 240.
- Thompson, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, ii. 14;
- Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, i. 370.
- Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. 315.
- Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, ii. 6.
- Thoughts, control of, i. 101.
-
Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, ii. 113;
- colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.
- Thrushes, characters of young, ii. 185, 269.
- Thug, his regrets, i. 94.
- Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, i. 140.
- Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, i. 301.
- Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, i. 208.
- Thysanura, i. 348.
- Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius, i. 343.
- Tibia and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.
- Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, ii. 373.
- Tiger, colours and markings of the, ii. 302.
- Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, i. 134.
- Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.
- Timidity, variability of, in the same species, i. 40.
- Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.
- Tipula, pugnacity of male, i. 349.
- Tits, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
- Toads, ii. 25;
- Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, i. 17.
- Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 174.
- Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.
- Tooke, Horne, on language, i. 55.
- Tools, flint, i. 183;
- Top-knots in birds, ii. 74.
- Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.
- Tortoise, voice of the male, ii. 331.
- Tortures, submitted to by American savages, i. 95.
- Totanus, double moult in, ii. 81.
-
Toucans, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171;
- beaks and ceres of the, ii. 227.
- Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, i. 115.
- Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, i. 21.
-
Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, ii. 59;
- structure of the, in Rhynchæa, ii. 203.
- Trades, affecting the form of the skull, i. 147.
- Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.
- Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of, ii. 282;
- Tragopan, i. 270;
- Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 30.
- Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, ii. 329.
- Transfer of male characters to female birds, ii. 193.
- Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, ii. 297.
-
Traps, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49;
- use of, i. 137.
- Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, i. 88.
- Tremex columbæ, i. 365.
-
Tribes, extinct, i. 160;
- extinction of, i. 236.
- Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 368.
-
Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, i. 310;
- on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, i. 312;
- on Pneumora, i. 358;
- on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367;
- on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, i. 397;
- on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412;
- on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, ii. 132;
- on Cyllo Leda, ii. 133.
- Tringa, sexes and young of, ii. 216.
- Tringa canutus, ii. 82.
- Triphæna, coloration of the species of, i. 395.
- Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, i. 244;
- Triton cristatus, ii. 24.
- Triton palmipes, ii. 24.
- Triton punctatus, ii. 24, 25.
- Troglodytes vulgaris, ii. 198.
- Trogons, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173.
- Tropic-birds, white only when mature, ii. 228.
- Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, ii. 17.
-
Trout, proportion of the sexes in, i. 308;
- male, pugnacity of the, ii. 3.
- Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, i. 380.
-
Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, i. 95;
- more highly appreciated by certain tribes, i. 100.
- Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, i. 243.
- Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, i. 294.
-
Turdus merula, ii. 170;
- young of, ii. 219.
- Turdus migratorius, ii. 185.
- Turdus musicus, ii. 170.
- Turdus polyglottus, young of, ii. 219.
- Turdus torquatus, ii. 170.
- Turkey, swelling of the wattles of the male, ii. 72;
- Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, ii. 61;
-
Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, i. 19;
- on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28;
- on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, i. 29;
- on the filum terminale in man, i. 30;
- on the variability of the muscles, i. 109;
- on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123;
- on the development of the mammary glands, i. 209;
- on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210.
- Turnix, sexes of some species of, ii. 201, 207.
- Turtle-dove, cooing of the, ii. 60.
- Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, i. 226.
- Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, i. 54;
- Type of structure, prevalence of, i. 211.
-
Typhœus, stridulating organs of, i. 378;
- stridulation of, i. 380.
- Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, i. 133.
- Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307.
-
U. - Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, ii. 354.
- Umbrella-bird, ii. 58, 59.
- Umbrina, sounds produced by, ii. 23.
- United States, rate of increase in, i. 131;
- Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.
- Uraniidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.
- Uria troile, variety of, (= U. lacrymans), ii. 127.
- Urodela, ii. 24.
- Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, ii. 151.
-
Use and disuse of parts, effects of, i. 116;
- influence of, on the races of man, i. 247.
- Uterus, reversion in the, i. 123;
-
V. - Vaccination, influence of, i. 168.
-
Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, i. 239;
- natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, ii. 348.
- Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, ii. 48.
-
Vanessæ, i. 387;
- resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, i. 392.
- Variability, causes of, i. 111;
- Variation, correlated, i. 30;
- Variations, spontaneous, i. 131.
- Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, i. 215.
- Variety, an object in nature, ii. 230.
- Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.
- Vauréal, i. 29.
- Veddahs, monogamous habits of, ii. 363.
- Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, ii. 349.
- Vengeance, instinct of, i. 89.
- Venus Erycina, priestesses of, ii. 357.
- Vermes, i. 327.
- Vermiform appendage, i. 27.
- Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, i. 312.
-
Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. 150;
- of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, i. 151.
- Vertebrata, ii. 1;
- Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, i. 31, 208.
- Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, i. 25.
- Vidua, ii. 181.
- Vidua axillaris, i. 269.
- Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, i. 115.
- Vinson, Aug., on the male of Epeira nigra, i. 338.
- Viper, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29.
- Virey, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
-
Virtues, originally social only, i. 93;
- gradual appreciation of, i. 165.
- Viscera, variability of, in man, i. 109.
- Viti Archipelago, population of the, i. 225.
- Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, i. 127.
- Vocal music of birds, ii. 51.
- Vocal organs of man, i. 58;
-
Vogt, Carl, on the origin of species, i. 1;
- on the origin of man, i. 4;
- on the semilunar fold in man, i. 23;
- on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, i. 57;
- on microcephalous idiots, i. 121;
- on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. 218;
- on the evolution of the races of man, i. 230;
- on the formation of the skull in women, ii. 317;
- on the Ainos and negroes, ii. 321;
- on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race-development, ii. 329;
- on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, ii. 344.
- Voice in mammals, ii. 274;
- Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, i. 211.
- Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, i. 11.
- Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116;
- colours of, ii. 229.
-
W. - Waders, young of, ii. 217.
-
Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kafir skull, i. 126;
- on the bronchi of the black stork, ii. 60.
- Wagtail, Ray’s, arrival of the male before the female, i. 260.
- Wagtails, Indian, young of, ii. 190.
- Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.
-
Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, i. 226;
- on the colour of Australian infants, ii. 318;
- on the beardlessness of negroes, ii. 321;
- on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, ii. 338;
- on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243;
- on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. 346;
- on Javanese and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.
- Walckenaer and Gervais, on the Myriapoda, i. 340.
- Waldeyer, M., on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, i. 207.
- Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
- Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers’ children, i. 117.
- Walker, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, i. 348.
- Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile
-
- use of the tarsi in male moths, i. 256;
- on the rearing of the Ailanthus silk-moth, i. 311;
- on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311;
- proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and B. Pernyi, reared by, i. 313;
- on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, i. 346;
- on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, i. 401;
- on the fertilisation of moths, i. 406.
-
Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, i. 4;
- on the power of imitation in man, i. 39;
- on the use of missiles by the orang, i. 52;
- on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, i. 100;
- on the limits of natural selection in man, i. 137, 158;
- on the occurrence of remorse among savages, i. 165;
- on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168;
- on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, i. 193;
- on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, i. 216;
- on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, i. 218;
- on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, i. 310;
- on protective resemblances, i. 322;
- on the relative sizes of the sexes of insects, i. 346;
- on Elaphomyia, i. 349;
- on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269;
- on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, i. 375;
- on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, i. 381;
- on the colours of Diadema, i. 388;
- on Kallima, i. 392;
- on the protective colouring of moths, i. 394;
- on bright coloration as protective in butterflies, i. 395;
- on variability in the Papilionidæ, i. 402;
- on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. 403;
- on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, i. 403, 405, 414;
- on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412;
- on the mimickry of leaves by Phasmidæ, i. 414;
- on the bright colours of caterpillars, i. 416;
- on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, ii. 17;
- on the coral snakes, ii. 31;
- on Paradisea apoda, ii. 74, 78;
- on the display of plumage by male Birds of Paradise, ii. 88;
- on assemblies of Birds of Paradise, ii. 101;
- on the instability of the ocellated spots in Hipparchia Janira, ii. 132;
- on sexually limited inheritance, ii. 155;
- on the sexual coloration of birds, ii. 166, 196, 197, 200, 206;
- on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, ii. 166, 171;
- on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, ii. 177;
- on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, ii. 193;
- on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. 204;
- on protective coloration in birds, ii. 223;
- on the hair of the Papuans, ii. 340;
- on the Babirusa, ii. 264;
- on the markings of the tiger, ii. 302;
- on the beards of the Papuans, ii. 322;
- on the distribution of hair on the human body, ii. 375.
- Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, i. 23;
-
Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, i. 310;
- on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, i. 314;
- on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342;
- on Corydalis cornutus, i. 342;
- on the prehensile organs of male insects, i. 342;
- on the antennæ of Penthe, i. 343;
- on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, i. 344;
- on Platyphyllum concavum, i. 356;
- on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, i. 361;
- on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, i. 361;
- on sexes of dragon-flies, i. 361;
- on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, i. 365;
- on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, i. 368;
- on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, i. 370;
- on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, i. 393.
- Wapiti, battles of, ii. 240;
- Warbler, Hedge-, ii. 198;
- young of the, ii. 209.
- Warblers, Superb, nidification of, ii. 169.
- Wariness, acquired by animals, i. 50.
-
Warington, R., on the habits of the sticklebacks, ii. 2, 20;
- on the brilliant colours of the male stickleback during the breeding season, ii. 14.
- Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, ii. 265.
- Watchmakers, short-sighted, i. 118.
- Water-hen, ii. 40.
-
Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, i. 367;
- on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367.
- Waterhouse, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332.
- Water-ouzel, autumn song of the, ii. 54.
- Waterton, C., on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114;
- Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, ii. 98.
- Wealth, influence of, i. 169.
- Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, i. 416.
- Weapons, employed by monkeys, i. 51;
- Weaver-bird, ii. 54.
-
Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, ii. 62;
- assemblies of, ii. 101.
- Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, i. 25.
- Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, i. 56.
- Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. 255.
- Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, i. 305;
-
Weir, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, i. 259;
- on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, i. 261;
- on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, i. 262;
- on three starlings frequenting the same nest, i. 269;
- on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, i. 306, 307;
- on the coloration of the Triphænæ, i. 395;
- on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, i. 417;
- on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, ii. 40;
- on a piping bullfinch, ii. 52;
- on the object of the nightingale’s song, ii. 52;
- on song-birds, ii. 53;
- on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, ii. 93;
- on the courtship of birds, ii. 94;
- on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, ii. 104;
- on the bullfinch and starling, ii. 105;
- on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, ii. 107;
- on starlings and parrots living in triplets, ii. 107;
- on recognition of colour by birds, ii. 110;
- on hybrid birds, ii. 113;
- on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, ii. 115;
- on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, ii. 121;
- on the maturity of the Golden pheasant, ii. 213.
- Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, i. 216;
-
Welcker, M., on Brachycephaly and Dolichocephaly, i. 148;
- on sexual differences in the skull in man, ii. 317.
- Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, i. 243.
- Westring, on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, i. 350;
- Westphalia, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.
- Westropp, H. M., on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, i. 233.
-
Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, i. 188;
- on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, i. 254;
- on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. 272;
- on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, i. 313;
- on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, i. 341;
- on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342;
- on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. 342;
- on the male of Crabro cribrarius, i. 343;
- on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ i. 349;
- on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, i. 350;
- on the Cicadæ, i. 351;
- on the stridulating organs of the crickets, i. 354;
- on Pneumora, i. 357;
- on Ephippiger vitium, i. 355, 358;
- on the pugnacity of the Mantides, i. 360;
- on Platyblemnus, i. 361;
- on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, i. 362;
- on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, i. 364;
- on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375;
- on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, i. 375;
- on lamellicorn beetles, i. 378;
- on the coloration of Lithosia, i. 396.
- Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, ii. 240.
- Whales, nakedness of, i. 148.
-
Whately, Archb., language not peculiar to man, i. 53;
- on the primitive civilisation of man, i. 181.
- Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, i. 40.
- Whiskers, in monkeys, i. 192.
- White, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, i. 306;
-
Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, ii. 232;
- of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, ii. 298.
- White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.
- Widow-bird, polygamous, i. 269;
- Widows and widowers, mortality of, i. 176.
- Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, ii. 114.
-
Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, i. 120;
- on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, i. 248.
- Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, i. 276.
- Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, ii. 374.
- Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, ii. 351;
- Wing-spurs, ii. 162.
-
Wings, differences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, i. 345;
- play of, in the courtship of birds, ii. 95.
- Winter, change of colour of mammals in, ii. 298.
- Witchcraft, i. 68.
- Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, i. 182.
- Wolf, winter change of the, ii. 298.
- Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, i. 109.
- Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, i. 344;
-
Wolves learning to bark from dogs, i. 44;
- hunting in packs, i. 75.
- Wolves, black, ii. 294.
- Wombat, black varieties of the, ii. 294.
- Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, i. 13;
- Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, i. 42.
- Wonfor, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.
- Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, i. 22.
-
Wood, J., on muscular variations in man, i. 109, 128, 129;
- on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. 275.
- Wood, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, i. 394;
- Woodcock, coloration of the, ii. 226.
- Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.
- Woodpeckers, ii. 56;
- Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, i. 397.
- Wounds, healing of, i. 13.
-
Wren, ii. 198;
- young of the, ii. 209.
- Wright, C. A., on the young of Orocetes and Petrocincla, ii. 220.
-
Wright, Chauncey, on correlative acquisition, ii. 335;
- on the enlargement of the brain in man, ii. 391.
- Wright, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261;
- Wright, W. von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, ii. 81.
- Writing, i. 182.
- Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, i. 16;
-
X. - Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ, i. 350.
- Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129.
- Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, ii. 9, 10.
- Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
-
Y. -
Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, i. 309;
- on Raia clavata, ii. 2;
- on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season, ii. 4, 14;
- on the characters of the rays, ii. 6;
- on the gemmeous dragonet, ii. 8;
- on the spawning of the salmon, ii. 19;
- on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, ii. 21;
- on rivalry in song-birds, ii. 53;
- on the trachea of the swan, ii. 60;
- on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85;
- on an instance of reasoning in a gull, ii. 108;
- on the young of the waders, ii. 217.
- Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, i. 243.
- Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, i. 284.
- Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, ii. 347.
-
Z. -
Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, ii. 295;
- stripes of the, ii. 302.
- Zebus, humps of, i. 284.
- Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, i. 233.
- Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, i. 179.
- Zootoca vivipara, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 36.
- Zygænidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.