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The Earth's Beginning

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
By Robert S. Ball
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About This Book

A concise survey of hypotheses for the solar system's origin, presenting the nebular theory and examining the difficulty of sustaining solar heat over geological time. The text contrasts contraction-based explanations with recently discovered internal energy sources, arguing that radioactive processes could supply long-term solar radiation. It marshals geological and chemical evidence, including estimates of ocean salinity accumulation, to support great antiquity, and reviews observational advances that elevate the importance of spiral nebulae. Astronomy, geology, and emerging experimental physics are woven together to explain planetary formation and the persistence of solar energy.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.   Page
  An English Sunset tinged by Krakatoa (colour) Frontispiece
1. Immanuel Kant (from an old print) 7
2. A Faint Diffused Nebulosity 17
3. The Crab Nebula 19
4. Jupiter 25
5. Nebulous Region and Star-cluster 33
6. The Great Nebula in Orion 41
7. The Dumb-bell Nebula 45
8. The Crossley Reflector 49
9. The Cluster in Hercules 53
10. Spectra of the Sun and Capella 62
11. Spectrum of Nebula in Orion and Spectrum of White Star 64
12. Solar Spectra with Bright Lines and Dark Lines during Eclipse 69
13. The Nebulæ in the Pleiades 71
14. The Sun 81
15. I. Spectrum of the Sun. II. Spectrum of Arcturus 85
16. Brooks’ Comet and Meteor Trail 89
17. Argus and the surrounding Stars and Nebulosity 103
18. Trifid Nebula in Sagittarius 105
19. To illustrate the History of the Sun 113
20. Solar Corona 117
21. The Great Comet of 1882 119
22. Special Thermometer for use in Deep Borings 129
23. At the Bottom of the Great Bore 140
24. Three consecutive Shells of the Earth’s Crust 145
25. Earthquake Routes from Japan to the Isle of Wight 171
  Showing Localities of Earthquakes (colour) 175
26. Showing Coasts invaded by the Great Sea-waves from Krakatoa 179
  The Early Stage of the Eruption of Krakatoa (colour) 180
27. Spread of the Air-wave from Krakatoa to the Antipodes 183
28. The great Spiral Nebula 193
29. How to find the great Spiral Nebula 196
30. A group of Nebulæ 199
31. A Ray Nebula 201
32. Portion of the Milky Way 205
33. A Spiral Nebula seen Edgewise 211
34. A foreshortened Spiral 212
35. Edge-view of a Spiral boldly shown 213
36. To illustrate Moment of Momentum 223
37. Saturn 233
38. The Ring Nebula in Lyra 249
39. Lunar Craters: Hyginus and Albategnius 255
40. A remarkable Spiral 257
41. A clearly-cut Spiral 259
42. The H and K Lines in the Photographic Solar Spectrum 276
43. Spectrum of Comet showing Carbon Lines 290
  The Solar Spectrum (colour) 290
44. Spectrum of the Sun during Eclipse 291
45. A Spiral presented Edgewise 296
46. The Plane of a Planet’s Orbit 298
47. A Right Angle divided into Ten Parts 301
48. Illustration of the Second Concord 309
49. Orbits of the Earth, Eros and Mars 313
50. I. A Natural System. II. An Unnatural System 318
51. An elongated irregular Nebula 329
52. Two-branched Spiral 345
53. Cluster with Stars of the 17th Magnitude 353
54. Spectrum of Nova Persei (1901) 359
55. The Apteryx: a Wingless Bird of New Zealand 365
56. Skeleton of the Apteryx, showing Rudimentary Wings 366
57. Spirals in other Departments of Nature: Foraminifer 367
58. Ditto ditto Nautilus 367
59. To illustrate a Theorem in the Attraction of Gravitation 369
60. First Law of Motion exemplifies Constant Moment of Momentum 375
61. A useful Geometrical Proposition 376
62. Acceleration of Moment of Momentum equals Moment of Force 376
63. Moment of Momentum unaltered by Collision 380
THE EARTH’S BEGINNING.