INDEX
- A
- Abram, History of Blackburn, 97n.
- Acts of Parliament, 1495-1496—indicates import of fustians, 196;
- 1514—regulates making of cloth, 2, 3 and n.;
- 1535—regulates making of cloth, 3;
- 1543—gives information of Lancashire cloth industry, 30-31;
- 1551—regulates cloth making and fixes standards, 3, 5n., 6;
- 1552-1553—imposes restrictions on middlemen in wool trade, 31;
- 1555—Weavers’ Act, main aim and provisions, 3-4;
- counties excluded from operation, 4 and n.;
- repeal of, 4n.;
- 1557—modifies Weavers’ Act, 4;
- 1563—Statute of Apprentices, scope of, 48n.;
- appealed to by check-weavers (1758), 48 and n.;
- repeal advocated, 51;
- repealed, 1813-1814, 49n.;
- 1566—appoints deputy-aulnagers for Lancashire towns, 4, 5n.;
- 1577—restrictive character and effects, 31;
- 1597—prohibits use of tenters and enforces regulations of size and weight of cloth, 5;
- indicates English manufacture of fustians, 196;
- 1606—distinguishes between cloths made of perfect wool and cloths in which flocks, etc., entered, 6-7;
- ordains alnage of narrow draperies, 195-196;
- 1700—abolishes previous duties, 7;
- prohibits import and sale of printed or dyed calicoes from East, 19;
- failure of, 20;
- 1702—against payment in truck and embezzlement of materials, 36;
- made permanent in 1710, 37;
- extended to other industries, 37;
- included provisions against combinations, 37;
- indicates organisation of cotton industry, 37;
- 1714—calicoes subjected to additional duty, 92-93;
- 1721—prohibits use of printed or dyed calicoes, 20-22;
- cloths exempted from operation of, 21;
- stimulates printing of other fabrics than calico, 22;
- explained by Manchester Act (1736), 23;
- 1736—Manchester Act, scope of, 23;
- support and opposition to, 24;
- indicates expansion of fustian industry, 39;
- modified Act of 1721 respecting goods made with linen warp, 93;
- 1749—Act of 1702 against unlawful combinations extended, 37;
- 1774—repealed additional duty on calicoes (1714) and prohibition of printed calicoes (1736), 93;
- 1783—gave bounties on export of printed cottons, 197n.
- Agriculture, many labourers from, become weavers, 144
- Aikin, Description of Country round Manchester, 25, 26, 28, 59, 60, 62, 121n., 136n., 138, 139n., 161n.;
- England Delineated, 58n.;
- England Described, 58n.
- Ainsworth, P., & Son, 170
- Ainsworth, R., bleacher, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 182
- Ainsworth, T., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 177, 178;
- evidence in support of Crompton’s appeal, 178, 179-182, 183, 184, 189-191
- Ainsworth, T., & Co., 170
- America. See Wars, Cotton
- Antwerp, cloth market, xxv.
- Arkwright, Richard, first patent (1769) for roller-spinning, 1, 29, 76, 79, 80, 97, 100, 114, 122n., 172, 179, 186;
- improved upon earlier carding-machines, 77-78;
- inventor of crank and comb device, 78, 107;
- second patent (1775) for carding-machine, 81, 100, 106-107;
- brought roller-spinning and machine-carding into use, 111-112;
- his machines produced hard thread suitable for warps, 117, 124;
- his indebtedness to previous inventors, 107, 108-111;
- not inventor of roller-spinning or roving-machine, 110;
- application of steam-power to his machines, 81;
- his profits from patent machinery, 100, 172, 179, 186;
- erected factory at Cromford, 81, 100;
- other factories, 100, 112;
- capital invested in his and partners’ factories, 100;
- concerned in erection of New Lanark Mills, 106, 112;
- alleged to have aimed at cotton monopoly, 112;
- alleged intention of discovering Crompton’s secret, 116n.;
- secured modification of Acts of 1714 and 1721, 43, 93, 100;
- left Lancashire, 82, 98;
- his machinery destroyed, 82-88;
- antagonism to, 89, 92, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 119, 120;
- began actions for infringements of patents, 93, 100, 101, 102, 120;
- first trial and unfavourable verdict, 1781, 102, 119;
- second patent cancelled, 102, 110, 119, 121, 124, 144;
- successful action of 1785, 103-105, 119, 121;
- agitation to reverse verdict of second trial (1785), 105;
- third trial (1785) of validity of second patent, 106-109, 119;
- discussion of his machinery in third trial, 106-110;
- character of, 111, 118;
- as successful man of business, 97-98, 112, 118;
- Case of (1782), 102;
- Patent Trial of, 92n., 100n., 102n., 107n., 108n., 109n., 111n.
- Arkwright, son of Richard A., subscribed to public subscription for Crompton, 185
- Artisans, superior, called small farmers by Radcliffe, 142;
- superior, rent land as accessory to industry, 139-140, 142;
- abandon agriculture for work at loom, 141;
- benefit from inventions, 140;
- inferior, entirely dependent on industry, 139-140;
- raised in social status by new industry, 140-141
- Arts, Society of, inability to assist Crompton, 153
- Ashley, W. J., Sir, Economic History, 4n.;
- Economic Organisation of England, 37
- Ashton, smallware weavers’ combine at, 144
- Ashworth, H., cotton-spinner and author, 161
- Augsburg, fustians of, xxii.
- Aulnager, seal of counterfeited, 4;
- deputy-aulnagers appointed, 4. See Lennox
- Axon, W. E. A., Manchester a Hundred Years Ago, 26
- B
- Baines, History of Cotton Manufacture, xxi., 2n., 3n., 12, 16n., 22n., 24n., 29n., 31n., 63n., 77n., 78n., 93-94, 97, 98n., 107, 110, 111n., 112, 117n., 124n., 125n., 130n., 132n.;
- Lancashire and Cheshire, 125n.
- Baker, improved and enlarged mule, 123
- Banks, Manchester Man, 127
- Barkstead, J., connected with silk and copper industries, 16-17, 18n.;
- applied for patent, for silk manufacture and calicoes, 17, 18;
- had no influence on development of cotton industry, 18, 19
- Barton, H. and J., & Co., 170
- Bastable, Public Finance, 63n.
- Bateman, J., 172
- Bays, 6, 7n.
- Belfast, numbers employed in 1800 in cotton industry at, 131
- Belper, Arkwright’s factory at, 100
- Bigwood, Cotton, 162n.
- Billy, combination of mule and jenny for making rovings, 123-124, 181n.;
- premium to inventor of, 123-124
- Birkacre, Arkwright’s factory at, 100;
- factories attacked, 82, 92
- Birley, R., 170
- Blackburn. See Petitions
- Bolton, see Cottons, Fustians, Petitions, Crompton;
- market, 3, 27, 37;
- sixteenth-century manufacture of cottons and coarse yarns, 3;
- prosecution club, 159 and n.;
- public subscription to relieve distress, 1862, 161;
- population in 1773, 161;
- centre of fine cotton spinning, 162;
- centre of fustian manufacture, 15, 27, 56
- Bourne, D., patented carding-machine, 77
- Bridgewater cloth, 6
- Bridgnorth, Society of Travelling Scotchmen of, 65
- Bristol, food riots in, 42
- Brown, J., took lead in second petition on Crompton’s behalf, 159;
- Basis of Mr. Samuel Crompton’s Claims, 78n., 116n., 152n., 153n., 157n., 159n., 172n.
- Brussels, gilds of journeymen at, xxiii.
- Burleigh, Lord, xxvii.-xxviii.
- Burnley, woollen manufacturers support Manchester Act (1736), 24
- C
- Calicoes, see Acts of Parliament;
- plain imported, 19;
- manufacture established by new machinery, 91-92, 128;
- made in Arkwright’s factory at Derby, 100
- Calico-printing, early development in London and Lancashire, 22n.
- Camden, Britannia, 7n.
- Canals, 62, 71
- Cannan, see M‘Connel;
- emigrated from Kirkcudbright and became cotton-machine maker, 127-128
- Carding, see Arkwright, Bourne, Paul;
- mechanical improvements in, 76-77, 110;
- cylinder carding-engine, 110
- Carriers displace pack-horses, 62. See Manchester
- Case, G., 172
- Champagne fairs, xxii.
- Chapman, S. J., Sir, Lancashire Cotton Industry, 40n., 72n., 137n., 143n., 163n.;
- Victoria County History of Lancashire, 5n., 8n.
- Chapmen, see Travelling Merchants, 60, 61, 63-65
- Checks, organisation of manufacture, 40-41;
- articles included in, 25;
- localisation of manufacture, 56;
- check-weavers’ turn-out and submission, 46-52
- Checks and smallware, Act of 1702 indicates organisation of manufacture, 37;
- makers of, less numerous than fustian-makers, 39;
- organisation in middle of eighteenth century, 40. See Combinations
- Cheshire v. Lancashire. Spinning on Cheshire farms, 139n.;
- Luddite risings, 154-155
- Chester, petitioned to be sole port for Manchester cottons, 7n.;
- food riots at, 86
- Chetham, George, apprenticed to G. Tipping, 34;
- member of Merchant Tailors’ Company, 34;
- partnership with brother Humphrey, 34
- Chetham, Humphrey, apprenticed to S. Tipping, 34;
- general merchant and manufacturer, 35;
- accounts of, 35;
- dealer in cotton and linen yarn, 35;
- employed spinners and weavers, 35-36;
- a capitalist clothier, 36;
- sold cotton and yarn in small quantities on credit, 36
- Chetham, H. and G., business and capital of, xxiv.-xxv., 34;
- branches in Manchester and London, 34, 59;
- traded with Ireland, 59;
- not merely fustian dealers, 35;
- mainly engaged in home trade, 59;
- invest capital in land, 34
- Chetham, James, 34
- Chethams, engaged in cloth industry, 32-34, 39
- Children, labour of, in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Manchester, 25-26
- Chorley, factories attacked, 82, 92
- Chowbent, 127-128
- Clarke, New Lancashire Gazetteer, 128n., 129n.
- Clegg, A., 170
- Clothiers, northern, of early sixteenth century, 30-32
- Cloths, exports of, in 1594 and 1595, 7
- Cole, Some Account of Lewis Paul, 76
- Combination Acts expressed views of dominant political class, 146-147
- Combinations, see Acts (1702, 1749), Mansfield (Lord);
- coming into existence in early eighteenth century, 52;
- link between earlier associations and trade unions, 52;
- various trades organised before 1790, 54n.;
- in west of England textile industry, 52 and n.;
- in check and smallware trades, 40-45;
- extended to country districts, 144;
- among mule-spinners, 144n.
- Communications, road and river, 62, 71
- Companies formed in South Sea period to promote cotton manufacture, 19
- Cotton, called cotton-wool, 8;
- import of, early, 2, 16;
- at end of seventeenth century, 16;
- in eighteenth century, 24;
- up to 1815, 132;
- import of, from East, 8, 9, 13, 16;
- from Africa, 16;
- from America and West Indies, 16, 57, 132;
- imported through London, 57;
- previous sources displaced by United States, 16;
- customs on imported cotton, 9;
- early use of, for candle-wicks, 2;
- first used in making cloth, 2;
- made into fustians, vermilions, dymities, 8;
- regular supply necessary to Lancashire in 1654, 13;
- perhaps used in Lancashire for cloth-making in sixteenth century, 7;
- cleaning and carding, early methods of, 75;
- used as substitute for flax in lace-making, 131;
- quantity spun by mules in 1812, 188
- Cotton cloth, see Petitions;
- imported before sixteenth century, 2 and n.;
- pure, when manufactured, 29;
- put on same footing as mixed goods, 93
- Cottons, see Acts (1514, 1535, 1551), Manchester;
- made in Lancashire in early sixteenth century, 2;
- in Bolton district, 3;
- and outside Lancashire, 7;
- exported in sixteenth century, 3, 7;
- manufacture regulated, 3-8;
- faults in making of, 5;
- regarded as species of woollen cloth, 7, 8;
- manufacture introduced by immigrants, 12;
- duties on, abolished, 7
- Cotton industry, see Fustian, Germany, Lancashire, Manchester, Weymouth;
- originated in second half of sixteenth century, 12;
- established by 1621, 10;
- difficulties during commonwealth, 13;
- associated with fustian manufacture, 15;
- comparatively unhampered by regulations, 66;
- development of spinning and preparatory processes after 1736, 72, 76n.;
- progressive expansion due to inventions, 145, 179, 189;
- expansion after 1770, 1, 72, 91, 132;
- organised on factory system after 1770, 1, 75n., 98-99, 100;
- factories transferred from country to towns, 126;
- description of, between 1770 and 1778, 133-134;
- statistics of mule and ring spindles, 164;
- organisation and methods changing in 1780, 24;
- expansion by 1812, 179, 189-190;
- assumed modern form in spinning branch, 132;
- employment and capital in 1782, 100;
- fear of removal to Ireland and Scotland, 106;
- manufacture of fine fabrics transferred from East to West, 129 and n.;
- development of fine cotton goods manufacture, 130-131;
- finds extending market in East, 130 and n.;
- use of steam-power in, 81-82;
- domestic system in, 137n.;
- association of industry with agriculture, 135-137;
- labour supplied mainly from cottagers and small farmers, 139;
- distinction and proportion between small farmers and cottagers engaged in, 137-139;
- semi-independent producers in, 35-36, 134-135, 143 and n.;
- but not typical workpeople, 36-37, 143;
- part-time industrialists in country districts only, 137, 143 and n.;
- classes affected by industrial changes, 139-143;
- wages in, 90-91 and n., 133-134
- Cotton yarn, imported from East, 8, 9, 16;
- imported from other countries, 29n.;
- imported from Continent for Scotch manufactory, 180
- Crank and comb device. See Arkwright
- Crofters in Manchester district, 70
- Cromford, Arkwright’s factory at, 81, 100
- Crompton, Samuel, birth and early life, 114;
- character, 120-121;
- lacked business qualities, 118, 150;
- death in 1827, 159, 160;
- inventor of mule, 113;
- endeavoured to improve quality of yarn, 114, 167;
- began to construct mule, 114, 167, 168-170;
- completed and used mule, 114, 161, 167, 173;
- gave up weaving and kept to spinning, 167;
- made mule public, 116, 167, 168, 173;
- reasons for not obtaining patent, 118;
- agreed to subscription (1780) as reward for invention, 116 and n., 118, 120, 168-169, 181, 187;
- received only £100 as reward in 1780, 120, 169, 187;
- public subscription for, in 1802, 150, 166-167;
- its poor result, 151, 169, 188;
- Appeal to Parliament in 1812, 151, 153, 154, 155, 170;
- his petition, 172-174;
- memorial and signatures presented to Chancellor of Exchequer, 168-172;
- committee on his petition, 129, 184-185;
- minutes of evidence, 186-191;
- proceedings in reference to his appeal, 155-157, 172-174;
- his petition recommended by Prince Regent, 155, 172;
- presented to Parliament, 172-173;
- award of £5000 in 1812, 151, 155, 158;
- reduced to poverty by 1824, 159;
- annuity raised by friends in 1824, 159;
- further petition in 1826, 159-160;
- gratuity of £50 given to his son, 161;
- combined business of small farmer with that of spinner, 149;
- refused to join Peel’s business, 149;
- difficulty of retaining his workers, 152 and n.;
- embarked without success on bleaching business, 158;
- continued business of spinning and manufacturing at Bolton, 158;
- unsuccessful partnership as spinner and cotton merchant, 158;
- his part in development of mule, 162, 165, 179;
- his account of value of mule to cotton industry, 169-170, 173, 180;
- effects of his work, 162;
- unacquainted with Arkwright’s rollers, 121-122;
- destroyed carding-machine on which he was experimenting, 121;
- relations with members of his family, 152;
- overseer of poor, 149;
- member of Bolton prosecution club, 159n.;
- monument and statue, 160;
- Hall-i’-th’-Wood museum and memorial, 161 and n.;
- correspondence of, to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting subscription of 1803, 166-167;
- to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting proceedings in London, 174-175;
- to M‘Connel & Kennedy, respecting proceedings after sittings of Committee, 192-194;
- to Kennedy respecting petition proceedings, 175-176;
- to family respecting petition proceedings, 176-178;
- to Kennedy respecting evidence for appeal to Parliament, 178-179;
- grant to family from Royal Bounty Fund, 197n.
- Cumberland exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4
- Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 12, 49n.
- Curtler, Short History of Agriculture, 147n.
- D
- Dale, D., connected with Arkwright and New Lanark Mills, xxx., 106
- Defoe, D., Tour through Great Britain, 61-62, 135n., 197n.
- Dehn, German Cotton Industry, 14n.
- Deptford, industries in eighteenth century and numbers employed, 28n.
- Derbyshire, miners fix food prices (1764), 84;
- food riots in 1767, 85;
- Luddite risings, 154-155
- Dictionary of National Biography, 47n.
- Dimities, made from cotton-wool from Cyprus, 8
- Distress in 1756-1757, 43;
- Parliamentary measures to relieve, 84-85
- Dobson, Evolution of Spinning Machine, 75n., 77n., 78n., 128n., 159n., 162n.
- Dobson & Rothwell, makers of textile machinery, 128;
- size of mules made by, in 1799, 162
- Dodd, Textile Manufacturers of Great Britain, 131n.
- Domestic system, a system of capitalist employers, 54-55.
- See Cotton Industry
- Douai, textile industry of, xxiv.-xxv.
- Double jenny, 94-95
- Douglas, W., & Co., 170
- Dozens, northern, 6
- Drapery, new, manufacture of, introduced by Flemings in 1561, 12;
- character of, 11 and n.;
- regulation of, 6
- Draw-boys, 74
- Drinkwater, T. and J., 172
- Dunlop, J., 172
- Dunster cotton, 7
- Dutch loom, superseded single loom, 40;
- widened scope of employment, 40;
- for narrow fabrics, 72, 74;
- disadvantages of, 72
- E
- Earle, T., 172
- East India Co., imported cotton yarn and fine cotton fabrics in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 16, 18;
- rivals of, 18
- Economic Journal, 5n., 31n., 126n., 132n., 150n.
- Edwards, History of West Indies, 88n.
- Ellison, Cotton Trade of Great Britain, 57n., 164n.
- Embezzlement of materials by workpeople, 36.
- See Acts (1702)
- Enclosure Acts, expression of views of dominant political class, 146-147
- Espinasse, Lancashire Worthies, 20, 29n., 73n., 74n., 76n., 77n., 78n., 80, 81, 82n., 93n., 100n., 102n., 103n., 104n., 105n., 106n., 107n., 110n.
- Ewart, Rutson & Co., 172
- F
- Factory system, beginning of, 75n.
- See Cotton Industry, Silk
- Felkin, History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, 98
- Fielden, H. and W., 170
- Findlay, J., & Co., 172
- Flanders, textile industries of, xxiv.-xxv.
- Flier, used with Saxony wheel, 75, 81
- Florence, textile industries of, xxiii., xxv.
- Flying shuttle, invention and importance of, 73, 74;
- see Kay;
- slow adoption in cotton industry, 73
- Food riots in 1753 and 1754, 42
- Forster, J., 172
- Fox, W., 172
- French, Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, 17n., 76n., 77n., 113, 114, 116n., 118, 121, 134n., 138n., 149, 150, 151, 152n., 153n., 155, 157, 158n., 159n., 160
- Fuller, Worthies of England, 15, 25, 34
- Fustians, see Acts, Bolton, Combinations, Cotton Industry, London;
- manufacture introduced into Europe, xxi.-xxii.;
- into England, 12;
- stimulated by decline of German cotton industry;
- date of origin of fustian manufacture discussed, 12, 195-196;
- development of fustian manufacture, 12, 15, 23, 39;
- organisation of manufacture, 37-39;
- combined with smallware manufacture, 27-28;
- early large-scale production, 23;
- numbers employed in 1654, 13;
- and in 1735, 23;
- commission system in fustian industry, 37-38;
- country fustian masters, 39;
- centres of manufacture, 9-10, 15, 27, 37, 56;
- regulation of manufacture, 11, 195;
- wages in fustian trade, 91n.;
- materials used in manufacture, 29, 35;
- regarded as woollens, 11;
- not made of pure cottons in seventeenth century, 19, 22, 196;
- a species of new drapery, 196;
- range of goods comprised by, 28;
- imported, 2n., 196;
- exported, 9, 60;
- fustian tax, agitation against and repeal, 63 and n., 103-104
- G
- Gaskell, Artisans and Machinery, 139n.;
- Manufacturing Population of England, 56n., 137n., 139-144;
- dislike of factory system, 139
- Gentleman’s Magazine, 46n.
- Germany, cotton industry in fourteenth century, 13-14;
- effects of Thirty Years’ War on, 14;
- effects of decline in English fustian industry, 13-14
- Ghent, textile workers of, xxiii.
- Gilds, textile, xxii.-xxiii.
- Gladstone, J., 172
- Glasgow merchants support Manchester Act (1736), 24
- Gras, Early English Customs System, 2n.
- Greg & Ewart, 170
- Guest, British Cotton Manufacture, 43, 80n., 94, 95n., 96n., 97n., 111n., 124n.;
- Compendious History of Cotton Manufacture, 38, 39, 60, 73n., 74n., 96, 108
- H
- Hakluyt, 3
- Halifax, hawkers and pedlars, 64-65
- Hammond, Cotton Industry, 132n.
- Hammond, J. L. and B., 83n.
- Hand-loom. See Loom
- Hansard, 155n., 156n., 157n.
- Hanseatic League, xxvi.-xxvii.
- Hanson, E., Boroughreeve of Manchester, 32n.
- Hargreaves, of Toddington, improved mule, 123
- Hargreaves, James, experimented on carding-machines, 78;
- invented and patented spinning-jenny, 78, 80, 97, 112, 114;
- left Lancashire through opposition, 82, 92-95;
- took action for infringement of patent, 93-94;
- patent not upheld, 92, 96;
- made spinning-jenny practicable, 97;
- cotton-mill at Nottingham, 97 and n.;
- estate of, 97n.;
- evidence of widow and son against Arkwright, 107;
- alleged inventor of crank and comb device, 78, 107
- Hawkers and pedlars, duties on, 63-64
- Hayes, inventor of roving-engine, 110
- Heathcote, invented lace-making machine, 131 and n.
- Highs, Thomas, reputed inventor of jenny and roller-spinning, 94-97, 108, 110, 111;
- invented double-jenny, 94-95;
- aptitude for invention, 96;
- witness against Arkwright, 95;
- associated with Kay in making roller-spinning machines, 108-110;
- alleged to have improved carding-machine, 111n.
- Hollingworth, Mancuniensis, 30
- Hollingworth, R., 30n.
- Horrocks & Co., 172
- Horrocks, J., manufacturer of fine cotton fabrics, 130-131;
- helped to make power-loom practicable, 140n.;
- supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167
- Horwich, cotton yarns reported to be spun at, in 1510, 2n.
- Houldsworth, H., fine cotton spinner, 127
- Houldsworth, T. and J., fine cotton spinner, 127
- I
- India, import of cotton fabrics from, 130;
- export of cotton fabrics to, 130 and n.
- Industrial Revolution, a general transition in industry and agriculture, xxix., 1, 145-146;
- an acceleration of previous developments, 145;
- popular view of, inaccurate, 54;
- Napoleonic War a dominant factor in, 147-148;
- social evils of, due to Napoleonic War, 146-148
- Inventions, effect of, 66, 72, 91;
- opposition to, 82
- Ireland, linen-yarn from, used in fustian manufacture, 9, 58;
- Irish Parliament passed commercial propositions, 104;
- important source of supply of linen-yarn, 8, 58;
- different qualities of Irish linen-yarn, 58
- Italy, early cotton industry of, xxii.
- J
- James, T., partner of Hargreaves’, 97
- Jenny, see Double-Jenny, Hargreaves, Highs;
- introduction of, 38, 95, 114;
- was outcome of previous efforts, 145;
- invention of, 76;
- controversy as to inventor, 96 and n.;
- description of, 79-80, 96;
- greatly facilitated spinning of weft, 97;
- produced soft thread only suitable for wefts, 116-117;
- defects of, 80-81;
- growing use of, 90, 95, 97, 124;
- number of spindles increased, 80;
- number at work in 1788 estimated, 121n.;
- used for waste, 181;
- used in woollen industry more than in cotton, 124n.;
- superseded hand-wheel, 124;
- superseded by mule, 97, 124;
- conditions when introduced, 88
- Johnson, helped to make power-loom practicable, 140n.
- Jones, W., 170
- Journal of House of Commons, 20n., 23n., 24n., 29n., 36n., 37n., 52, 58n., 59n., 64, 65n., 82n., 89n., 90n., 99n., 102n., 155n., 156n., 157n., 174n.
- K
- Kay, John, invented and patented flying-shuttle, 73 and n.;
- other inventions of, 73;
- appealed for recognition of his inventions, 73;
- connection with Arkwright and Thomas Highs, 108;
- witness against Arkwright in third trial, 108, 111;
- death in France, 74
- Kay, Robert, inventor of drop-box, 73
- Kelly, Wm., manager of New Lanark Mills, applied water-power to mules, and patented self-actor mule, 125
- Kennedy, James, brother of John, cotton-spinner, 127, 172;
- came to Lancashire from Kirkcudbright, 127.
- See Crompton, M‘Connel and Kennedy
- Kennedy, John, eminence in cotton industry, 126;
- improved mule, 126 and n.;
- apprenticeship, 127;
- connection with M‘Connel & Kennedy terminated, 1826, 132;
- promoted public subscription on behalf of Crompton, 150;
- assisted Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 154, 166-168;
- raised subscription to purchase annuity for Crompton, 159 and n.;
- Brief Memoir of S. Crompton, 75n., 78n., 113, 114, 116n., 121, 122n., 123n., 124n., 125n., 130-131, 132n., 154n., 158n., 159;
- Early Recollections, 127n.;
- Rise and Progress of Cotton Trade, 75n., 76n., 122n., 126n.
- Kersies, 6, 7n.
- Kirkcudbright, migration of young men from, to Lancashire, 127
- L
- Lace, demand for fine cotton yarn for manufacture of, 131
- Lancashire and Cheshire Wills, 2n., 32n., 33n.
- Lancashire, exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, xxv.-xxviii., 4;
- fustian manufacture, 9, 10;
- not opposed to restrictive legislation, 20;
- textile industry, 28, 29;
- number employed in linen industry, 29;
- organisation of cloth industry in sixteenth century, 30, 31;
- workers’ combinations and disturbances, 45;
- cotton manufacture established by beginning of seventeenth century, 65;
- cotton manufacture progressive before 1770, 65;
- new cotton manufacture arose at end of eighteenth century, 66, 72;
- fine fabrics manufacture, 131;
- small proprietors engaged in industry, 136;
- contrast between town and country weavers, 136-137;
- workers benefit from development, 144;
- Luddite risings, 154-155.
- See Cotton Industry, Combinations, Petitions
- Lancaster traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24;
- Assizes (1758), 45-46;
- light punishment of check-weavers, 1759, 51;
- port of entry for cotton, 57-58
- Lee, G., promoter of subscription on Crompton’s behalf, 150, 170, 174, 182;
- predecessor of Robert Owen, 150n.;
- partner in firm of Phillips & Lee, 150n.;
- assisted Crompton in appeal to Parliament, 154, 157;
- evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, 187-189, 191;
- letter relative to amount of award to Crompton, 192
- Leeds, food riots in 1753, 42
- Leicester, Luddite risings, 154-155
- Leigh, a centre of fustian manufacture, 56
- Leland, Itinerary, 3 and n.
- Lennox, Duke of, alnager of new drapery, 9, 10, 11, 197n.
- Leyden, journeymen fullers of, xxiii.
- Linen industry, numbers employed in, 29;
- excluded from operations of restrictive legislation. See Lancashire, Manchester, Ireland
- Linen-yarn, used in fustian manufacture, 9, 29, 58;
- German used as substitute for Irish, 58
- Linwood Company, 172
- Liverpool purchased grain in 1756 to relieve distress, 43;
- superseded London as chief entry port for cotton, 57-58
- London Weavers Company oppose Manchester Act (1736), 24;
- hawkers’ and pedlars’ society, 65n.;
- silk industry and silk-throwsters, 98n.
- Loom, hand, 72-73;
- predecessor of Jacquard loom for weaving draw-boys, 74 and n.
- Lowe, Present State of England, 147n.
- Luddite risings in 1811-1812, 154-155
- M
- Macclesfield silk-throwsters, 98n.
- Machine-breaking in 1767 and 1779, 82, 92;
- causes of, 82-83, 88-90, 95n.
- Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, 83n., 84n., 85n., 87, 88n.
- Manchester Athenæum, 119;
- Court Leet Records, 26n., 32n., 58n.;
- Directory, 26;
- analysis of trades from (1772), 67-68;
- Mercury, 42n., 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53n., 54n., 59n., 60n., 62, 63n., 82n., 84n., 85n., 87n., 93, 94n., 95, 101n., 102n., 103n., 104n., 105n., 106n., 110, 119, 136, 143n., 147n.;
- Statistical Society, Transactions of, 144n., 151n., 155n.
- Manchester, see Acts (1736), Petitions;
- eminent for woollen cloths or Manchester cottons, 7n.;
- Fuller’s account of Manchester cottons, 15;
- sixteenth-century cloth industry, 30-31;
- manufactures in 1650 and 1751, 25-26;
- linen weaving in seventeenth century, 8;
- lost making of webs and ticks to west of England, 26;
- made pure cotton goods, 27, 29 and n.;
- fustian manufacture, 15, 27, 56;
- growth of thread manufacture, 28n.;
- Dutch machines and mechanics introduced, 27;
- packs leaving in 1751, 26;
- reputation in 1543, 30-31;
- wheat prices, 1753-1758, 42-43;
- 1759-1765, 84;
- food riots, 1753 and 1756, 42-44;
- in 1762, 84;
- check-weavers turned out in 1758, 47;
- and tried in 1759, 51;
- flourishing in 1759, 52;
- yarn merchants, 58;
- Manchester goods exported in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 59;
- trade of, 58-60;
- carriers, 63, 71;
- warehouses of country traders in, 69;
- crofters in Manchester district, 70;
- first steam cotton factory, 81;
- precautions against machine-breaking, 82;
- Society of Agriculture, 86;
- Assize of Bread in 1766, 85 and n.;
- Arkwright’s factory, 100;
- cotton manufacturers’ company, 1774-1778, 101n.;
- Committees for Protection of Trade, 100-101, 103, 118-119;
- manufacturers oppose Irish commercial propositions, 104;
- riots in 1812, 154-155, 157;
- Society for Prosecution of Felons, 159n.
- Mansfield, Lord, charge to jury regarding combinations, 45-46, 51;
- advocated repeal of Statute of Apprentices, 51
- Mantoux, P., La Révolution Industrielle, 96n., 97, 100n.
- Marsland, P., 172
- Marriott, J., threadmaker, 28n.
- Martineau, H., History of the Peace, 83n.
- May, J., Declaration of the Estate of Clothing, 6n., 10, 11n.;
- deputy alnager, 10
- M‘Connel, James, eminence in cotton industry, 127;
- left Kirkcudbright and was apprenticed to Cannan, 127
- M‘Connel & Kennedy, began business (1791) with capital of £250, 150;
- made machinery and rovings, 124n., 128;
- size of mules made by, 162;
- supplied Belfast and Glasgow with fine cotton yarns, 132;
- correspondence of, reveals industrial situation, 147n.
- See Crompton
- M‘Hewham, J. and J., 172
- Mellor, description of, 136-138;
- census (1801), details of, 138
- Merchant Adventurers’ Company, xxv.-xxvii.
- Meredith, H. O., Economic History of England, 83n.
- Middleton, size of farms in, 136;
- farms held by weavers, 316
- Midgley, T., curator of Chadwick Museum, Bolton. See Bolton, Souvenir of Royal Visit to
- Milne, invented cotton-roving machine, 103;
- subscription on behalf of, 103, 119, 120
- Monthly Literary and Scientific Lecturer, 22n.;
- Monthly Magazine, 120
- Mordaunt, Col., defendant in trial for infringement of Arkwright’s patent, 102
- Morris, introduced Paul’s carding-machine into Lancashire, 78
- Mosier, W., chapman, 33, 34
- Mosley, A., clothier, business and accounts of, xxv., 33;
- will of, 32 and n.;
- Sir N., Lord of Manor of Manchester, 32
- Mule, see Billy, Jenny, Crompton;
- called Hall-o’-th’-Wood wheel, 166, 168, 173, 190-191;
- description of, 117-118, 162;
- value to cotton industry, 169-170, 173, 180;
- corrected defects of Arkwright’s machinery, 117, 179-180;
- relation to jenny and Arkwright’s machinery, 116, 117, 119, 172-173, 179, 180;
- produced satisfactory thread for fine work, 116, 118, 124, 128-129, 173, 179-180, 191;
- produced thread suitable for warps and wefts, 117, 167, 173;
- produced fine muslin and cambric manufactures, 129, 169, 173, 180, 186-187, 190;
- partly superseded water-frame, 124, 163, 189;
- superior to ring-frame for higher qualities of yarn, 164;
- increasing use, 121 and n., 187;
- increase in size and improvement, 121-123, 125, 126 and n., 162-163;
- present-day mules, 163-164;
- value of machines, buildings and power in 1812, 191;
- employment resulting from, 169, 181, 188, 191
- Mule, double, superseded single, 125 and n.;
- mule, self-actor, not at first satisfactory, 125;
- improvements of mule culminated in, 163
- Mule-spinners, high wages, 122;
- privations and organisation of, 144 and n.
- Murray, Adam, apprenticed to Cannan on leaving Kirkcudbright, 127
- Murray, A. and G., 127, 172.
- See Mule, Oldknow, Shaw
- Muslins, Eastern manufacture of, 129;
- Continental demand for muslin yarns, 131;
- British manufacture of, 129n.
- N
- Need, S., in partnership with Arkwright, 98, 103
- New Lanark cotton mills erected, xxx., 106, 172.
- See Owen, Arkwright
- Northumberland excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4
- Norwich, opposition of woollen manufacturers to printed fustians, 23;
- export of English, 7
- Nottingham, Earl of, 18;
- lace industry, 131;
- Luddite risings, 154-155
- O
- Ogden, Description of Manchester, 26-29, 37-39, 40, 73, 74n., 80n., 94n., 95n.
- Oldham, a centre of fustian manufacture, 56
- Oldknow, S., made fine fabrics, muslins, etc., 129n., 130-131, 172
- Orr, W. and J., 172
- Owen, Robert, apprenticeship, 129n.;
- connection with New Lanark Mills, 106;
- began to manufacture mules, 126, 127;
- spinner of thread from rovings, 124n.;
- Autobiography, 106n., 124n., 125n., 126n., 129n., 150n.
- P
- Papplewick, first steam cotton-mill at, 81
- Patents, general dislike of, prevalent, 118
- Paul, Lewis, first patent embodying idea of spinning by rollers, 76, 111;
- but not very successful, 76-77;
- second patent (1758), 77;
- invented pinking-machine, 77;
- carding-machine of, 77-78, 111
- Peel, Robert, of yeoman class, 142;
- experimented with carding-machines, 78;
- his machinery destroyed, 92n.;
- opposition to Arkwright’s patents, 102-120;
- opposed Irish commercial propositions, 104;
- number of employees (1784), 104;
- failed to persuade Crompton to join his business, 149;
- exerted himself on Crompton’s behalf, 149, 167, 175, 176, 184, 192, 193;
- evidence to Committee on Crompton’s petition, 186;
- his opinion valued by Government, 174
- Peel, Robert, junior, 172
- Peel, Yates & Co., 172
- Penistone cloth, 6
- Perceval, Spencer, his part in Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 174-176, 178;
- assassination of, 157
- Percival, T., accused of assisting check-weavers’ combination, 47;
- proposals for settlement, 48-52;
- Letter to a Friend, 46-51, 56n., 57n.
- Peterborough, opposition to Manchester Act (1736), 24
- Petitions, for import of cotton wool (1654), 12-13;
- against import of cotton fabrics, 20;
- of fustian manufacturers, 23;
- of Lancashire clothiers, 31;
- against truck payments, 36;
- from travelling merchants against being classed as hawkers, 61;
- on account of distress (1780), 88-89;
- of silk manufacturers regarding decline of trade, 98n.;
- for and against Arkwright’s patents, 102-103;
- from Weymouth against prohibition of calicoes, etc., 21;
- from Manchester and Bolton (1808) for peace, 154-155;
- from Blackburn and Preston (1812) against continuance of war, 156
- Piacenza, light cottons of, xxii.
- Pitman, Development of British West Indies, 88n.
- Pococke, Travels Through England, 28n.
- Pollard, J., 127
- Power-loom, 125, 140
- Price, W. H., “On Beginning of Cotton Industry in England,” 8n., 9n., 195n., 197n.
- Proctor, Memorials of Bygone Manchester, 25n.
- Putting-out system, 56, 143
- Q
- Quarterly Journal of Economics, 8n.
- R
- Radcliffe, Origin of Power-Loom Weaving, xxix., 56n., 59n., 60, 133, 135, 136, 142;
- helped to make power-loom practicable, 140n.
- Raines and Sutton, Life of Humphrey Chetham, 34, 35, 59n.
- Reading, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century, 28n.
- Records of Fort St George, 16n.
- Regulation of industry and commerce, see Acts of Parliament;
- broke down in seventeenth century, 65-66
- Report on Commerce, Manufacturers and Shipping (1833), 22n., 134n.;
- Report of Committee on Textile Trades, 1n., 130n.;
- Report of Committee on Cotton Weavers’, etc., Petitions, 144n.;
- Report of Committee on Emigration, etc. (1826-1827), 136-137;
- Report of Committee on State of Children Employed in Manufactories, 91n., 126n., 127n.;
- Report of Tenth International Cotton Congress, 164
- Riders-out, 62
- Ridgway, J., evidence before Committee on Crompton’s Petition, 191
- Ridgway, T., & Sons, 172
- Ring-spinning frame, modern rival of mule, 163;
- predominates outside U.K., 164;
- statistics of, 164
- Roberts, Lewis, Treasure of Traffike, 8, 12, 57n.
- Roberts, Richard, invented satisfactory self-actor mule, 125;
- perfected power-loom, 125;
- owned nearly a hundred patents, 125n.
- Robinson, J., 172
- Rochdale, small farms held by manufacturers, 136
- Roller-spinning. See Arkwright, Paul
- Roscoe, W., 172
- Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, xxx.-xxxi.
- Roving, methods of, 79;
- making of rovings became a distinct business, 124
- Royton, 144
- S
- Salford, Society of Agriculture, 86
- Schoff, Periplus of Erythrean Sea, 129n.
- Scotland: Scotch linen yarn imported for fustian manufacture, 9, 58;
- fancy manufacture, 131, 180;
- effects of mule on, 180, 188, 190
- Scott, Prof. W. R., 18n.;
- Joint Stock Companies, 12n., 16n., 18n., 19n., 66n.
- Shaw, J., attempted to manufacture muslins, 125
- Shop-tax, 63-64
- Shrewsbury, chapmen’s society, 65
- Silk industry, factory system developed earlier than in cotton industry, 98 and n.;
- organisation in eighteenth century, 98n.
- See London, Macclesfield
- Simpson, J., 172
- Slack, Remarks on Cotton, 58n.
- Smallware, see Checks, Worsted;
- articles included in, 25;
- worsted entered into smallware manufacture, 29;
- weavers’ combination and attack on, 44-45;
- further dispute in 1781, 53-54
- Smiles, S., Huguenots, 12n.;
- Industry and Invention, 98n.;
- Lives of Engineers, 61n., 81n., 104n.
- Smith, Wars Between England and America, 83n.
- Smollett, History of England, 42n., 46n.
- Spinning, backwardness in 1735, 74;
- reward offered for invention of machinery, 78;
- improvement after 1760, 78.
- See Roller-spinning
- Spinning-jenny. See Jenny
- Spinning-wheel, method of spinning by, 75;
- Jersey and Brunswick, 75;
- Saxony, used mainly for flax and wool, 75
- Stanley, Colonel, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 174-175, 178;
- Lord, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 174-178, 192, 193;
- Chairman of Committee on Crompton’s petition, 186, 191
- State Papers Domestic, 5n., 6, 7, 8n., 13n., 17n., 18n., 19n., 31, 66, 195, 196
- Stirling, W., & Sons, 172
- Stockport, food riots in 1757, 43n.;
- muslin manufacture, see Oldknow
- Stones, H., first made mules after Crompton, 123;
- improved mule, 123
- Strutt, J., in partnership with Arkwright, 98, 103;
- of yeoman class, 142
- T
- Taunton Cloth, 6
- Tawney, R. H., Assessment of Wages by Justices of Peace, 49n.
- Taylor, patented a spinning machine, 78
- Tenters, use of, prohibited, 5
- Thompson, R., & Sons, 172
- Throstle, an improvement of water-frame, 163
- Tipping, S. and G., linen drapers, of Manchester, 32 and n., 34.
- See Chetham, H. and G.
- Todd, Shorbridge & Co., 172
- Tooke, History of Prices, 83n.
- Touchet, J. T. and G., & Co., 172
- Travelling merchants, or Manchester men, method and scale of business, 61-62
- Trade unions, see Combinations;
- development checked by Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 55, 148
- Truck payments. See Acts (1702)
- U
- Ulm, fustian industry of, xxii.
- Unwin, Prof. G., Industrial Organisation in XVIth and XVIIth Centuries, 4n., 36n., 49n., 53 and n., 66n., 101n.;
- Gilds and Companies of London, 66n.
- Ure, Cotton Manufacture, 16n., 29n., 76n., 81n., 119, 122n., 131n., 162
- V
- Venice, cotton imports of, xxii.
- Vermilions, manufactured from cotton-wool from Cyprus and Smyrna, 8
- W
- Wages, effects of new machinery on, 90-91;
- of hand-loom weavers, 1795-1807, 134n.
- Wakefield traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24
- Water-frame, see Arkwright, Throstle; was outcome of previous efforts, 145;
- complementary to jenny, 80;
- spinning and winding simultaneous with, 81;
- horse-power employed with, 81;
- useful for coarser counts and warp yarn, 124;
- incapable of spinning weft or producing thread of fine texture, 172-173, 179, 180, 186, 190;
- influence on expansion of cotton industry, 179
- Ware, Life and Correspondence of S. Hibbert, 58n., 63n.
- Warrington, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century, 28n.
- Wars:
- Seven Years’ War and War of American Independence, cause heavy taxation, 63;
- and dislocation of trade and distress, 46, 86-89;
- French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, economic effects of, 83, 130, 144;
- intensified effects of economic change, 146;
- checked movement for social development, 146-148;
- Napoleonic War, social retrogression due to, 146-148;
- repression and class legislation due to, 146-147;
- situation created by, compared with European War, 147;
- dominant factor in social and economic history, 147-148;
- left disturbed industrial relationships, 148;
- caused fluctuation of trade and distress, 154;
- crisis of 1810, 154;
- with America in 1812, 154
- Watt, J., patents steam-engine, 81;
- supports Arkwright in second trial, 104;
- evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, 189
- Weavers’ Act (1555). See Acts
- Webb, S. and B., History of Trade Unionism, 49n., 52, 147n.
- Westerfield, Middlemen in English Business, 61, 62
- Westmorland, excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4
- Weymouth, cotton manufacturers’ petition, 21
- Wheeler, History of Manchester, 92n., 102n.
- Whitehaven, traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24;
- port of entry for cotton, 57-58
- Whitsters. See Crofters
- Wilks, The Half Century, 83n.
- Wolstenholme, patent for manufacture of cotton velveteen, 101
- Worsted smallware, see Combinations, Checks;
- four classes engaged in making, 40;
- fortunes of manufacturers, 40-41;
- apprenticeship regulations, 41;
- undertakers, 40, 41;
- weavers wish to control employment conditions, 42-44;
- wages problem in 1756, 42-43
- Weavers’ Apology, 40, 44
- Wright constructed double-mule, 125
- Wylde, partner of S. Crompton, 158
- Wylie and Briscoe, History of Nottingham, 97n.
- Y
- Yarn, see Cotton, Linen;
- fine, small capital of leading early spinners, 127;
- fine, demand for, 131;
- distribution of, among country weavers, 143
- Yates, W., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 170, 174
- Yeomen, affected by industrial changes, 139-140;
- turned attention to industry, 141;
- obtained machines and produced yarn in farm-houses, 141;
- unable to compete with factories, 141-142;
- lost agricultural status, 141-142;
- a few successful as steam manufacturers, 142
- Yorkshire exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, xxviii., 4;
- Luddite risings, 154-155