NOTES.
1 Houzeau, “Histoire du Sol de l’Europe.”—Carl Ritter, “Europa.”—Kohl, “Die Geographische Lage der Haupstadte Europa’s.”
2 Modern Sea of Azof and River Don.
3 Latham, Benfey, Cuno, Spiegel, and others.
4 Population of Europe, about 305,000,000:—
| Greco-Latin. | |
|---|---|
| Greeks | 2,600,000 |
| Albanians | 1,250,000 |
| Italians | 27,700,000 |
| French | 39,700,000 |
| Spaniards and Portuguese | 20,210,000 |
| Rumanians | 8,400,000 |
| Rhætians (“Romans”) | 42,000 |
| 99,902,000 | |
| Germanic. | |
| Germans | 53,400,000 |
| Dutch and Flemish | 6,720,000 |
| Scandinavians | 5,640,000 |
| Anglo-Saxons | 30,600,000 |
| 96,360,000 | |
| Slavonic. | |
| Russians | 59,000,000 |
| Poles | 11,800,000 |
| Chechians, &c. | 6,750,000 |
| Servians | 5,750,000 |
| Slovenes | 1,200,000 |
| Bulgarians | 3,100,000 |
| 87,600,000 | |
| other | |
| Finns | 4,700,000 |
| Osmanli | 1,300,000 |
| Magyars | 5,770,000 |
| Tartars | 2,500,000 |
| Calmucks | 100,000 |
| Celts | 1,600,000 |
| Basks | 700,000 |
| Letts, &c. | 2,900,000 |
| Armenians | 280,000 |
| Gipsies | 590,000 |
| Circassians | 400,000 |
5 W. H. Smith, “The Mediterranean.”—Dureau de la Malle, “Géographie Physique de la Mer Noire et de la Mediterranée.”—Böttger, “Das Mittelmeer.”
6 Area of the Mediterranean basin:—
| Drainage of | square miles |
|---|---|
| Europe | 683,500 |
| Asia | 232,000 |
| Africa | 1,737,500 |
| Mediterranean Sea | 1,153,300 |
| 3,806,300 |
| Western basin. | Eastern basin. | Adriatic. | Archipelago. | Black Sea. | Mediterranean. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | 355,200 | 502,000 | 50,200 | 60,600 | 185,300 | 1,153,300 |
| Greatest depth, fathoms | 1,640 | 2,170 | 565 | 540 | 1,070 | 2,170 |
| Average depth, fathoms | 640 | 960 | 110 | 320 | 320 | 640 |
8 Quantity of salt held in solution in the Atlantic, 36 parts in 1,000; in the Mediterranean (mean), 38 parts; in the Black Sea, 16 parts.
9 There are found in the Mediterranean 444 species of fish (Goodwin Austen), 850 species of molluscs (Jeffreys), and about 200 species of foraminiferæ.
10 The production of salt on the coasts of the Mediterranean is thus distributed among its coast-lands:—Spain, 200,000 tons; France, 250,000 tons; Italy, 300,000 tons; Austria, 70,000 tons; Russia, 120,000; other countries, 200,000 tons. Total, 1,140,000 tons, valued at £480,000.
11 The annual produce of the fisheries has been estimated at £3,000,000, of the coral fisheries at £640,000, of the sponge fisheries at £40,000. Total, £3,680,000.
12 Shipping and commerce of the Mediterranean (estimated):—
| COMMERCIAL MARINE. | ENTERED AND CLEARED. | VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sail-vessels. | Steamers. | Tonnage. | Tons. | £ | |
| Spain (Mediterranean) | 2,500 | 100 | 250,000 | 5,000,000 | 24,000,000 |
| France (Mediterranean) | 4,000 | 230 | 300,000 | 6,000,000 | 80,000,000 |
| Italy | 18,800 | 140 | 1,030,000 | 21,000,000 | 104,000,000 |
| Austria | 3,000 | 92 | 380,000 | 8,000,000 | 18,000,000 |
| Greece | 5,400 | 20 | 502,000 | 8,500,000 | 8,000,000 |
| Turkey in Europe and Asia | 2,200 | 10 | 210,000 | 25,000,000 | 24,000,000 |
| Rumania | — | — | — | 1,300,000 | 8,000,000 |
| Russia (Mediterranean) | 500 | 50 | 50,000 | 2,000,000 | 24,000,000 |
| Egypt (Mediterranean) | 100 | 25 | 15,000 | 4,000,000 | 20,000,000 |
| Malta and Gibraltar | 200 | 13 | 39,000 | 12,000,000 | 23,000,000 |
| Algeria | 170 | — | 10,000 | 2,000,000 | 16,000,000 |
| Tunis, Tripoli, &c. | 500 | — | 10,000 | 500,000 | 4,000,000 |
| 37,370 | 680 | 2,796,000 | 95,300,000 | 353,000,000 | |
13 Greece within its political limits:—
| Area. Sq. m. | Population (1870). |
Density. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continental Greece | 7,558 | 466,918 | 62 |
| Peloponnesus | 8,288 | 545,389 | 66 |
| Ægean Islands | 2,500 | 205,840 | 82 |
| Ionian Islands | 1,007 | 218,879 | 217 |
| Army, navy, and sailors | — | 20,868 | — |
| Total | 19,353 | 1,457,894 | 75 |
14 Altitudes of mountains in continental Greece (in feet):—
| Gerakavuni (Othrys) | 5,673 |
| Velukhi (Tymphrestus) | 7,610 |
| Khonia | 8,186 |
| Vardusia | 8,242 |
| Katavothra (Œta) | 6,560 |
| Mountains of Acarnania | 5,216 |
| Varassova | 3,010 |
| Liakura (Parnassus) | 8,068 |
| Palæovouni (Helicon) | 5,738 |
| Elatea (Cithæron) | 4,630 |
| Parnes | 4,645 |
| Pentelicus | 3,693 |
| Hymetius | 3,400 |
| Gerania (Pera Khora) | 4,482 |
15 Orchomenus, a town on the Cephissus, the capital of Northern Bœotia, destroyed by the Thebans 371 B.C.
16 Heights of the principal mountains in the Peloponnesus (in English feet):—
| Cyllene (Zyria) | 8,940 |
| Aroanian Mountain (Khelmos) | 7,726 |
| Erymanthus (Olonos) | 7,297 |
| Artemisium (Malevo) | 5,814 |
| Parnon (Hagios Petros) | 6,355 |
| Lycæus (Diaforti) | 4,660 |
| Ithome | 2,630 |
| Taygetus | 7,904 |
| Arachnæus (Argolis) | 3,935 |
| Mean height of peninsula | 2,000 |
17 The isthmus is 6,496 yards wide, and rises to a height of 250 feet where it is narrowest, its mean height being 130 feet.
18 Principal altitudes of the islands of Greece:—
| Feet. | |
|---|---|
| Mount Delphi, on Eubœa | 5,730 |
| Mount St. Elias, on Eubœa | 4,840 |
| Mount Kokhilas, on Scyros | 2,565 |
| Mount Kovari, on Andros | 3,200 |
| Mount Oxia, on Naxos | 3,290 |
| Mount St. Elias, on Siphnos | 2,280 |
| Mount St. Elias, on Nios | 2,410 |
| Mount St. Elias, on Santorin | 1,887 |
19 Ionian Islands:—
| Area. Sq. m. |
Highest Mountains. |
Feet. | Inhabitants. (1870.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corfu | 224 | Pantokratoros | 3,280 | 72,450 |
| Paxos and Antipaxos | 27 | 3,600 | ||
| Leucadia | 183 | Nomali | 3,870 | 21,000 |
| Cephalonia | 292 | Elato | 5,310 | 67,500 |
| Ithaca | 42 | Neriton | 2,640 | 10,000 |
| Zante | 162 | Skopos | 1,300 | 44,500 |
20 Population of the principal towns of Greece (1870):—
| Towns. | Population. |
|---|---|
| Athens and Piræus | 59,000 |
| Patras | 26,000 |
| Corfu | 24,000 |
| Hermopolis, or Syra | 21,000 |
| Zante | 20,500 |
| Lixuri (Cephalonia) | 14,000 |
| Pyrgos, or Letrini | 13,600 |
| Tripolis, or Tripolitza | 11,500 |
| Chalcis, in Eubœa | 11,000 |
| Sparta | 10,700 |
| Argos | 10,600 |
| Argostoli (Cephalonia) | 9,500 |
| Calamata | 9,400 |
| Histiæa, in Eubœa | 8,900 |
| Karystos, in Eubœa | 8,800 |
| Ægion, or Vostitza | 8,800 |
| Nauplia | 8,500 |
| Spezzia | 8,400 |
| Kranidhi, in Argolis | 8,400 |
| Lamia | 8,300 |
| Missolonghi | 7,500 |
| Andros | 9,300 |
21 Commerce of Greece (1873):—Mercantile marine: 6,135 vessels of 419,350 tons; entered, 112,814 vessels of 6,336,487 tons; imports, £4,166,239; exports, £2,721,877.
22 Public income (1875), £1,404,053; expenditure, £1,409,288; debt, £15,232,202.
23 Authorities:—R. Pashley, “Travels in Crete;” Raulin, “Description Physique de l’Ile de Crète;” G. Perrot, “L’Ile de Crète;” Viquesnel, “Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe;” Ami Boué, “La Turquie d’Europe;” A. Dumont, “Le Balkan et l’Adriatique;” Lejean, “Ethnographie de la Turquie d’Europe;” Von Hammer, “Konstantinopel und der Bosporus;” P. de Tchihatchef, “Le Bosphore;” Heuzey, “Voyage archéologique en Macédoine;” Fanshawe Tozer, “Researches in the Highlands of Turkey;” Barth, “Reisen in der europäischen Türkei;” Von Hahn, “Albanesische Studien;” Hecquard, “Histoire et Description de la Haute-Albanie;” Dora d’Istria, “Nationalité albanaise;” F. Maurer, “Reise durch Bosnien;” F. de Sainte-Marie, “L’Herzégovine;” Kanitz, “Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan;” H. Kiepert, Map of Turkey in Europe.
For changes made by the Berlin treaty, see page 153.
24 We mention Palma, Vaudoncourt, Lapic, Boué, Viquesnel, Lejean, Kanitz, Barth, Hochstetter, and Abdullah Bey.
25 Heights of principal mountains:—Aspra Vuna (White Mountain of Leuca-Ori), 8,100 feet; Psiloriti, or Ida, 8,000 feet; Lasithi, or Dicte, 7,100 feet. Towns:—Canea, 12,000 inhabitants; Megalokastron, 12,000; Retimo, 9,000. Total population of the island, 210,000.
26 The islands of Thracia:—
| Sq. m. | Inhabitants. | Highest Mountains. | Feet. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thasos | 74 | 10,000 | Mount Ipsario | 3,000 |
| Samothrace | 66 | 200 | Mount Phengari | 5,240 |
| Imbro | 85 | 4,000 | Mount St. Elias | 1,950 |
| Lemnos | 170 | 22,000 | Mount Skopia | 1,410 |
27 Consul Sax (1873) estimates the population as follows:—Stamboul, 210,000; Pera, 130,000; European suburbs, 150,000; Asiatic suburbs, 110,000; total, 600,000 souls, including 200,000 Mohammedans. Dr. Yakshity, on the other hand, estimates the population of Constantinople (exclusive of its Asiatic suburbs) at 358,000 souls, of whom 193,540 are Mohammedans, 144,210 oriental Christians, and 30,000 Franks.
28 Length of the Bosphorus, 98,500 feet, or 18·6 miles; average width, 5,250 feet; average depth, 90 feet; greatest depth, 170 feet.
29 Dimensions of the Dardanelles:—Length, 42·3 miles; average width, 2·7 miles, or 13,100 feet; minimum width, 6,400 feet; average depth, 180 feet; greatest depth, 320 feet.
30 Altitudes:—Mount Pilav Tepe, 6,183 feet; Kortach, 3,893 feet; Athos, 6,786 feet.
31 Mount Olympus, 9,750 feet; Mount Ossa, 5,250 feet; Mount Pelion, 5,130 feet.
32 The following are the principal towns of the Greek provinces of Turkey, together with the number of their inhabitants:—
| Adrianople (Edirneh) | 110,000 |
| Saloniki (Salonica) | 80,000 |
| Seres | 30,000 |
| Larissa | 25,000 |
| Rodosto | 20,000 |
| Gallipoli (Geliboli) | 20,000 |
| Trikala (Tirhala) | 11,000 |
| Demotika | 10,000 |
| Verria | 10,000 |
| Enos | 7,000 |
33 Altitudes in Albania:—
| Feet. | |
|---|---|
| Skhar | 8,200 |
| Tomor | 5,413 |
| Zygos (Lachmon) | 5,500 |
| Smolika | 5,970 |
| Kundusi | 6,270 |
| Acroceraunian Mountain | 6,700 |
| Lake Okhrida | 2,270 |
| Lake of Yanina | 1,700 |
34 Population of the principal cities of Albania:—Prisrend, 35,000; Soutari (Shkodra), 35,000; Yanina, 25,000; Jakovitza (Yakova), 17,000; Ipek (Pech), 16,000; Elbasan, 12,000; Berat, 11,000; Prishtina, 11,000; Tirana, 10,000; Koritza, 10,000; Argyrokastro, 8,000; Prevesa, 7,000 Dulcigno, 7,000; Durazzo, 5,000.
35 Altitudes:—Mount Kom, 9,350 feet; Mount Durmitor, 8,860 feet; Glieb, 5,775 feet.
36 According to Blau (1872), Bosnia, including the Herzegovina and Rascia, has 1,150,000 inhabitants, comprising 590,000 Greek Catholics, 164,000 Roman Catholics, 378,000 Mussulmans, 12,300 gipsies, and 5,700 Jews. The same author states the population for 1855 to have amounted to 893,384 souls, including 286,000 Mussulmans. According to an English Consular Report (1873), the population is 1,084,162, including 461,048 Mussulmans; and according to Professor Yakshity, 1,357,984 souls, including 474,000 Mussulmans.
37 Principal towns of Bosnia:—Sarayevo, 50,000 inhabitants; Banyaluka, 18,000 inhabitants; Zvornik, 14,000 inhabitants; Travnik, 12,000 inhabitants; Novibazar, 9,000 inhabitants; Trebinye, 9,000 inhabitants; Mostar, 9,000 inhabitants; Tuzla, 7,000 inhabitants.
38 Altitudes in Bulgaria, according to Hochstetter, Viquesnel, Boué, Barth, and others:—Vitosh, 8,080 feet; Balkan, mean height, 5,600 feet; Chatal, 3,600 feet; hills of the Dobruja, 1,650 feet; Trajan’s Gate, 2,625 feet; Pass of Dubnitza, 3,560 feet; Rilo Dagh, 9,500 feet; Perim Dagh, 7,875 feet; Gornichova, or Nije, 6,560 feet; Peristeri, 7,700 feet; basin of Sofia, 1,710 feet; basin of Monastir, 1,820 feet; Lake of Ostrovo, 1,680 feet; Lake of Kastoria, 2,050 feet.
39 Cleared from Sulina (1873), 1,870 vessels of 532,000 tons. Value of cereals exported, £6,000,000.
40 The following are the principal towns of Bulgaria, with the number of their inhabitants:—
| Shumna (Shumla) | 50,000 |
| Rustchuk | 50,000 |
| Philippopoli (Felibe) | 40,000 |
| Bitolia (Monastir) | 40,000 |
| Skoplie (Uskub) | 28,000 |
| Kalkandelen | 22,000 |
| Sofia | 20,000 |
| Vidin | 20,000 |
| Silistria | 20,000 |
| Shishtova | 20,000 |
| Varna | 20,000 |
| Eski-Za’ara | 18,000 |
| Bazarjik | 18,000 |
| Nish | 16,000 |
| Veleze (Koprili) | 15,000 |
| Razgrad | 15,000 |
| Turnov (Tirnova) | 12,000 |
| Sliven (Slivno) | 12,000 |
| Prilip | 12,000 |
| Kezanlik | 10,000 |
| Stanimako | 10,000 |
| Florina | 10,000 |
| Kurshova | 9,000 |
| Sulina | 5,000 |
41 Receipts for 1874, £20,400,000; debts in 1875, £220,000,000.
42 Races and religions of Turkey in Europe (Servia, Montenegro, and Rumania excluded):—
| Total. | Mussulmans. | Greek Catholics. | Roman Catholics. | Other Christians. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slavs | ||||||
| Servians | 1,114,000 | 442,000 | 492,000 | 180,000 | — | |
| Bulgarians | 2,861,000 | 790,000 | 2,051,000 | 20,000 | — | |
| Russians, &c. | 10,000 | — | — | 2,000 | 8,000 | |
| Greeks | 1,176,000 | 38,000 | 1,138,000 | — | — | |
| Greco-Latins | ||||||
| Rumanians | 50,000 | — | 50,000 | — | — | |
| Zinzares | 150,000 | — | 150,000 | — | — | |
| Albanians | ||||||
| Gheges | 1,031,000 | 773,000 | 178,000 | 80,000 | — | |
| Tosks | ||||||
| Turks | ||||||
| Osmanli | 1,352,000 | 1,352,000 | — | — | — | |
| Tartars | 40,000 | 40,000 | — | — | — | |
| Semites | ||||||
| Arabs | 3,000 | 3,000 | — | — | — | |
| Jews | 72,000 | — | — | — | — | |
| Armenians | 100,000 | — | — | 10,000 | — | |
| Circassians | 144,000 | 144,000 | — | — | — | |
| Tsiganes (Gipsies) | 104,000 | 52,000 | 52,000 | — | — | |
| Franks | 60,000 | — | — | 50,000 | 10,000 | |
| Total | 8,267,000 | 3,584,000 | 4,111,000 | 342,000 | 108,000 | |