531 Ibid. bk. v. ch. x.
532 Crit. bk. v. ch. xi. It is possible that as some of the Latin writers spoke of the Turks as Teucri, in the belief that they were the descendants of the Trojans, Mahomet may have been under the same illusion.
533 Les Sultans Ottomans, par Halil Ganem, p. 129 (Paris, 1901).
534 Chalcondylas.
535 These and many other fictions of the like kind come from Spandugino and Sansovino.
536 Zorzo Dolfin (p. 985) says: ‘E homo non dedito a libidine, sobrio, in tempo del ramadan non vol aldir sobrieta; a nulla volupta, a nulla piacea e dedito saluo a gloria.’ This is in striking contradiction with Barbaro’s account, which in describing Mahomet says, ‘Che a un momento importantissimo alla vigilia della gran bataglia s’inebriò col capedan pascia secondo la sua usanza.’ Barbaro’s narrative is written immediately after the capture of the city, and, as usual, he is careless of the accusations which he brings against the Turks or Genoese.
537 Zorzo Dolfin, p. 936.
538 Les Sultans Ottomans, pp. 150 and 125.
539 The fascination of the old Greek stories still continues even among the poorest Greeks, and it is astonishing how generally they are known. I have often heard old Greek women, unable to read or write, tell children Greek paramythia which have evidently been handed down by oral tradition. A few years ago, in travelling among the mountains of Bithynia, I came on Easter Monday to a Greek village, far remote from any other, and away from all lines of communication, where they were performing a miracle-play. The villagers, dressed in their best, were all present as actors or spectators. The play itself was a curious mixture of incidents in the life of Christ and of others—and these formed the largest part—from Greek mythology. No one knew anything of its origin, and all the information obtainable was that the play had always been performed on Easter Monday.
540 See Aristarchi’s (the Grand Logothete) papers on Photius in the Transactions of the Greek Syllogos of Constantinople, and two volumes edited by him of that patriarch’s sermons and homilies, published 1901.
541 Heeren, in his Essai sur les Croisades, p. 413, quoted in Hallam’s Middle Ages, ascribes the loss of all the authors missing from the library of Photius to the Latin capture. Probably the statement is too sweeping.
542 Gibbon, vol. vii. 116.
543 See H. F. Tozer’s article on ‘The Greek-speaking Population of Southern Italy,’ in Journal of Hellenic Studies, x. p. 99.
544 ‘Nemo est qui Graecas literas novit.’ Quoted in Hodius, De Graecis illustribus, p. 8.
545 Hodius, De Graecis illust.
546 Hodius, p. 28.
547 Philelphi Epis. in 1451.
548 Filelfo died in 1481. Dethier gives the letter which he wrote to Mahomet praying for the release of his mother-in-law, a prayer which was granted.
549 Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1875), pp. 392 etc.
550 Burckhardt’s Renaissance in Italy, p. 192.
551 Gibbon selects some examples to show the anti-christian character of the classical enthusiasm. (1) At the Council of Florence, Gemistos Pletho said in familiar conversation to George of Trebizond that in a short time mankind would unanimously renounce the Gospel and the Koran for a religion similar to that of the Gentiles (Leo Allatius). (2) Paul II. accused the principal members of the Roman Academy of heresy, impiety, and paganism (Tiraboschi). I suspect the first charge of being grossly exaggerated or invented, but the fact that such a statement could be credited shows to what extent the classical reaction had gone.
552 It is curious that the non-progressive party in Oxford, who violently opposed the introduction of the new studies, called themselves Trojans. Roper’s Life of Sir T. More (ed. Hearne), p. 75. The archbishops of Chios and Pusculus invariably describe the Turks as Teucri.
553 Exuviae sacrae Constantinopolitanae.
554 Ducas, xliii.
555 αἱ πλείους δὲ αὐτῶν, οὐ πρὸς ἀπόδοσιν μᾶλλον ἢ ὕβριν &c. Crit. ch. lxii.
556 Hodius, De Graecis illustribus.
557 Aeneas Sylvius, in 1454, before the diet of Frankfort says: ‘Quid de libris dicam, qui illic erant innumerabiles, nondum Latinis cogniti?... Nunc ergo et Homero et Pindaro et omnibus illustrioribus poetis secunda mors erit.’
558 One such at least still remains at Zeirek Jami.
559 Probably more manuscripts existing as rolls (the original volumen) than in book form have disappeared. The Turks, for example, when they occupied Mount Athos during the Greek revolution, found the rolls very convenient for making haversacks. The books have perished mostly from neglect. The discovery by the present bishop of Ismidt of the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Διδαχὴ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων) in 1883, in the library of a monastery on the Golden Horn bound up with other manuscripts, the first of which only was indexed, gives hope that others of value may yet be found. The same remark applies to the recovery, about six years ago, of the Purple MS. of the Gospels, known technically as Codex N, and now at St. Petersburg.
560 The influence of Byzantine art upon the West does not fall within the limits of my task. But every one interested in the subject is aware that during some centuries its influence was dominant. In the composition of pictures as well as in their drawing and treatment Western artists for a long time copied those of Constantinople. In painting, Byzantine influence prevailed throughout Italy from Justinian to the middle of the fourteenth century. Giotto, who died in 1336, was, says Kugler, the first to abandon the Byzantine style. In the intervening centuries the monasteries of Constantinople, Salonica, and Mount Athos were the central ateliers of painting, and furnished the models for artistic activity to all Europe. The mosaics in the church of San Vitale at Ravenna are magnificent illustrations of what Byzantine art was in the time of Justinian. Those in Hagia Sophia, as well as its general plan of colour-ornamentation, are still unsurpassed. Those of the Kahrié Mosque belonging to the fourteenth century are interesting and show a deep feeling for colour-combination as well as accuracy of drawing. Byzantine architecture in like manner greatly influenced the builders of churches in Western lands. The front view of St. Mark’s in Venice in the thirteenth century placed side by side with that of the Kahrié Mosque at the present day shows that the plan of the earlier one was familiar to the architect of the other, and, as has been pointed out by an architect who has made a careful study of the two buildings, when St. Mark’s differs from the Kahrié, the difference may be found in details reproduced from another church in Constantinople, that of the Pantocrator. The resemblance between St. Mark’s and the Kahrié illustrates Mr. Fergusson’s observations on the decoration of the exteriors of Byzantine churches. He points out that while the interior of Hagia Sophia is ‘the most perfect and most beautiful church which has yet been erected by any Christian people,’ the exterior was never finished (Fergusson’s History of Architecture, ii. 321). The Kahrié of to-day resembles St. Mark’s of the thirteenth century before the exterior casing was added to it.
The question of the influence of Byzantine art and architecture on the West has often been dealt with. For a list of books on the subject see Karl Krumbacher’s Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, pp. 1124–27.
561 Hallam’s Middle Ages, ch. vi.
562 Angeli Johannis Epistola, p. 62.
563 See, for example, Cuspinianus, De Turcorum Origine; the author was in the employ of the emperor Maximilian I. and insists again and again on the necessity of resisting the Turk and the certainty of being able to do so with success. Almost every European traveller in Turkey during two centuries, beginning with La Brocquière and Tetaldi, made similar representations.
564 One of the best illustrations of the degraded position assigned to woman in Mahometan countries is found in the fact that the popular belief is that she has no soul. The influence of such a belief is of course fatal to the progress of the race. I am well aware that Khaireddin Pasha and other progressive Mahometans have maintained that this belief is contrary to the teaching of the Koran, and that Mr. Hughes and other well-informed students of the sacred writings of Islam agree in this opinion. Still, my statement as to the popular belief is not affected by these researches into the original teaching. It is not alleged that the houris of Paradise are the representatives of earthly women. The sensual rewards promised to faithful men are clear and unmistakeable. The rewards to women in the Koran have to be searched for and are the result of interpretation. As a confirmation of the truth of my statement I may refer to the interesting interview given by Sir Edward Malet in Shifting Scenes (1901), p. 67. He describes a meeting which he had with Tewfik, the Khedive of Egypt, at a very critical moment, when indeed the latter’s life was in hourly danger. He represents Tewfik as saying: ‘Death does not signify to me personally. Our religion prevents us from having any fear of death; but it is different with our women. To them, you know, life is everything: their existence ends here; they cry and weep and implore me to save them.’
As to the custom of repudiating a wife, two learned Moslems, one Turkish and the other Indian, and both enlightened men, assure me that repudiation, though a general custom, is contrary to the teaching of Islam, which only recognises divorce. Both, however, admit that the practice is general, though they consider it irreligious or—what is the same thing in the Sacred Law of Islam—illegal.
565 I may add here that the great value of Christian missions from the West in the Turkish Empire, those of the Latin Church and of the American Protestant Churches alike, lies not only in their educational work but still more in their holding up to the members of the Eastern Churches higher standards of truthfulness and morality. Their influence has been already very useful. They have kindled a desire for instruction, and have infused new life in many of the members of the ancient Churches. While Greeks, Bulgarians, and Armenians look with intense distrust on any attempts to proselytise, they have all been awakened by these missions to the necessity for education. Considering the means at their disposal, I think it may be fairly said that no other people during the last half-century has done so much for education as the Greeks. The desire of every Greek who makes money seems to be to found a school in his native place. In Constantinople several large and excellent institutions, both for boys and girls, exist, all of course unaided by the Government, and in other cities of the Turkish empire like efforts have been made by patriotic Greeks. In Bulgaria one of the first acts of the newly enfranchised state was to establish an efficient system of education. The Armenians are not behind either, and their efforts, perhaps to a greater extent than those of the other two peoples mentioned, are directed to bringing their priests into line with those of the West. In 1896 the American missionaries in Turkey met in a ‘summer school’ on the island of Proti, near Constantinople; the late Armenian patriarch visited them, and, having spent a day in listening to their discussion on questions of teaching and Biblical scholarship, declared that he would be ready to sacrifice his life if his own priests could have the advantage of such gatherings.
566 ‘Pontes qui ad moenia ducunt dirumpunt.’ Pusculus iv. 137.
567 Professor van Millingen’s Byzantine Constantinople, p. 96.
568 Esquisse Topographique, p. 25.
569 Critobulus, Book II. ch. i.
570 Knolles, History of the Turks, p. 341 (written in 1610, edition of 1621).
571 P. 28.
572 1078, Dethier’s edition.
573 Byzantine Constantinople, p. 96. In the same manner Dethier, commenting on Pusculus, iv. line 169, says: ‘Pseudoporta Charsaca vel Pempti omnium celeberrima et in fortificatione calx Achilles erat. Hic enim ab utra parte, nempe a Porta Polyandrii [Adrianople Gate] et a Porta Sancti Romani in vallem Lyci linea recta murus descendit, idque contra omnem legem artis fortificationum.’
574 The Anonymous Chronicle, in verse, of the Latin Capture (edited by Joseph Mueller and Dethier), line 390.
575 Threnos, 610–613.
576 Dethier and the elder Mordtmann considered (in error, as the learned son of the latter and Professor van Millingen agree) that they had proved that the Pempton was the Chariseus. See, in addition to the sentence just quoted from the Threnos, the archaeological map of the Greek Syllogos and also Dethier’s note on Pusculus, iv. line 172.
577 Ch. xxiii.: πρὸς ταῖς καλουμέναις πύλαις τοῦ Ῥωμανοῦ.
578 Ahmed Muktar Pasha’s Siege of Constantinople (1902).
579 Esquisse Topographique, pp. 12, 21.
580 Book i. ch. 20.
581 Belagerung und Eroberung Constantinopels im Jahre 1453.
582 Πολιορκία.
583 Constantine, the last Emperor of the Greeks.
584 Les derniers Jours de Constantinople.
585 Book iii. ch. x.
586 248–9.
587 ἐκ τοῦ λιμένος τῆς χρύσης πύλης ἐκτός.
588 E.g. in the ancient account of the regions of the city given in the Notitia utriusque Imperii the Aurea Porta is mentioned as in the 12th Regio—that is, near the Seven Towers. Upon this Pancirolus remarks ‘The Greeks call it [i.e. the Aurea Porta] Ὡραία.’ Ducas might have been told that the fleet went to the Ὡραία πόρτα and understood it to be the Aurea Porta or the Golden Gate.
589 ‘Intuentibus nobis,’ p. 90.
590 ‘Teucrorum rex ex colle Perensi proconspicit,’ p. 90. It must be remembered that all across the Horn was Pera, and that Galata is properly Galata of Pera.
591 ‘Rex qui ex colle circumspicit,’ p. 90.
592 ‘Cogitavit itaque ex colle Galatae Orientali plaga vel eas lapidibus machinarum obruere vel a cathena repellere,’ p. 91.
594 ‘Deserit illic ventus eas; cecidere sinus sub moenibus arcis,’ iv. 415.
595 ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐκ τῶν τείχων ἄνωθεν ταῦτα θεωροῦντες, p. 248.
596 Vol. vii. p. 184.
597 Other contemporary authors give us distances which enable us to get an approximate length of a stadium: e.g. Chalcondylas says that the walls of Constantinople were 111 stadia, or a little over 13 English miles, in circuit. Critobulus gives the total length of walls as 126 stadia and the length of the landward walls as 48. Both his figures are somewhat too high, unless they are intended to give the measure of the sinuosities of the walls. But the statements both of Chalcondylas and Critobulus as well as that of Leonard, if his intention is to represent a measure about a ninth or tenth of a furlong, are all pretty nearly accurate.
598 Book iv. line 550.
599 Book ii. line 974.
600 Byzantine Constantinople, p. 234.
601 Note to Pusculus, p. 237.
602 P. 138.
603 ‘Die letzten Tage von Byzanz,’ in the Mitteilungen des deutschen Exkursions-Klubs in Konstantinopel.
604 εἰς πυγάς.
605 Esquisse de Constantinople, by Dr. Mordtmann, sect. 71–75.
606 Mr. Theodore Bent, who had paid greater attention to the archæology of the Greek Islands and to their present condition than any other Englishman, called my attention to the fact that the churches on the highest peaks not dedicated to St. George were usually dedicated to St. Elias, or to the Transfiguration, and suggested that there may have been a confusion in the minds of the islanders between Elias and Helios, the aspirate in the latter word being silent in modern Greek.
607 Valuable suggestions and information are given by Mr. Sathas in reference to the survival of paganism in Documents inédits, Athens, vol. i. Lord Beaconsfield in Lothair shows a true insight into the actual condition of Greek Christianity when he represents Mr. Phœbus as describing what he proposes to do with an island which he has leased in the Aegean. He will restore paganism, will set up the statue which he has sculptured of the American Theodora in a grove of laurel still much resorted to, and will have processions in the beautiful pagan fashion. The people are still ‘performing unconsciously the religious ceremonies of their ancestors.’ Lothair, ch. xxvii. and xxviii.
INDEX
- Abassid dynasty used symbol of the Crescent, 141 n.
- Achaia, principality of, 40
-
Acropolitas, George (historian), 16;
- at the Union ceremony at Lyons in 1274, 34
- Agriculture: Turks have never taken kindly to, 58
- Alans, Asiatic tribe, 43 sqq., 47, 61, 64
- Alexander of Sinope, 317
-
Alexis, Emperor of Trebizond (1222), 9;
- called himself Grand Comnenus and Emperor of the Faithful Romans, 387
- Ali, chief of a Turkish band: shared in Othman’s raids on the empire, 61
- Ali Pasha (grand vizier of Bajazed), 134, 136
- Alphonse of Aragon, 129
- Amadeo of Savoy, 91
- Amer Bey, standard-bearer of Mahomet II., 289
- Ameroukes, George (mathematician): at the court of Mahomet II., 393
- Amogavares, Spanish mercenaries, 42
- Amurath, son of Orchan. See Murad
- Anatolia-Hissar, 120, 126, 164 n., 213, 215
-
Anatolians: defeat of their attack in the siege, 337 sqq.;
- their discipline and daring, 338
-
Andronicus II., Emperor (1282–1328: son and successor of Michael VIII.): hostility to Unionist party, 37;
- question as to marriage of his son Michael, 37 sq.;
- Latin attempts against his empire, 38;
- calls to his aid Roger de Flor and the Catalan Grand Company, 39;
- their actions caused introduction of Turks into Europe, 49;
- loss of Imperial territory through Othman’s attacks, 61;
- Turks cross Dardanelles, 61 sq.;
- Andronicus’s son Michael co-emperor with his father, 65, 67;
- quarrels between Andronicus II., and Andronicus his grandson, 67 sq.;
- Andronicus II. abdicates and ends his days as a monk, 68
- Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1382–41; son of Michael IX.; successor to Andronicus II.): quarrels with his grandfather and causes him to abdicate, 67 sq.;
- Andronicus, son of John V.: regent during his father’s absence, 92;
-
Angora (1402), 112; details of the battle, 142 sqq.;
- result of Timour’s victory, 147
-
Anjou, Charles of (King of Sicily): designs restoration of Latin empire, 34;
- his forces find other employment, 36
-
Apocaukus: his strife with John Cantacuzenus, 71 sq.;
- hired (1343) a Turkish fleet and army, 100
- Arabs: their various attempts to capture New Rome, 230
- Aragon, Frederic of, 38
-
Aragon, Peter of, 36;
- his mercenary troops, 41
- Archers, Turkish, 135;
- Aretinus, Leonard: enthusiasm for Greek, 405
- Armenia, king of, 38
-
Arquebusers: Anatolian, 167;
- German, 173
- Arrows carrying flaming materials, used by Timour, 146
- Arsenius, patriarch: excommunicated Michael VIII. for cruel treatment of the boy John Lascaris, 26;
-
Asia Minor: its old commerce with Constantinople, 23;
- Tartar ravages in, 53
- Asomaton, 164 n.
- Athanasius, patriarch (1450), 202
- Athens, duchy of, seized by Catalans, 69
- Aurispa, pupil of Chrysoloras, 406
-
Babylon, sultan of. See Egypt - Bachaturean walls, 240
-
Bactatinian Tower, 240;
- destroyed by Turks, 268
- Bagdad, the last of its caliphs, 53
-
Bajazed, Sultan (1389–1403, son of Murad): obtained nickname of Ilderim or the Thunderbolt, 132;
- successful attacks upon the empire, ib.;
- crushes Bulgarian kingdom, 134;
- defeats Western armies at Nicopolis, 134 sqq.;
- for years kept Constantinople under terror of sieges, 137;
- extent of his possessions, ib.;
- summons of Timour to Bajazed, 138 sq.;
- the sultan’s reply, 141;
- Timour’s crushing defeat of Turks at Angora, Bajazed taken captive, 142 sqq.;
- his treatment by his captor, 144 sq.;
- territory taken from Turks by Timour, 145;
- Bajazed’s death, 147
- Baldwin, Emperor (Latin, 1204–05), 2 sq.
- Baldwin II., Emperor (Latin, 1237–61, successor of John of Brienne), 11;
- Bâle, Council of (for Union, 1431): strife over its transference to Bologna, 121
-
Balkan peninsula: the continuous mutual jealousies of the races inhabiting it, 187;
- a ‘Debateable Land,’ 187 n.
- Baloukli, Holy Well of, 18
- Baltoglu, a Bulgarian renegade: in command of Turkish fleet at the great siege, 233, 244;
-
Barlaam, Abbot (an Eastern controversialist), 69, 87;
- taught Greek (at Avignon) at Petrarch’s request, 404
- Bartolo, Nicolo (Venetian): his ‘Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,’ ix
-
Bashi-Bazouks, 223;
- an undisciplined mob: what they were used for, 229;
- their eagerness for the final struggle, 319;
- they begin the general attack, and are defeated, 335;
- their body made up of Moslems, Christians and foreigners, ib.;
- Mahomet’s object in making them the first to attack, 335 sq.;
- their weapons and manner of fighting, 336
-
‘Bastion’ of Mahomet II.: description of its construction, 292 sq.;
- its position, 293
- Bektash, Hadji, dervish and saint: honoured by Janissaries, 223;
- Belgrade: captured by Turks: Serbians become vassals of Murad, 107
- Bellini, Gentile (artist): at court of Mahomet II., 393
- Benedict XI., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69
- Berenger of Catalonia, leader of mercenaries: joins with Roger de Flor, 45;
- Bessarion: Eastern representative at Council of Florence, 125 sq.;
- Bethune, John de: his expedition to help Baldwin II., 11
- Biremes, description of, 234
- Blachern, palace of, 19, 243, 290, 332
- Blackbirds, Plain of. See Cossovo-pol
- Black Death, the, 76, 104;
- Blum, Robert. See Roger de Flor
-
Boccaccio: promoted study of Greek, 404 sq.;
- learned Greek and lectured on its literature, 405
- Bocchiardi, Paul, Antony, and Troilus, three Italian brothers: provided, at their own cost, a contingent in defence of Constantinople (1453), 249;
- Bogomils, an heretical sect, 87 and n., 151
- Bohemians (followers of John Huss), 121
- Bolero, Emperor Michael’s hunting-ground, 17
- Boniface IX., Pope: procures aid for the Greeks: the expedition defeated (1396), 110
- Boom, the, across Golden Horn, 221, 271, 287, 290
- Boucicaut, Admiral of Venetian and Genoese combined fleets, 111, 137
- Brancovich, George (of Serbia): supplies men and much money to the combination against Murad II., 159;
- Brienne, Gautier de, duke of Athens, 69
- Brousa: its surrender to Othman (1326), 64;
- Bulgaria: Baldwin’s expedition against (1204), 3, 7 sq., 25;
- Burgundians at Nicopolis, 135
- Burgundy, Louis of, 40
- Byzantine art: its influence upon the West, 413
- Caligaria: defence of its walls, 221
- Caloyers (Greek monks): defenders in the great siege, 250, 259
-
Cannon, Urban’s monster gun, 231, 245;
- account of other large guns, 231 n.;
- various names for cannon, 246;
- size of stone balls thrown, ib.;
- probably not mounted on wheels, ib.;
- Urban’s great cannon destroyed, but afterwards recast and again used, 245;
- Turkish superiority in the use of cannon, 252;
- siege of Constantinople an era in employment of large cannon, 252;
- brass cannon, in use, 252 n.;
- destructive effect shown in the siege, 255;
- Greek words used for ‘cannon,’ 292 n.
- Cantacuzenus, Andronicus: a defender in the great siege, 249
- Caraja, leader of European Turks: killed at Varna, 168
- Caraja Pasha: head of European division of Turks, 243;
- Caristo, an old Venetian: a defender in the great siege, 249
- Castriotes, George. See Iskender
- Catalan Grand Company. See Roger de Flor
- Catalusio, Catherine, wife of Constantine Dragases (died 1442), 203 n., 298 n.
- Cesarini, Cardinal Julian, 125;
- Charles VI. (France): refuses Manuel’s proposed vassalage, 111
- Chateaumorand, lieutenant of Boucicaut, 112, 137
- China: Timour’s intended invasion, 147
- Clement IV., Pope, 31
- Clement VI., Pope: his efforts to check Moslem progress: sends a fleet against Turks, 81;
- Christ, Tower of, 270
- Chrysoloras, Manuel: taught Greek at Florence, Pavia, Venice, and Rome, 405 sq.
- Coco, James: scheme to capture Turkish vessels in Cassim Pasha Bay, 279, 283, 288
- Colonies of Westerns domiciled in Constantinople, 77
- Comans (or Tur-Comans): a band of, in service of Latins, 13
- Commerce, the stream of, through the Bosporus, 23
-
Constantine XI., Emperor (sometimes called Constantine XII., Dragases: 1449–53: brother of John VII.): ruler in the Peloponnesus, 171;
- defeated by Murad II.: compelled to pay tribute and surrender territory to him, 172;
- becomes last Christian emperor: crowned 1449, 201;
- the Union question combined with desired aid from the West, 202;
- preparations for its formal completion, 203;
- the emperor’s relations with Mahomet II., 211 sq.;
- the fortress of Roumelia-Hissar, 213 sqq.;
- Mahomet declares war, 216;
- preparations against siege, 219;
- help from the pope, from Venice and the Genoese, 220;
- Justiniani made Commander-in-chief, ib.;
- Turkish fleet in the Bosporus, 233;
- Greeks break down bridges leading across the foss, and close the city gates, 235;
- gradual approach of Turkish army, 236;
- emperor’s reply to Mahomet’s formal offer of peace, 236;
- paucity of the imperial forces, 246 sq.;
- positions occupied by his troops, 248 sqq.;
- his cannon were few and of little value, 250;
- equipment and arms of the forces, 251
-
Constantine XI.—The Siege: the city beleaguered (April 7, 1453), 254;
- first bombardment, 255;
- defeats of enemy’s attempts, 256;
- a naval battle: defeat of Baltoglu, 257 sqq.;
- fruitless appeals for further aid, 268;
- more destructive bombardment, 269;
- transport of Turkish vessels overland, 269 sqq.;
- Constantine alleged to have sued for peace, 277;
- the sultan’s reply, ib.;
- the statement is hardly probable, 278;
- the emperor sends a vessel to search for the expected Venetian fleet, 285;
- his reply to proposal that he should leave the city, 286 sq.;
- pacifies quarrel of Venetians and Genoese, 288;
- strange phenomena seen in city (May 22–26, 1453), 296 sqq.;
- great alarm of emperor and people, 298
-
Constantine XI.—Last days of Empire: comparison of conditions of besieged and besiegers, 313;
- difference of character in their final preparations, 314;
- some food for hope for the Greeks, ib.;
- Ismail of Sinope brings suggestion of Greek surrender, on terms, 317;
- emperor’s reply, 318;
- religious preparations for the coming struggle: the last religious procession in the city, 327;
- Constantine’s ‘funeral oration of the Empire,’ 328;
- spirit of the speech, 329;
- his last view of the city, 332;
- his attempt to rally defenders at the stockade, 347;
- took the post of Justiniani after the latter’s departure, 348;
- death of Constantine, 350;
- variant accounts as to the manner of his death, 353 sqq.;
- his character, 355;
- his burial-place unknown, 357
-
Constantinople—Latin Empire, 1204–61: the city never recovered the blow inflicted by the Fourth Crusade, 1;
- Baldwin, the first Latin emperor: the parcelling out of the empire and division of the spoil, 2 sq.;
- dissensions, 3;
- conflict with Bulgarians, ib.;
- disputes among leaders, 4;
- opposition of Greek population: empire of Nicaea, 5 sq.;
- Baldwin’s death: succeeded by Henry (1205), 7;
- Henry’s policy of conciliation, 8;
- mysterious death of his successor, Peter of Courtenay, ib.;
- fate of Peter’s successor, Robert, 9;
- in 1222 there were four persons claiming to be emperors, ib.;
- Robert’s successor, John de Brienne (1228): troubles of his reign, 10;
- Baldwin II. succeeded (1237): his visit to the West to beg for help in men and money, ib.;
- intense distress and want of food in the city, 11;
- decay of the empire, 12;
- sacred relics and other valuables sold to raise money, ib.;
- decay of the city, 13;
- lawlessness of Crusaders, 13 sq.;
- events after Baldwin’s return: more degradation, 15 sq.;
- fruitless negotiations with Emperor Michael (of Nicaea), 16;
- the capture of Constantinople (1261), 17 sqq.;
- ignominious flight of Baldwin, 19;
- the Latin empire had done irreparable mischief and no compensatory good, 20
-
Constantinople—Reconstructing the Empire: a city of desolation: destruction and plunder of treasures of art and civilisation, 22;
- its old commerce ruined, 23;
- desolation in the city reproduced in the provinces, 24;
- Michael VIII.’s difficulties: anarchy within his dominions and hostility from without, 25;
- hatred of Orthodox towards Roman Church, ib.;
- from Michael’s own usurpation, 26;
- from attempts by Latins to recover the Empire, 29;
- strife about Union of Churches, 31 sqq.;
- Union apparently effected (Lyons, 1274), but rejected at Constantinople, 34;
- further desperate papal efforts, 35;
- death of Michael: his son, Andronicus II., succeeded (1282), 36 sq.;
- popes still favour re-establishment of Latin empire, 38;
- various projects in that direction, 38 sqq.;
- Andronicus calls in the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, 40;
- ill effects thereof, 41 sqq.;
- outrages upon subjects of the empire, 43 sq., 46;
- emperor’s effort to buy them off, 47;
- disastrous results from attempts to restore Latin empire, 49 sqq.
-
Constantinople—Dynastic Struggles: attack of Sultan Othman on imperial
- territory (1282), 61 sqq.;
- Turks called in as partisans in imperial dynastic struggles, 63;
- Brousa captured by Othman, 64;
- distressed condition of the empire in 1320, 65;
- long and lasting evils of dynastic struggles, 66;
- the quarrels between Andronicus II. and his grandson, 67;
- thirteen years constant war against Turks, 68 sqq.;
- the bitter strife between John V. and John Cantacuzenus (1342–55), 70 sqq.
-
Constantinople—Causes leading to Decay of Empire: the small remnant of territory to which Constantine Dragases succeeded, 180;
- the decay was not due to demoralisation of people, 180 sq.;
- they were superstitiously religious, but not given to frivolous amusement, 181;
- their indifference to matters political, 182;
- no fervour or energy among Churchmen and nobles, 182 sq.;
- no commercial spirit existed, 183;
- merits and faults were alike negative, 184;
- enervation caused by relaxing climate of Constantinople, 184 n.;
- chief causes of decay: mischief arising out of Latin conquest, 185;
- internal divisions and civil wars helped the Turks’ aims against empire, 185 sq.;
- autocratic form of government, 186;
- hostile races, and their mutual jealousies, 187;
- dissensions between co-emperors, ib.;
- immiscible racial groups, 188;
- the system of Turkish conquests: nomads replace agriculturists, 188 sq.;
- fearful havoc of the Black Death, (1347), 189 sqq.;
- densely populated and flourishing countries become a desolation, 191;
- population of Constantinople in 1453, 192 sqq.;
- its commerce, 194;
- relations of government and governed, ib.;
- no divine right of succession, 195;
- co-emperors, ib.;
- law fairly administered, ib.;
- popular interest in religious questions, 196;
- intellectual life: classical Greek modified by Christianity, 197;
- Greek historians of the period, ib.;
- character of civilisation of the time, 197 sq.;
- intellectual life in provincial cities, 199;
- few glimpses of domestic life, ib.;
- a period of disasters, struggles, alarms, and illusions, 200
-
Constantinople—Topography of the City: Galata of Pera (Genoese colony), 237;
- Stamboul (in 1453), ib.;
- position and shape of the city proper, ib.;
- the foss from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238;
- description of the walls: Landward Walls, 238 sqq.;
- the Peribolos or enclosure, 238;
- Outer Wall, 239;
- gates, civil and military, ib.;
- valley of the Lycus, ib.;
- the Mesoteichion and the Myriandrion, 240;
- Bachaturean walls, ib.;
- Inner Wall, 241;
- the neglect of keeping the walls in good condition: money intended for their repair had been misappropriated, 242;
- the defenders at the great siege took up their position in the Peribolos, 243;
- local disposition of the enemy’s forces, 243 sq.;
- positions of the imperial forces, 248 sqq.
-
Constantinople—Events of the Siege: the Queen City cut off from the outside world, 254;
- damage done by enemy’s cannonades, 255;
- construction of a stockade, ib.;
- attempted capture and attack on boom repelled, 256;
- Baltoglu’s attack on aid-bearing vessels: description of the fight, 257 sqq.;
- attack defeated: number of casualties, 267;
- attack on the landward walls: destructive bombardment, 268;
- a stockade formed, 269;
- the transport of Turkish ships overland, 269 sqq.;
- Greek scheme to destroy these vessels, 279 sq.;
- the attempt made, 281;
- failure, 282;
- constant attacks on the landward walls; operations of the great cannon, 283;
- provisions running short, 285;
- naval skirmishes, ib.;
- vessel sent out to find Venetian fleet, ib.;
- proposal that emperor should leave the city, 286;
- attacks on boom, 287, 290;
- jealousy between Venetians and Genoese, 288;
- attempts to capture city by assault defeated, 289 sq.;
- attempts to undermine walls, 281, 294 sq.;
- a ‘bastion’ erected by Turks, 292 sq.;
- destroyed by Greeks, 294;
- failure to find Venetian fleet, 295;
- supernatural omens, 296 sq.;
- dissensions in city: among Greeks, arising out of the Union, 303;
- between Greeks and Italians: mainly from religious animosity, 301;
- between Venetians and Genoese: charge of treachery against the latter, 303;
- Greeks charged with lukewarmness and defections, 305;
- breaches made in the walls by Turks, 308;
- Justiniani’s stockade, 309;
- failure of Serbia and Hungary to send aid, 311;
- Hunyadi said to have been in communication with sultan, 312
-
Constantinople—The last days of Empire; Ismail of Sinope brings from sultan suggestion to surrender, on terms: rejected, 317 sq.;
- final preparations by the Greeks, 326;
- last religious procession in the city, 327;
- speech of the emperor, 328;
- last Christian service in St. Sophia, 330;
- the gates closed, 331;
- the general assault (May 29, 1453), 334;
- first attacks defeated, 335 sqq.;
- the assault by Janissaries, 340;
- the Kerkoporta incident, 341;
- how the Turks got inside the Outer Wall, 342 sqq.;
- Justiniani wounded, 345;
- the consequences, 346 sqq.;
- final charge and success of Janissaries, 348;
- stockade captured, 349;
- death of Constantine, 350;
- capture of Constantinople, ib.;
- Mahomet enters the city, 351;
- the capture due to two accidents, the neglected postern and the wound of Justiniani, ib.;
- tardy arrival of aid, 352
-
Constantinople—In the hands of the Turks: the final struggles, 358 sqq.;
- panic throughout the city, 351;
- general slaughter during half a day, 362;
- flight of Christians to ships, 363;
- atrocities by looters, 364;
- gross treatment of refugees in St. Sophia, 366;
- and of the church, 367;
- wanton destruction of books, ib.;
- number of persons captured or killed, 368;
- fate of fugitives, 369;
- St. Sophia made a mosque, 373;
- fate of defenders after capture, 373 sqq.;
- the city brought to desolation, 377;
- love of Easterns for it, 378;
- picturesque beauty of its situation, 379;
- sultan’s endeavours to repeople it, 380 sqq.;
- Christian worship tolerated: Gennadius appointed patriarch, 382 sq.
-
Constantinople—Effects of the Capture: an epoch-marking event, 414;
- alarm created in Europe, 415;
- degradation of the Queen City, 416;
- disastrous results upon Christian subjects: they became rayahs or cattle, 417;
- causes of their impoverishment and demoralisation, 418 sq.;
- degradation of Church, 420;
- injury to religion and learning, ib.;
- destruction of benefits conferred by the Church, 421;
- inducements offered to abandon Christianity, 422;
- degraded position of women, 422 n.;
- Christians became demoralised and lost self-respect, 423;
- impossibility of obtaining justice, 424;
- slight effect of the conquest on mass of Turkish population, 425;
- dawn of a better day, 426 sqq.
- Constantinople, Synod of (1450), on Union: deposed patriarch Gregory (a favourer of Union), 202
- Contarini, James (Venetian): a defender in the great siege, 250
- Cossovo-pol (or Plain of Blackbirds), the first battle of (1389): utter defeat by Turks of Serbians and their allies, 108;
-
Countouz, son of Murad: raised rebellion against his father, 106;
- his punishment, ib.
-
Courtenay, Catherine of: a marriage proposed between her and a Palaeologus, 37;
- she married Charles of Valois, 38
- Crescent, the: use of the symbol is ancient: its probable origin, 140 n.
-
Cretan ships in imperial fleet (1453), 250;
- their crews were the last Christians to quit their posts after the capture of the city, 363
- Crimea: Turks driven out by Tartars (1300), 64
- Critobulus: his ‘Life of Mahomet II.,’ x
- Crusade, the Fourth, 1;
- Dalmata, John: with Constantine in final assault, 350
- Dan, prince (of the Wallachs): does homage to Murad II., 156
- Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192), 1, 4 sq. 39, 49
- Dante: helped to Western appreciation of Greek literature, 404
- Danube, the: the highway between the Black and the North Seas, 23
- David, emperor (Trebizond): defeated by Mahomet II., 388
- Demetrius, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201
- Demetrius, brother of John VII.: refused to sign Act of Union, 127
- Derrybeys: meaning of the term, 222
- Dervish sects: character of their religion, 171 n.
- Diedo, Alexis (Aloysius), naval officer: in the great siege, 220 sq.;
- Dnieper, the: the commerce of, 23
- Documents relating to siege of Constantinople unknown to Gibbon, xiii sq.
- Dolma Bagtche, palace of, 233
- Double Columns (Diplokionion), the, 233, 291
- Double Procession, the: discussions on, at Florence, 125 sq.
- Drakul, prince of Wallachia, 164, 170
- Dromon: meaning of the word as applied to ships, 235
-
Ducas, John, Emperor (of Nicaea, 1258–60: a boy;
- successor of Theodore Lascaris II.), 16
- Egypt, sultan of (known to Crusaders as sultan of Babylon), 60
- Elephants employed in battle by Timour, 143
- Elias Pasha, abettor of Mustafa, 115 n., 154
- Elizabeth, mother of young king Ladislaus: her successful resistance of Murad II. in Hungary, 157
- Emperor: the title assumed by rulers of Trebizond and Nicaea, 5
- England: destructiveness of Black Death in (1348), 190 n., 191
-
Epirus, 5, 7;
- the despot of, 8 sq.
- Erasmus: promoted study of Greek, 410
- Ertogrul (or Orthogrul), father of Othman or Osman, the founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60
- Eugenius IV,. Pope, great struggle for Union of the Churches, 120 sqq.;
- Eugenius, Tower of, 221
-
Europe, Eastern: its gigantic struggle
- in fifteenth century against hordes of Asia, Turks and Tartars, 132
- Eyoub, standard-bearer of the Prophet, 230
-
Ferrara, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1437), 123;
- outbreak of plague, 125;
- Council transferred to Florence, 125
- Firelocks or fusils (throwing leaden balls): used by the Turks in siege, 269, 325
-
Flatanelas, an imperial naval commander, 258;
- gallant conduct in battle with Baltoglu, 263 sq.
- Florence, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1439): the chief representatives on both sides, 125;
- Foscari, doge of Venice (1451), 203
- Foss, the, from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238;
- Francisco of Toledo, Don: with Constantine in final assault, 350
- Franco, standard-bearer at Varna, 167 sq.
- Frederic, Emperor: his excommunication (1245), 15 sq.
- Frederic, King of Sicily (1313), 40 sq.
- Frenchmen among fighting men of the Latins, 19 n.
- Fustae (vessels), description of, 234
- Galata, a village near Varna, 165
-
Galata of Pera (the Genoese colony), 237, 243;
- its surrender to Mahomet II., 370 sqq.
- Galata, Tower of (formerly called Tower of Christ), 221, 281, 371
- Galley: its meaning in fifteenth century, 235
-
Gates of Constantinople: Adrianople, 236, 239 sq., 243 sq., 343;
- Caligaria (now called Egri Capou or Crooked Gate), 249, 332;
- Chariseus, 293 n.;
- Civil Gates, 243;
- Cresu (probably Chariseus or Adrianople Gate), 246 n.;
- Golden, 19 n., 73, 114, 130 n., 133;
- Hedjoum Capou (‘Gate of the Assault’), 240, 310;
- Horaia, 250, 360, 363;
- Kerkoporta (Porta Xylokerkou): the results of its postern gate being neglected, 342 sqq., 351;
- Military Gates, 239 sq., 243, 245;
- Pegè (or Gate of the Springs): now Silivria Gate), 18, 19 n., 239;
- Psamatia, 322;
- Rhegium (now called Mevlevihana Capou), 245;
- St. Eugenius, 322;
- St. Kyriakè, 240;
- St. Romanus (formerly known as the Pempton), 114, 236 n., 283, 290, 350;
- St. Theodosia, 250 n.;
- Top Capou (Cannon Gate), 236, 239 sq., 243, 356;
- Triton, 239;
- Xyloporta (Woodgate), 114, 243
-
Genghis Khan, a Mongol: his followers mainly Turks, 52, 54;
- married a Christian, 54
- Gennadius. See Scholarius, George
-
Genoese, in occupation of Galata, 17;
- made alliance with Emperor Michael, ib.;
- defeat of Catalans, 46;
- colony at Galata, 77;
- rivalry with Venetians: a battle between them in the Bosporus, ib.;
- joined with Turks against Constantinople, 78;
- bought off with a concession of territory by Cantacuzenus, 78;
- their defeat (1379) of Venetians, 95;
- colonists desire to acknowledge Timour as suzerain, 146, 148;
- the size of their ships, 154 n.;
- their hatred of Venetians, 157 n.;
- preparations against the great siege, 220;
- joined with Venetians in defence of Constantinople (1453), 247 sq.;
- ships bringing aid to the city attacked by Turks, 259;
- Turks defeated, 265;
- Genoese accused of giving aid to Mahomet II., 270;
- their relations with him, 287;
- quarrels, during siege, with Venetians, 288;
- discussion of charge of treachery brought against them, 303;
- Mahomet ordered them to prevent help being sent clandestinely to the city, 320;
- escape of some galleys, with refugees from the captured city, 370
- Germanus, patriarch, succeeded Arsenius, 28
- Giant’s Mountain, the, 164
-
Gibbon: his ‘Decline and Fall’ needs rectification by new sources of information, v sq.;
- the sources he used were vitiated by prejudices, vii;
- bias caused by his own principles, ib.;
- criticism of his statement that the Greeks’ spirit of religion was productive only of animosity and discord, 306
- Godfrey de Bouillon, 97 n.
- Godfrey, imperial Grand Huntsman, 98
-
Grant, John (a German): a defender in the great siege, 249;
- his skilful countermining of the Turks, 292
-
Greek Empire: influence of Hellenism upon, 399;
- deep love of the people for the old Greek language and literature, 400;
- this formed a strong bond of union, ib.;
- dark periods of literature, 401;
- disappearance of books after 1204, ib.;
- in Constantinople there was always a considerable number of scholars and students, 402;
- these helped to preserve Greek language and literature, ib.;
- departure of Greek scholars to the West began with the Latin conquest, 403;
- their dispersion introduced to Western Europe new ideals, 413.
- See also Renaissance
- Greek fire: the use of, 263
- Greeks: their condition in Constantinople after 1204, 3, 5, 13
-
Gregory, patriarch, a favourer of Union: deposed (1450), 202;
- restored, 205
- Gregory IX., Pope, 11
-
Gregory X., Pope: negotiations with Michael VIII. for Union, 32;
- the reconciliation of 1274, 34
-
Gregory XI., Pope: efforts against Moslem progress, 92;
- and for Union, 93
-
Grione, Zacharia, naval officer: a defender in the great siege, 266;
- helped in Coco’s scheme, 281
- Gul Jami (Mosque of the Rose): formerly church of St. Theodosia, 360
- Guy de Lusignan, 90
- Hagia Sophia, 204 sq., 297 sq.;
- Halil Pasha, a Turkish leader friendly to the Greeks, 158;
- Halil, son of Orchan, 102
- Hamoud, Admiral, successor of Baltoglu, 322, 325;
- Harmanli, battle of: Serbians and Bulgarians defeated by Turks (1371), 105
- Hassan, a gigantic Janissary, 348
- Helepoles: Greek name for cannon, 293
- Henry, Emperor (Latin, 1205–16: brother and successor of Baldwin), 7 sqq.
- Henry III. (England), 11
- Henry IV. (England): refused aid to Manuel, 112
- Heraclia, Bishop: his rejection of Union, 127 sq.
- Hexamilion, rampart of, 172
- Hieron: question of its situation, 164 n.
- Hilarion, a valiant monk, 63
- Histodokè (in a trireme): its use, 234
- Holy Apostles, church of the: presented by Mahomet to patriarch Gennadius, 384
- Holy Cross, Tower of, 371
- Holy Gates, the (in a Greek church), 36
- Honorius III., Pope, 9
- Houlagou, grandson of Genghis Khan: his ravages in Asia Minor, 53;
- Hungary: king of (1318), 40;
-
Hunyadi, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania: in chief command of combined forces against Murad II., 159;
- his previous successful operations against Turks, ib.;
- his victory at Slivnitza (1443), 160;
- the treaty of Szegedin: not signed by Hunyadi, 161;
- he reluctantly consents to its violation, 163;
- battle of Varna, 164 sqq.;
- complete defeat of Christians, 170;
- again defeated, at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 sq.;
- Hunyadi’s loss of reputation, 175;
- made a truce with Mahomet II., 213;
- nicknamed ‘Black John’ by Turks, 228;
- the price he demanded for aid to the emperor in the great siege, 268 n.;
- no aid came from him, ib.;
- in communication with Mahomet II., 312;
- his agents said to have instructed Turks in use of great bombard, ib.
- Ibrahim Bey: his revolt against Mahomet II., 211 sq.
- Iconostasis, the (in a Greek church), 36 n.
- Impalement of captives: practised by Turks, 253
- Innocent III., Pope, 1, 6;
- Innocent V., Pope: sent preaching friars to Constantinople, 35
- Innocent VI., Pope: relations, about Union, with John V., 90
- Iradè (Turkish edict) issued by Mahomet II., 315
- Isa, son of Bajazed, 143 sq., 149
- Isaac, Emperor, 4
- Isaac Pasha, vizier of Mahomet II., 209;
- Isidore, metropolitan of Russia, 125;
- Isidore, patriarch, 75
- Iskender Bey (i.e. Alexander Bey = George Castriotes; also known as Scanderbeg), an Albanian leader, 158;
-
Islam: growth of its influence, 102;
- its character as a religion, 209 n.
- Islands, Greek: surrender of, to Mahomet, 381
- Ismail of Sinope: endeavours to persuade Greeks to surrender on terms, 317
- Ismidt, Gulf of: Turks build a fortress on (1395), 110
-
Italians; the number who took part in defence of Constantinople (1453), 247;
- their chivalrous conduct, 248
- Jacoub: strangled by his brother, Bajazed, 133
- Jagarus: supposed repairer of walls of the city: embezzled the money, 242
-
Janissaries, 103;
- fought at battle of Nicopolis, 135;
- at Angora (1402), 144;
- at battle of Varna, 167;
- at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174;
- the body founded by Sultan Orchan, 103, 223;
- origin and source of their supply, 224;
- strictness of their training and discipline, 225;
- esprit de corps, 226;
- developed into an imperium in imperio, 227;
- resemblance between them and the Knights Templars, ib.;
- Janissaries completely devoted to the sultan, ib.;
- success of sultans largely due to the New Troops, 228;
- their prowess turned the disaster of Varna into a great victory, ib.;
- their position in the grand assault, 323;
- their attack, 340;
- the incident at the Kerkoporta, 341;
- their final charge, 348;
- stockade captured, 349;
- complete success, 350;
- young Greek nobles placed in the corps after the capture, 381
-
John V. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1341–91; son of Andronicus III.): on account of John’s youth, Cantacuzenus was associated with his mother (Anne of Savoy) as regent, 70;
- in 1342 John Cantacuzenus was proclaimed joint emperor, ib.;
- the strife which followed: civil war, 71;
- John’s marriage to Helen, daughter of Cantacuzenus, 73;
- a remarkable coronation service: of the two emperors, their wives, and the dowager empress, ib.;
- vicious character of John, 74;
- persistent animosity of the partisans of both emperors, 75;
- alliance and aid of Turks called in, against Serbians, 75 sq.;
- John’s quarrels with his father-in-law, 78;
- treatment of Matthew Cantacuzenus, 79;
- causes abdication of his co-emperor, 80;
- John’s speedy disposal of Matthew, 87;
- his dislike of religious controversies, ib.;
- alliance with Sultan Murad, 88;
- political basis of his views about Union, 39;
- appeal to the pope, 90;
- unsatisfactory results, 90 sq.;
- visit to Rome: little help gained, 92;
- relations with Murad, 94;
- cruel treatment of his son Andronicus, and the son’s retaliation, ib.;
- his son Manuel co-emperor, 94 sq.;
- further domestic troubles, 95;
- death of John V. (1391), 96;
- his practical vassalage to the Turks, 96, 101;
- formally recognised (1373) Sultan Murad as his suzerain, 104
-
John Cantacuzenus, joint emperor with John V. (1342–55); held the
- dignity of Grand Domestic, 70;
- associated with Anne of Savoy as regent, ib.;
- proclaimed joint emperor, ib.;
- the civil war and decadence of the empire which followed, 70 sqq.;
- married his daughter Theodora to Sultan Orchan, and his daughter Helen to John V., 72;
- financial difficulties, 74;
- calls in Turkish aid against the Serbians, 76;
- a medley of incidents between the partisans of the two emperors, 76 sqq.;
- nomination of Matthew Cantacuzenus as co-emperor with his father, 78 sq.;
- Cantacuzenus retires to the monastery of Mount Athos (1355), 80;
- his death (1380), ib.;
- his character, 84 sqq.;
- his History, 85;
- his mother a Bogomil, 87
-
John VII. (sometimes called John V.: Palaeologus), Emperor (1425–48: nephew of Manuel II.): co-emperor with his uncle, 110;
- his appeals for aid from West, 115;
- conditions on which help was promised: Union and acknowledgment of papal supremacy, 116;
- position of empire in regard to the Turks in 1425, 119;
- the great attempt at Reunion, 120 sqq.;
- the Council on Union: Bâle (1431), 121;
- Ferrara (1438): John with imperial representatives present, 124;
- Florence (1439), 125;
- Union signed, 127;
- hotly opposed in Constantinople, 127 sqq.;
- events of John’s last years, 129;
- his death: summary of his reign, 130;
- terms of peace (1423) with Murad, 155;
- John does homage to the sultan, 156
- John, grandson of John V.: made co-emperor with his grandfather and his uncle Manuel, 95
- John, Emperor (Trebizond), 387
- John of Brienne, Emperor (Latin, 1228–37: successor of Robert), 10
- John, King (England), 10
- John the Bastard, despot of Epirus, 35
- John XXI., Pope: sent nuncios to Constantinople (1276), 35
- John XXII., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69
- John of Austria, Don: victory over Turks at Lepanto (1571), 416
- John, patriarch, 75
- John, Father (head of Dominicans, 1439), 125
- Joseph, patriarch: succeeded Germanus, and formally absolved Michael VIII., 28 sq.;
- Justiniani: a commercial company in Chios, 133 n.
-
Justiniani, John: a Genoese soldier of great reputation, 220;
- commander-in-chief of imperial forces at the great siege, ib.;
- his preparations: closes the harbour by a boom, 221;
- disposition of the few troops under his command, 249;
- erects a stockade to defend the walls where the attack was fiercest, 255, 283;
- defeats Turks in their first assault, 256;
- shares in scheme for attack on Turkish vessels, 279;
- is alleged to have advised the emperor to leave the city, 286;
- led the defence against attack at Turks’ ‘bastion,’ 294;
- Justiniani’s loyalty, bravery, and continuous labours in the siege, 303, 309;
- description of his stockade, 309;
- high esteem in which he was held, 310;
- influence of his energy and courage upon his troops, ib.;
- he led the defenders against Bashi-Bazouks, 336;
- and against Janissaries, 341, 345;
- Justiniani mortally wounded: retires within the walls, 345;
- his death, 346;
- his departure creates a panic among the forces, 346 sq., 352;
- partisan charges against him, 347, 352
- Kahriè Mosque, 413 n.
- Knights of Rhodes, 93, 146, 151
- Knights Templars, 53 sq., 227
- Konia, sultan of, 387
- Ladislaus, King of Poland (1428), 129, 157;
- Languages, various, in the Greek empire, 187
-
Lascaris, Theodore, emperor of Nicaea (1204–22): struggle with Baldwin and Henry (Baldwin’s successor), 6;
- Lascaris’s success: extent of his territory, 7
-
Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1254–58; son and successor of John Vataces): his prosperous reign, 15;
- increase of territory, 16
- Lazarus, Kral of Serbia (son of Stephen): effort against Turks, 107;
- Leontius of Salonica: first Professor of Greek in any Western country, 405
- Loredano, Admiral (Venetian), 285, 296
- Louis, King of Hungary, 91, 93
- Louis of Blois, Count, 4 sq.
- Lycus, valley of the, 239, 283
- Lydia, sultan of, 100
-
Lyons, Council of (1245), 15;
- the apparent reconciliation of East and West in 1274, 34
- Lysippus, the bronze horses of, 22
- Macedonia, kingdom of: included in empire of Theodore Lascaris II., 16
- Mahmoud, head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243
- Mahomet, the Prophet; his promise to captors of New Rome, 230
- Mahomet I., Sultan (1413–20, son of Suliman): the first of the name in Ottoman dynasty, 113;
-
Mahomet II., Sultan (1451, son of Murad II.): his aim from boyhood, to capture Constantinople, 207;
- two sides of his character: student and bloodthirsty tyrant, 207 sqq.;
- his accession, 209;
- puts to death his infant brother, 210;
- his great military skill: relations with his troops, ib.;
- secret preparations for the siege, 211;
- Constantine and other rulers send him conciliating embassies, 211;
- makes a truce with Hunyadi, 213;
- active preparations: Roumelia-Hissar, ib.;
- reply to emperor’s remonstrances, 214;
- the fortress completed: Mahomet declares war, 216;
- capture of ships, 217;
- the sultan’s address to the pachas, ib.;
- he devastates country round the city, 218;
- composition and numbers of his army, 222 sqq.;
- Urban’s great bombard, 231;
- details of Mahomet’s fleet, 232 sqq.;
- army arrives before the walls, 235;
- he makes formal offer of peace: the reply, 236;
- disposition of his forces, 243 sqq.;
- number and disposition of his cannon, 244 sq.;
- size of the guns and of the balls they threw, 245 sq.;
- their great influence on the siege, 252;
- capture of fortresses outside the city, 253
-
Mahomet II.—The Siege: city invested, 254;
- first bombardments and their effects, 255;
- attacks that failed, 256 sq.;
- attempt to capture aid-bearing ships: a failure, 257 sqq.;
- sultan a spectator of the fight, 266;
- Baltoglu degraded, 267;
- attempt to gain possession of Golden Horn: transports vessels overland, 269;
- his reasons for this, 270 sqq.;
- concealment of his design, ib.;
- its success, 276;
- alleged request for peace by Constantine, and sultan’s reply, 277;
- failure of Greek attack on Turkish fleet, 277 sqq.;
- attacks on city walls, 283;
- and on the boom, 287, 290;
- Mahomet’s relations with Genoese, 287 sq., 291, 304;
- his secret and rapid construction of a wooden turret or ‘bastion,’ 292 sqq.;
- lack of success of his attempts at undermining, 295;
- the work done in first six weeks of siege, 298;
- preparations for a general assault, 307;
- effect of cannonading on the walls, 308;
- Justiniani’s stockade, 309;
- relations of the sultan with Hunyadi, 312
-
Mahomet II.—The last days of the Siege: the sultan orders his forces to observe three days of praise to God and one day of fasting, 315;
- he hesitates to attack, ib.;
- alarmed at the strange phenomena of May 22–26, 316;
- employs Ismail of Sinope to offer terms of surrender to Greeks, 317;
- proposal rejected, 318;
- sultan calls council, and decides upon attack, 319;
- personally makes final arrangements, 320;
- proclaims three days of plunder, ib.;
- speech to the pashas, 323;
- disposition of the leaders of divisions, 325;
- the general assault, 335;
- begun by Bashi-Bazouks: their defeat, 335;
- the sultan puts himself at the head of his reserves: the attack by Janissaries, 340;
- their success, 348;
- stockade captured, 349;
- death of Constantine: Mahomet enters the city, 351
-
Mahomet II.—After the Capture: his rage at the escape of many refugees, 370;
- treatment of surrendered Galata, 371 sq.;
- triumphal entry into Constantinople, 372;
- in St. Sophia: makes it a mosque, 373;
- his treatment of eminent captives, 373 sqq.;
- makes the city a desolation, 377;
- attempts to repeople it, 380;
- tries to get Greeks to settle in it, 381;
- placed young Greek nobles in the corps of Janissaries, ib.;
- treatment of surrendered Greek islanders, ib.;
- tolerates Christian worship, 382;
- his intercourse with new patriarch, George Scholarius (Gennadius), 383;
- later attempts at repeopling, 384;
- brings back fugitives, 385;
- subjugates empire of Trebizond, 386
-
Mahomet II.—His Character: he conquered two empires and seven kingdoms, 388;
- his wars were wholly for conquest ib.;
- he improved Turkish fleet, 389;
- reformed the administration, ib.;
- legitimised the slaughter of younger brothers by Ottoman sultans, 390;
- was reckless of human life: examples of his cruelty, 390 sq.;
- yet he was kind to prisoners of war, 392;
- he knew six languages, ib.;
- his studies, ib.;
- drew learned men to his court, 393;
- his religious opinions: he was not a religious fanatic, 394 sqq.;
- the good and the evil in him, 396 sqq.
- Maine, Sir Henry, 186
- Mango Khan, 54
-
Manuel II. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1391–1425: son of John V.): had been given by his father as hostage to Murad, 104;
- associated with his father in the government, 106;
- had with him, to render military service to the sultan, their suzerain, ib.;
- father and son compelled Philadelphia to surrender to Murad, 107;
- Manuel escapes, as hostage, from Bajazed, and is proclaimed at Constantinople as sole emperor, 109;
- the empire attacked on every side by Turks, ib.;
- Manuel’s arrangement with the pretender, his nephew John, 110;
- Hungarian cooperation with the emperor: their crushing defeat at Nicopolis (1396), ib.;
- help from Venice and the Genoese: small results, 111;
- Manuel’s resultless visit to France and England, 111 sq.;
- Bajazed’s three attempts to capture Constantinople, 112;
- Manuel gave his granddaughter in marriage to Suliman, Bajazed’s successor, ib.;
- friendly relations with Sultan Mahomet I., 113, 151 sq.;
- war with Murad II., ib.;
- his unsuccessful siege of the city (1422), 114, 154;
- death of Manuel, 115, 155
- Manuscripts and books: huge drafts by Italian scholars upon the stores of, in Constantinople, 406;
- Martin IV., Pope: threatens to depose Michael VIII., 36
- Matthew Cantacuzenus (son of John), 73 n., 75;
- Maundeville, Sir J., 54, 55 n., 56 n., 65 n., 191
- Medici, Cosimo de’, 407
- Mersaite, a Mahdi: at siege of Constantinople (1422), 114
- Mesoteichion, 236, 240, 349
-
Michael VIII., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1260–61: succeeded John Ducas; was Emperor of the East 1261–82): negotiations of Baldwin with him, 16;
- Michael’s efforts to subdue the Latin Empire, 17;
- alliance with Genoese, ib.;
- details of his capture of Constantinople, 18 sqq.;
- his entry into the city: end of Latin empire, 19;
- difficulties in his new position, 25;
- he was really a usurper: his cruel treatment of the de jure heir, John, son of Theodore Lascaris, 26;
- his excommunication therefor, 27;
- efforts to obtain absolution, 27 sqq.;
- troubles caused by Latin attempts to recover the empire, 29;
- threatening encroachment of Turks, ib.;
- to gain aid from West he seeks reconciliation with Roman Church, 30;
- details of strife about Union of the Churches, 30 sqq.;
- Michael’s endeavours in favour, 33;
- double failure: with popes and with his own people, 36;
- his death, ib.
- Michael IX. (Palaeologus), co-emperor with his father, Andronicus II. (died 1320), 37;
- Military colonies in conquered territories, Turkish system of, 189
- Miners, Serbian, employed as sappers by Turks, 291
- Minotto, Venetian bailey, 249;
- Missions, Christian: their great value in Turkey, 424 n.
- Montferrat, Boniface, Marquis of, 1;
- Moscow: destroyed by Tartars (1239), 53
- Mousa, son of Bajazed, 113;
-
Murad (or Amurath) I., Sultan (1359–89, son and successor of Orchan): fanatical persecutor, 103;
- organisation of Janissaries, ib.;
- endeavours to carry out in Europe his father’s policy in Asia Minor, ib.;
- contests with other Turks, and with Hungarians, Serbians, and Bulgarians, 103 sq.;
- John V. formally recognised him as his suzerain, 104;
- defeat of Serbians &c. at Harmanli, 105;
- treatment of his rebel son, Countouz, 106;
- obliges John V. to pay him annual tribute and render military service, ib.;
- Murad’s captures of towns and strongholds, 107;
- the crushing defeat of Serbians &c. at Cossovo-pol, 107 sq.;
- assassination of Murad, 108
-
Murad II., Sultan (1420–51: son of Mahomet I.): relations with Manuel II., 152;
- question of the pretender Mustafa, 152 sq.;
- rebellion in behalf of Murad’s young brother, Mustafa, 154;
- siege of Constantinople (1422): why it was raised, ib.;
- terms of peace (1423), 155;
- triumphal progress of Murad, 156 sqq.;
- sovereigns do homage to him, 156;
- attacks Hungary and Serbia, 157;
- fails in siege of Belgrade, 158;
- refuses to attack Constantinople during John’s absence at Florence, ib.;
- combined Western movement against Murad, 158 sq.;
- Turkish defeats by Hunyadi: Slivnitza, 160;
- Murad sues for peace, 161;
- treaty with King Ladislaus: its terms, ib.;
- soon violated, by Christians, ib.;
- Murad abdicates in favour of his young son, Mahomet, 162;
- resumes his duties to repel army of Ladislaus, 164;
- helped by Genoese to cross Bosporus, ib.;
- battle of Varna, 165 sqq.;
- crushing defeat of Christians, 170;
- Murad ravages Morea, 171;
- attacks the Albanians: is defeated by Iskender Bey, 172;
- Hunyadi again attacks Murad, but is defeated at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174;
- death of Murad (1451), 178;
- character, ib.
- Mustafa, son of Bajazed, 143
- Mustafa, brother of Murad II.: his revolt and punishment, 114, 115 n., 152, 154
- Myriandrion, 240, 249, 339
- Neophytus, a monk: embezzler of public moneys, 242
- Nicaea: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 58;
- Nicholas IV., Pope: promotes project of marriage of Catherine of Courtenay to the son of Andronicus II., 37
- Nicholas V., Pope: calls upon Constantine to complete the decreed Union, 202;
-
Nicopolis: combined Western armies defeated at (1396), 110, 134;
- details of the battle, 135
- Notaras, Lucas; made Grand Duke, 155;
-
Orchan, Sultan (son and successor of Othman): married a daughter of Cantacuzenus, 72;
- sent an army to assist his father-in-law against partisans of John V., ib.;
- and another to help Matthew Cantacuzenus against Serbians, 73 n.;
- John V. endeavoured to gain his aid, 78;
- capture of Nicaea, 97;
- conciliatory treatment of Christians, 98;
- varied successes and disasters, 98 sq.;
- capture of Ismidt (Nicomedia), 99;
- relations with John V., 101 sq.;
- Orchan’s death (1359): summary of what he had effected, 102;
- he was the maker of the Turkish nation, ib.
- Orchan, son (or grandson) of Suliman: his maintenance at Constantinople, 150, 211 sq., 213;
- Orthogrul. See Ertogrul
- Othman (or Osman), founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60;
- Ottoman Turks, 54;
- Ottoman coins, the first, 98
-
Overland transport of Mahomet II.’s ships, 269, 272;
- similar feats performed before, 272 and n.;
- the plan and execution kept secret, ib.;
- attention diverted from it, 273 sq.;
- precautions against opposition, 274;
- the number of vessels, 275;
- method of transport, ib.;
- distance traversed, 276;
- size of the vessels, 276 n.;
- discussion of question of the route adopted, 443 sqq.
-
Oxford: Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at (temp. Henry VII.), 410;
- the opponents to this novelty called themselves ‘Trojans,’ ib.
- Pammacaristos, monastery, 152
- Parandaria, description of, 235
- Parateichion, the, 239
- Pera (modern name Stavrodromion), 273
- Peribolos, 114, 238
- Peter of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1217–19: successor of Henry), 8 sq.
- Petrarch: promoted study of Greek, 404
- Petroboles: Greek name for cannon, 293
- Philadelphia: surrendered to Turks (1379), 107
- Philelphus: wide range of his scholarship, 407 sq.
- Philip Augustus, King (France), 11
- Philotheus, patriarch, 78
- Photius, patriarch (877–85): disappearance of two thirds of works enumerated in ‘Myriobiblion,’ 401
- Phrantzes: Mahomet II.’s treatment of him and his family, 374
- Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius: statement that Eugenius IV. justified violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163 n.;
- Plague, the, 125, 189
- Plato: study of, in Constantinople, 196
- Plethon, George Gemistos, 196;
-
Podestà, the, of Galata, 271, 304;
- his account of surrender of Galata, 371
- Poland: attacked by Tartars, 53
- Pomaks (Bulgarians who have accepted Islam), 58 n.
- Porphyrogenitus, palace, 73, 243, 290
- Prester (or Presbyter) John, 55
-
Prinkipo, island of, 77;
- treatment of its defenders by Baltoglu, 253
- Printing with moveable types: Greek scholars scorned printed Greek books, 408
- Purgatory and intermediate state of souls: the question treated at Council of Florence, 126
- Pusculus: his account of the siege of Constantinople, in Latin verse, xii
- Ramazan, observance of, 315
- Rangebè, Greek general: encounter with standard-bearer of Mahomet II., 289
- Red Horse-tail surmounted by Golden Crescent (Timour’s standard), 143
- Relics in Constantinople: sold by Latins to raise money, 12, 14
- Religion: the influence of, on Greeks and Moslems respectively, 447 sqq.
-
Renaissance, the: its rise and effects, 129;
- benefits it derived from dispersal of Greek scholars from Constantinople, 403;
- learned Easterns taught Greek in Italy, 404 sq.;
- enthusiasm in Italy for the study, 405;
- increase in reproduction of manuscripts, 408;
- scholars’ objection to printed Greek books, ib.;
- increased number of fugitive scholars after 1453, ib.;
- the Renaissance movement carried to unjustifiable extremes, 409;
- zeal for Greek died out in Italy, but spread in Germany, 410
- Robert of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1219–28: successor of Peter), 9, 14
- Rocafert, 47 sq.
-
Roger de Flor (otherwise Robert Blum): his varied life, 42;
- to avoid personal troubles in West, he took service under Andronicus II., ib.;
- his 8,000 followers: known as the Catalan Grand Company, 42 sq.;
- made Grand Duke by the emperor, 43;
- as terrible to Christians as to Moslems, ib.;
- examples of their methods and outrages, 43 sq.;
- he desired to carve out a kingdom for himself, 44;
- treatment of the emperor, 45;
- suspected ill intentions towards Greeks, ib.;
- assassinated by a leader of the Alans, 46;
- Catalans’ revenge and the retaliation, ib.;
- further outrages by Catalans, 46 sq.;
- at open war with Greeks, ib.;
- emperor’s vain endeavours to buy them off, 47;
- dissensions in the Company, 48;
- its end, 49
- Romanus Gate: discussion of view that it was the chief place of final assault on the city, 429 sqq.
- ‘Roum,’ Turkish form of ‘Rome,’ 53 n.
- Roumelia-Hissar, 164 n.;
- Russia: Tartars long firmly established in, 53, 64
- Sacred Mouth, The (entrance to Black Sea), 164
-
St. Demetrius, Tower of (‘Megademetrius’), 250;
- its position, 260 n.
- St. Louis of France, 11 sq., 16, 31 sq.
- St. Mark (Venice), treasures of: many came from Constantinople, 123
- St. Sophia. See Hagia Sophia
- St. Theodore, Hill of, 273
- St. Theodosia, church of: a congregation there, mostly women, the first victims after capture of city, 361
-
Salonica, kingdom of, 4 sq., 8;
- city captured by Murad II., 156 sq.
- Saracens, 23, 53 sqq., 69, 90 sqq.
- Saraja Pasha, 325
-
Savoy, Anne of, wife of Andronicus III., 70;
- her efforts towards union of the Churches, 89
- Scanderbeg. See Iskender
- Schildberger, a Belgian present at battles of Nicopolis and Angora, 145 n.
- Scholarius, George, 126 sq.;
- Sea-fight of April 20, 1453: where it took place, 436 sqq.
-
Seljukian Turks, 2, 6;
- their sultan called himself ‘Sultan of Roum,’ 53
- Selymbria (modern Silivria): captured (1260) by Strategopulus, 17
- Seraglio Point, 238, 244, 359
- Serbians, 25;
- Shishman, king of Bulgaria, 134
- Sicilian Vespers (1282), 36, 41
- Sigismund, Emperor, 121
- Sigismund, King (Hungary): defeated by Murad II., 157;
- Silivria. See Selymbria
- Slaves: captured Christians sold as, 78
- Slivnitza, battle of (1443): Turks completely defeated by Hunyadi, 161
- Smyrna: captured by Timour, 146
- Sobieski, John: relief of Vienna, 416
- ‘Soldiers’: meaning of the term in the Crusades, 11 n.
- Sphendone of the Hippodrome, the, 260
- Stamboul: derivation of name, 237 n.
-
Stephen, kral of Serbia: his advance against the empire, 72;
- took title of Emperor of Serbia and Romania, 101
- Stockade, Justiniani’s, 255
-
Strategopulus, Emperor Michael’s general, 17;
- his capture of Constantinople, 18 sq.
- Studium, fortress of, 253
- Sublime Porte, The (or ‘The Lofty Gate’): meaning of the term, 58
- Subutai, Tartar leader in Russia, 53
- Suliman, Sultan (Bajazed’s successor, 1402–09): married Manuel’s granddaughter, 112;
-
Suliman, son of Orchan, 101;
- defeat of Tartars in Asia Minor, ib.;
- capture of Angora, 102
- Supernatural omens: discussion of the strange phenomena at Constantinople (May 22–26, 1453), 296 sqq.;
- Supremacy, papal: not publicly discussed at Council of Florence, 126
- Sventigrad, siege of, 202
-
Szegedin, treaty of (1444), 161;
- results of its speedy violation, 161 sqq.
- Tana, the great caravan route from, 23
-
Tarentum, Philip of, son-in-law of Charles of Valois, 39;
- failure of his designs against Constantinople, 40
- Tartars, the, 31, 36, (the form ‘Tatars’ is incorrect) 52 and n., 53 sq., (a great number in Thrace in 1324) 64, 73 n., 99 sq.;
- Teleboles, Greek name for cannon, 293
-
Tetaldi, a Florentine soldier: his ‘Informacion,’ xii;
- a defender in the siege, 311
- Teucri: Turks called so by some Latin writers, 394 n., 410
-
Theodore, Greek despot of Epirus, 8;
- proclaimed emperor at Salonica (1222), 9
- Theodosian walls (Constantinople), 238, 240
- Theophilus Palaeologus, 350
- Therapia, fortress of, 253
- Thessalonica, kingdom of, 40
- Thomas, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201
- Time, Eastern mode of reckoning, 351 n.
- Timour, ruler of Tartars on Volga, 63
-
Timour (or Tamerlane: Timour the Lame), 55;
- his summons to Bajazed, 112;
- his origin and character, 139;
- enormous host of followers, ib.;
- his career of conquest and barbarism, 139 sq.;
- in Egypt, 140;
- kept from Jerusalem by a plague of locusts, ib.;
- carnage attending his captures, 141;
- requests aid from West to crush the Turkish sultan (Bajazed), ib.;
- battle of Angora (1402): Bajazed defeated and taken prisoner, 143 sq.;
- Timour’s progress in conquest, 145;
- horrible cruelties, 147;
- his death, ib.;
- results of battle of Angora, 147
- Trajan, Gate of (Slivnitza), 160
-
Trebizond: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 5;
- the empire put an end to (1461) by Mahomet II., 387;
- summary of its history, ib.
- Trevisano, Gabriel: leading Venetian commander at the great siege, 220 sq.;
- Triremes, description of, 234
- Turkish mercenaries among defenders in the great siege, 250
-
Turks, the—Before 1326: Turkish auxiliaries in Greek army, and in Rocafert’s Catalan band 47 sq.;
- their invasion of Europe, 53;
- origin and characteristics of the first hordes, 54 sqq.;
- how they became Mahometans, 56;
- relations with Greek Christians in 1267, ib.;
- permanent characteristics of Turkish race, 57 sq.;
- domestic life, 59;
- a constant stream of immigrants from Central Asia westward, ib.;
- their conquests were followed by settlement, but their nomadic character has remained, 60;
- their early chiefs, ib.;
- first attacks upon Greek empire, 61;
- entry into Europe (1306–07), 62;
- progress in Asia Minor, ib.;
- other Turkish invaders attack Russia, Poland, and Hungary, 63;
- capture of Brousa (1326), 64;
- their advance and successes under Orchan and his immediate successors, 98 sqq., 103 sqq., 107 sqq.
-
Turks, the—After Timour: speedy recovery of their influence and territory after Timour’s death, 114, 155;
- their marvellous success over armies of Central Europe, 130;
- their prowess and methods in battle, 135;
- in 1402 they had possession of all outside the walls of Constantinople, 137;
- deterioration of their armies under Bajazed, 147;
- enter Bosnia (1415), 151;
- their increased numbers in Europe, 155;
- system of establishing military colonies in conquered territories, 189
-
Turks, the—At the Siege: details of their forces, 222 sqq.;
- marvellous discipline and mobility of troops, 229;
- their methods of fighting, 230;
- Europeans among them, 231;
- constitution of Mahomet II.’s fleet, 232 sq.;
- number and size of its vessels, 233 n.;
- disposition of besiegers’ army, 243;
- duties of the fleet, 244;
- the batteries of cannon, 244 sq.;
- arms and equipment of the men, 251;
- their skill in use of cannon, 252;
- a naval battle, 257 sqq.;
- tactics and manner of fighting 262, 269;
- Turks murder captives, 283;
- failure of attempts at undermining walls, 291, 295;
- results of six weeks of siege, 298;
- ardour for final assault, 321;
- their fusiliers, 325;
- failure of first attacks, 335 sq.;
- the great assault by Janissaries, 340 sqq.;
- Turks enter the city through a neglected postern, 342;
- final charge, 348;
- the city captured, 350;
- failure of fleet’s operations, 359
-
Turks, the—After the Capture: Turks’ treatment of the people, 361;
- a morning’s massacre, 362;
- plunder organised: atrocities of looters, 364 sqq.;
- innumerable books destroyed or sold, in mockery, for pence or even farthings, 367;
- not a few Christian renegades among the Turks, 368;
- their military reputation enormously increased by the capture, 415;
- extension of their power by sea and land, 416;
- their piracy and slave trade, ib.;
- utter degradation of Constantinople, 417;
- treatment of Christians as mere chattels, ib.;
- impoverishment due to Turks’ contempt for industry and commerce, 418;
- injury they did to religion and learning, 420;
- Turks’ treatment of women and marriage, 422 n.;
- Turkish misrule, 424;
- the conquest had little effect on mass of Turkish population, 425;
- their religious intolerance only virulent at intervals, ib.;
- only in the art of war have Turks benefited by their neighbours’ example, 426;
- present conditions of Christian nations in the vicinity of Turkey, 427
- Uglisha, son of Kral Stephen, 105
-
Union of Orthodox and Roman Churches: details of the strife over, 31 sqq.;
- the question revived by Andronicus III., 69 sq.;
- Cantacuzenus, 75, 81 sq.;
- Anne of Savoy and John V., 89, 91;
- Western misconceptions about Orthodox Church, 116;
- statement of position of Easterns, 166 sqq.;
- Cæsaro-papism, 117;
- the position of the popes and the Westerns, 118 sq.;
- the great effort at Reunion (1429): details of its progress, 120 sqq.;
- decree signed at Council of Florence (1439), 127;
- disillusionment of Greeks, ib.;
- variations in copies of Decree of Union, 128 and n.;
- its formal completion demanded by Nicholas V. as condition of aid given to Constantine XI., 202;
- the Reconciliation service in Hagia Sophia (Dec. 1452), 203 sq.;
- dissensions that followed, 204, 300;
- the reconciliation was a sham, 205
- Unleavened bread (in the Mass): violent controversy about, at Council of Florence, 126
- Urban, Hungarian cannon-founder: made a monster bombard or gun for the great siege, 231;
-
Urban IV., Pope: proclaimed (1262) a Crusade against Michael VIII. and against his allies the Genoese, 31;
- diverted the expedition to Palestine, against Tartars, ib.
-
Urban V., Pope: Crusade against Saracens (1366), 91;
- efforts for Union, 91 sq.
- ‘Valley of the Springs,’ the (now Cassim Pasha), 272
-
Valois, Charles of; object of his marriage with Catherine of Courtenay, 38;
- treaty with Venetians for conquest of Constantinople, ib.;
- the design abandoned, 39
- Varna, battle of, 165 sqq.
-
Vataces, John Ducas (1222–54), successor of Theodore Lascaris at Nicaea: his successful rule, 9, 14;
- restricted boundaries of the Latin territory, ib.;
- in alliance with Bulgarians, attacks Constantinople, 13;
- gets possession of Salonica, ib.
- Veccus, patriarch, 33, 37
- Vefa Meidan: the pretended burial-place of Constantine at, 355 n.
-
Venetians: their share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 2;
- save Constantinople from attack of Vataces, 13;
- commerce of the city in their hands, 14;
- relations with Michael VIII., 32;
- treaty of alliance against Constantinople (1306) with Charles of Valois, 39;
- later made a truce with Andronicus II., 40;
- rivalry with Genoese in the Greek empire, 76;
- a battle between them in the Bosporus, 77;
- Venetian and Genoese fleets co-operate against Bajazed, 111;
- the nations again at war with each other, 112;
- Venetians made peace with Murad II., 157;
- preparations against the great siege, 220;
- their nobles took part in the defence, 221;
- Venetians and Genoese associated in it, 247 sq.;
- Venetians quarrel during siege with Genoese, 288;
- both peoples alike were looked upon by Greeks as interlopers in Constantinople, 301;
- escape of some Venetians from the captured city, 369
- Volunteers (Θεληματάριοι), Greek settlers in country behind Constantinople, 18
-
Wallachs, 149;
- treachery at Cossovo-pol, 174
- Walls of Constantinople, 238–42
- Weapons and implements of warfare: various names for, 251, 269
- Western attempts against Turks: reasons for failure, 175;
- Woolwich Artillery Museum: a great Turkish cannon there, 232 n.
- Ximenes, Fernand: head of a body of mercenaries in connection with Roger de Flor, 43, 48
- Zacharia, A. J., Podestà of Galata: his account of the surrender of the town, 371
- Zagan Pasha, 243, 271, 291 sqq., 319, 325, 359