INDEX.
- Abdelmalek the caliph, 167.
- À-Beckett, the elevation and career of, 290 et seq.
- Abelard, rise of free inquiry with, 280.
- Abou Beker, the exploits, &c. of, 157, 158
- Absolutism, rise of, in France under Louis XIV., 475 et seq.
- Abu Taleb, uncle of Mohammed, 138.
- Academies, establishment of, by Charlemagne, 196.
- Adrian, the emperor, accession and reign of, 45 et seq.
- —his death, 48.
- Adrian IV., Pope, 289.
- Africa, progress of the Saracens in, 166
- —trading-company to, 452.
- Agincourt, battle of, 381.
- Agriculture, state of, in seventh century, 142.
- Agrippina, the empress, 22.
- Alans, the, 100.
- Alaric the Goth, first appearance of, 98
- Albigenses, tenets, &c. of the, 299
- —the crusade against them, 302 et seq.
- Albinus, a candidate for the empire, 60.
- Alboin, King of the Lombards, 129.
- Alcuin at the court of Charlemagne, 194
- —as Abbot of Tours, 195.
- Aleppo taken by the Saracens, 163.
- Alexander VI., character, &c. of, 389, 406.
- Alexandria, the monks of, 115
- —taken by the Saracens, and destruction of the library, 163.
- Alexis, the emperor, and the Crusaders, 263.
- Alfred, rise and exploits of, 215.
- Ali becomes caliph, 167
- Alva, the Duke of, the St. Bartholomew massacre planned with, 441
- —his cruelties in the Netherlands, 441.
- Amadis de Gaul, the romance of, 349.
- America, the discovery of, 396
- Amru, the Saracen conqueror, 163.
- Anagni, the arrest of Boniface VIII. at, 329.
- Anglican Church, the, under Henry II., 289 et seq.
- Anglo-Saxons, establishment of the, 120.
- Anne, the literature of the reign of, 506.
- Anselm, learning, &c. of, 247.
- Antharis, conquest of Italy by, 130.
- Antioch, the capture of, by the Crusaders, 264
- —the battle of, 265.
- Antoninus Pius, the emperor, his character and reign, 49.
- Aquileia, siege of, by Maximin, 70
- —taken by Attila, 110.
- Aquitaine, power of the Dukes of, 204, 232.
- Arcadius, the emperor, 101.
- Architecture, advancement of, during the eleventh century, 242, 243.
- Argentine, Sir Giles d’, death of, 353.
- Arians, enmity between, and the orthodox, 94
- —quarrels between, and the Athanasians, 117.
- Aristocracy, the Roman, their decay, 32 et seq.
- Aristotle, supremacy given to, 297.
- Armagnac, the Count of, 364
- —struggle between, and Burgundy, 377.
- Armies, the modern, of Europe, 57.
- Arnold of Brescia, the revolt of, 278
- —his death, 279.
- Arteveldt, James Van, 355.
- Asia, stationary condition of, 14.
- Asti, siege of, by Alaric, 105
- Ataulf the Goth, career of, 108.
- Athanasians, division between the, and the Arians, 117.
- Attila the Hun, career of, 109 et seq.
- Augustin, influence of, on Luther, 424.
- Augustus, the supremacy of, 17
- —his reign, 18.
- Aulus Plautius, landing of, in England, 21.
-
Aurelian, the emperor, 72
- —his triumph, 79.
- Austrasia, kingdom of, 155.
- Austria, the power of, in the seventeenth century, 463
- —the seven years’ war, 512.
- Auvergne, the Marquises of, 205.
- Avars, junction of the Lombards with the, 129.
- Avignon, acquired by the Pope, 306
- —the residence of the Popes at, 342.
- Azores, discovery of the, 395.
- Bacon, Roger, gunpowder known to, 372.
- Badby, John, martyrdom of, 367.
- Bahuchet, a French admiral, 355.
- Balbinus, appointment of, 69
- —his death, 70.
- Baldwyn, Count of Flanders, 263
- —habits of, in the East, 270.
- Baliol, maintained by Edward I., 319.
- Ballads, influence of, on the common people, 372.
- Bannockburn, the battle of, 352.
- Barbarians, first appearance of the, 25
- Barbavara, a Genoese admiral, 355.
- Barcho-chebas, the rebellion of the Jews under, 47.
- Bedford, the Duke of, in France, 384.
- Belisarius, exploits of, 124
- —disgraced, 125.
- Bells, the invention of, 196.
- Benedict. See St. Benedict.
- Benedict XI. poisoned, 331.
- Benedictine monks, industry, &c. of the, 142.
- Berenger, transubstantiation assailed by, 247.
- Bernard de Goth, elevated to the papacy as Clement V., 331 et seq.
- Beziers, massacre of Albigenses in, 305.
- Bible, Wickliff’s translation of the, 342
- —the first book printed by Guttenberg, 422.
- Bishops, increasing alarm of the, in the ninth century, 205
- —warlike, of the eleventh century, 251.
- Black Hole of Calcutta, the tragedy of the, 515.
- Blanche, mother of Louis IX., urges the persecution of the Albigenses, 304.
- Blenheim, the battle of, 500.
- Boccaccio, the works of, 344.
- Bohemund, the Crusader, 265.
- Boniface VII., Pope, 236.
- Boniface VIII., bull against Edward I. by, 315
- Boniface, Archbishop of Mayence, 175.
- Books, early value of, 372
- —multiplied by printing, 373.
- Borgia, elevation of, to the Papacy, 369.
- Brantôme, the memoirs of, 447.
- Bribery, prevalence of, under Walpole, 505.
- Brittany, power of the Dukes of, 204
- —acquired by Rollo the Norman, 226.
- Bruce, the victory of, at Bannockburn, 352.
- Bruges, defeat of the townsmen of, at Cassel, 353.
- Brunehild, cruelties and career of, 150
- —her death, 150.
- Brunissende de Périgord, mistress of Clement V., 332.
- Buccaneers, rise of the, 452.
- Burghers, increasing importance of the, 279.
- Burgundians, conquest of Gaul by the, 108.
- Burgundy, kingdom of, 155.
- Busentino, burial of Alaric in the, 107.
- Cade, the insurrection of, 374.
- Cadijah, wife of Mohammed, 138.
- Calais, taken by Edward III., 356.
- Caligula, the character, &c. of, 19.
- Caliphs, habits of the, 165.
- Calvinists and Lutherans, hatred between, 460.
- Cambrai, the league of, 409 et seq.
- Canada, the conquest of, by the British, 517.
- Cannon, first employment of, 342.
- Capetian line, commencement of the, 231.
- Caracalla, character of, 62
- —his accession and reign, 65.
- Carausius, the revolt of, 75.
- Carlovingian line, close of the, 231.
- Carthage, subdued by the Saracens, 166.
- Cassel, the battle of, 353.
- Cassius, the rebellion of, 52.
- Cathedrals, building of, during the eleventh century, 242.
- Catherine de Medicis, the massacre of St. Bartholomew planned by, 441.
- Catholicism, resemblances between, and Mohammedanism, 271.
- Cavendish, the naval exploits of, 451.
- Caxton, books printed by, 393.
- Celibacy, priestly, neglect of, during the eleventh century, 252
- —enforced by Hildebrand, 256.
- Centuries, characters of different, 13, 15, et seq.
- Chæreas, assassination of Caligula by, 20.
- Châlons, the battle of, 110.
- Change, prevalence of, during eighteenth century, 491.
- Charlemagne, accession and reign of, 186 et seq.
- Charles, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201
- —character and reign of, 206.
- Charles the Simple and Rollo the Norman, 225, 226, 227.
- Charles VI., decline of the French nobility under, 360 et seq.
- —death of, 384.
- Charles VII., accession of, 384
- Charles IX., the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442.
- Charles V., the emperor, extent of his dominions, 404
- Charles I., unpopularity of, 465
- —the execution of, 470.
- Charles II., England under, 472 et seq.
- Charles II. of Spain, death of, and his will, 497.
- Charles Edward, the rising under, 507.
- Charles Martel, the defeat of the Saracens by, 176, 179, et seq.
- Chatham, the ministry of, 513.
- Chaucer, the works of, 344.
- Childeric III., the last of the Merovingians, 182.
- Chivalry, rise of the orders of, 344
- —principles inculcated by, 349.
- Chosroes, King of Persia, 158.
- Christ, the birth of and its influence, 17.
- Christian Church, progressive development of the, 76
- Christians, persecution of the, by Nero, 23
- —policy of Adrian towards, 49.
- Christianity, influence of, 17
- Church, the privileges conferred on, and its advantages, 145
- —corruptions, 147, 148
- —at variance with the nobility, 153
- —its unity, 155
- —state of, in England during eighth century, 172, 173
- —monarchical principle established in the, 183
- —effects of the Crusades on, 273
- —increasing pretensions and power of, 206, 207
- —possessions, &c. of, in France in the tenth century, 228
- —resistance to it, 230
- —policy of Hugh Capet, 231
- —state of, during the tenth century, 219
- —during the eleventh century, 253
- —in England under Henry II., 292 et seq.
- —conditions of Magna Charta regarding, 308
- —changed position of, 342
- —state of, in the fifteenth century, 368 et seq.
- —before the Reformation, 419 et seq.
- Church of England, the, and its influence and tendencies, 457.
- Churches, schism between the Eastern and Western, 133
- Churchmen, warlike, during the eleventh century, 251.
- Citeaux, the Abbot of, 305.
- Claudius, reign and character of, 20
- —his death, 22.
- Clement V., election of, 331, 332
- Clergy, the, privileges conferred on, 145
- —corruption of the higher, 148
- —increasing claims of, in the ninth century, 204 et seq.
- —claims of, in the tenth century, and resistance to them, 229
- —policy of Hugh Capet, 232
- —the higher character of, during the twelfth century, 274
- —character of, in Provence, 300
- —taxed in England by Edward I., 315
- —support Henry IV. in England, 365
- —the French at the time of the Revolution, 523.
- Clive, the exploits of, 515.
- Clotaire, overthrow of Brunehild by, 150.
- Clothilde, anecdote of, 153.
- Clovis, accession of, in France, 119
- Cobham, Lord, martyrdom of, 367.
- Colonies, the first English and Dutch, 454.
- Colonna, the arrest of Boniface VIII. by, 329.
- Columbus, the career of, and his discovery of America, 395.
- Commerce, progress of, in England under Elizabeth, 449 et seq.
- Commodus, accession and character of, 58 et seq.
- Commons, rise of the, in England, 306
- —House of, first constituted in England, 311.
- Condé, the Great, 478, 481.
- Conrad, the emperor, heads the second Crusade, 284.
- Conservatism, strength of, in England during eighteenth century, 494.
- Constantine, accession of, and removal to Constantinople, 84
- Constantinople, removal of the seat of empire to, 84
- Convents, state of the, during the tenth century, 221.
- Coote, Sir Eyre, 516.
- Cornelius and Novatian, the schism between, 78.
- Council of Toledo, the, 151.
- Count, origin of the title of, 88.
- Courtrai, the battle of, 335.
- Covenanters, persecutions of the, in Scotland, 473.
- Crecy, battle of, 356.
- Cromwell, the rise &c. of, 470
- —England under, 471.
- Crown, position of the, in England and France during the tenth century, 230
- Crusades, first suggestion of the, 242
- Crusading spirit, first rise of the, 250
- Cuba, the buccaneers at, 453.
- Culloden, the battle of, 507, 509.
- Cunimond, defeat and death of, 129.
- Curials, the, under the Roman emperors, 90, 523.
- Cyrene, conquest of, by the Saracens, 166.
- Dagobert, King, 151.
- Dance of Death, the, 374.
- Danes, the invasions of the, 209, 210
- Dante, the works of, 325, 344.
- Democracy, early alliance of the Church with, 154.
- Dettingen, the battle of, 502.
- Diaz, Bartholomew, discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by, 395.
- Didius, purchase of the empire by, 59
- —his death, 60.
- Diocletian, accession and reign of, 74
- Dominic, originates the crusade against the Albigenses, 301 et seq.
- —establishment of the Inquisition under, 304.
- Domitian, the reign of, 28, 34.
- Dorylæum, the battle of, 264.
- Drake, the expeditions of, 451.
- Dress, distinctions from, among the Franks, 152.
- Dudley, the informer, 404.
- Duncan, the victories of, 525.
- Dunois, bastard of Orleans, 387.
- Dutch, the maritime settlements of the, 452.
- East India Company, founding of the, 450.
- Eastern Church, schism of the, 133.
- Eastern empire, falling supremacy of the, 185.
- Ecclesiastical power, decay of, in the thirteenth century, 313.
- Edessa, the Crusaders at, 264.
- Education, measures of Charlemagne for, 195.
- Edward I., taxation of the clergy by, 315
- Edward II., the defeat of, at Bannockburn, 352.
- Edward III., the Garter instituted by, 344
- Edward the Black Prince, his treatment of John, 349
- Egbert, subjugation of the Heptarchy by, 193, 194.
- Eginhart, the life of Charlemagne by, 195.
- Egypt, surrender of Louis IX. in, 317.
- Eleanor, wife of Louis VII., 286.
- Elizabeth, policy of, with regard to the Reformation, 428
- Elizabeth, daughter of James I., married to the Elector of Palatine, 462.
- Ella, King of Northumberland, 214.
- Eloisa, influence of, 282.
- Empire of the West, restoration of, under Charlemagne, 188.
- Empson, the creature of Henry VII., 404.
- England, conquest of, by the Romans, and its effects, 21
- —severance of, from the Roman Empire, 107
- —formation of the Heptarchy in, 120
- —state of, in the sixth century, 128
- —divided state of, 155
- —state of, in the eighth century, 171
- —the Church and clergy, 172, 173
- —union of, under Egbert, 193, 194
- —state of, in the ninth century, 211 et seq.
- —the invasions of the Danes, 212
- —its divided state, 213, 214
- —settlements of the Danes, 215
- —rise and career of Alfred, 215
- —the Church and the Crown in, during the tenth century, 229
- —state of, during the tenth century, 234
- —origin of the wars with France, 285 et seq.
- —subservience to the papacy in, 289
- —position of the Church, and feeling towards the Normans, 292
- —state of, under John, 294
- —rise of the Commons, &c. in, 306
- —Magna Charta and its effects, 308 et seq.
- —reign of Henry III., 311
- —supremacy of the papacy in, 314
- —independence of the Church, 316
- —the reign of Edward I. in, 318
- —the battle of Bannockburn, 352
- —the policy of Edward III., 354
- —decline of the nobility in, 360
- —divided state of, on accession of Henry IV., 365
- —the ballads of, 372
- —state of, during fifteenth century, 374
- —loss of her French possessions, 376
- —conquests of Henry V. in France, 378 et seq.
- —accession of Henry VIII., 404
- —increasing commerce of, 413
- —first idea of union with Scotland, 414
- —battle of Flodden, 414
- —the reformation in, 428
- —the reign of Mary in, 433
- —the policy of Elizabeth and its results, 436
- —progress of, under Elizabeth, 450
- —the colonization of America by, 454
- —under James I., 455 et seq.
- —state of parties, &c. on accession of Charles I., 465 et seq.
- —political and religious parties, 466
- —the great rebellion, 468
- —the reaction against Puritanism in, 472
- —under Charles II., 472
- —its degraded position, 473
- —ingress of French Protestants into, 484
- —reign of James II., 484
- —William III., 486
- —state, &c. of, during eighteenth century, 493
- —state of, under the Georges, 494
- —is she a military nation? 496
- —the war of the succession, 498 et seq.
- —the peace of Utrecht, 502
- —the ministry of Walpole, &c., 505
- —the Pretender in, 509
- —supports Frederick the Great, 512
- —the rise of her Indian empire, 514 et seq.
- —the revolt of the United States, 518 et seq.
- —her progress, 520, 521
- —her revolution and freedom contrasted with those of France, 525.
- Episcopacy, James’s attempt to force, on Scotland, 464.
- Ethelbald, the reign of, 214.
- Ethelwolf, the reign of, 214.
- Etiquette, supremacy of, under Louis XIV., 481.
- Eugene, Prince, 501.
- Eugenius III., Pope, 279.
- Eunapius, character of the early monks by, 115.
- Europe, modern, compared with ancient Rome, 56 et seq.
- —state of, in the seventh century, 167
- —in the eighth, 171
- —rise of the modern kingdoms of, 190
- —state of, during the tenth century, 219
- —effects of the first Crusade on, 269
- —progressive advances of, 297
- —state of, during fifteenth century, 375
- —changed aspect of, in sixteenth century, 431
- —sensation caused by massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442
- —changes in, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
- —the seven years’ war, 512.
- Famines, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.
- Faust and the mention of printing, 391.
- Favorinus the Grammarian, anecdote of, 46.
- Ferdinand of Spain, a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
- —declares war against France, 412.
- Ferdinand, the emperor, character and policy of, 462.
- Ferdinand and Isabella, union of Spain under, 403.
- Feudal organization, long retention of, in Scotland, 415.
- Feudal system, origin of the, 149.
- Feudalism, progress of, in the ninth century, 210
- Fields of May or March in France, the, 151.
- Fine arts, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, 196.
- Flagellants, tenets, &c. of the, 374.
- Flanders, power of the Dukes of, 232
- Flodden, battle of, and its effects, 414, 415, et seq.
- Fontenelle, the abbey of, 244.
- Fontenoy, the battle of, 502.
- France, accession of Clovis in, 119
- —accession of Pepin to crown of, 183
- —position of, under Charlemagne, 198
- —loses the boundary of the Rhine, 203
- —power of the great nobles, 204
- —state of, during the tenth century, 219
- —settlement of Rollo in, 222 et seq.
- —possessions of the clergy in, 228
- —accession of Hugh Capet, 231
- —his policy, 232 et seq.
- —its separation from the empire, 233
- —monasteries in, 244
- —origin of the English wars, 285 et seq.
- —the kings of, contrasted with the Plantagenets, 288
- —acquisitions of, in Languedoc, &c., 305
- —reign of Louis IX. in, 311 et seq.
- —the parliaments of, 312
- —supremacy of the papacy in, 314
- —degeneracy of the clergy, 315
- —independence of the church, 316
- —subserviency of the Popes to, 342
- —title of King of, assumed by Edward III., 355
- —depressed state of, at close of fourteenth century, 356
- —decline, of the nobility in, 360
- —state of, during fifteenth century, 374, 375
- —expulsion of the English from, 376
- —its history during the century, 376
- —career of Joan of Arc, 386
- —accession of Francis I., 405
- —a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
- —the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442
- —changes witnessed by Brantôme in, 448
- —rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. in, 475 et seq.
- —policy of Richelieu and reign of Louis XIII., 476 et seq.
- —the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483
- —changes in, during eighteenth century, 491
- —contests in India and America with, 513
- —the policy and overthrow of, in India, 514 et seq.
- —depression and discontent before the Revolution, 517
- —aids the North American colonies, 519
- —causes of the Revolution, 522
- —general discontent, 523
- —the Revolution, 524 et seq.
- Francis I., accession and character of, 405
- —death of, 431.
- Franks, tribes composing the, 71
- Frederick the Great, the career of, 512.
- Frederick, Elector Palatine, marriage of, to Elizabeth of England, 462.
- Frederick Barbarossa, capture, &c. of Rome by, 279.
- Free lances, the rise, &c. of the, 350 et seq.
- Freedom, rise of, in England, 306 et seq.
- French ballads, the early, 372.
- French Revolution, the, 524 et seq.
- Fritigern, defeat of Valens by, 100.
- Froissart, the writings of, and their influence, 347.
- Fronde, the wars of the, 478.
- Galba, the emperor, 24.
- Garter, institution of order of, 344.
- Gaul, severance of, from the Roman empire, 108.
- Gebhard, Elector of Cologne, 460.
- Genoa, prosperity of, during the Crusades, 272
- —greatness of, 277.
- Genseric, sack of Rome by, 111.
- George I. and II., characters of, 494.
- George III., loyalty to, in England, 494
- —the alleged loss of the United States by his obstinacy, 518.
- Georges, England under the, 494.
- Germans, defeat of the, by Probus, 73.
- Germany, state of, in the sixth century, 128
- Geta, murder of, 65.
- Gibraltar, cession of, to England, 501.
- Gladiatorial shows, passion of the Romans for, 34 et seq.
- Glo’ster, the Duke of, uncle of Henry VI., 384.
- Godfrey of Bouillon, 263
- Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 395.
- Gordian, appointed emperor, 69
- Goths, first appearance of the, 98
- —admitted within the empire, 99.
- Gothia, the Marquises of, 205.
- Granada, loss of, by the Moors, 403.
- Great Britain, the union of, 502, See England.
- Great Rebellion, origin and history of the, 467 et seq.
- Greek fire, the, 166.
- Gregory the Great, Pope, 133.
- Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) career, &c. of, 249 et seq., 255 et seq. See Hildebrand.
- Gregory IX., persecution of the Albigenses under, 305.
- Guienne, how acquired by England, 286.
- Guinegate, the battle of, 418.
- Gunpowder, influence of discovery of, 342.
- Guthrum, alliance of, with Alfred, 215.
- Guttenberg, the invention of printing by, 390
- —printing of the Bible by, 422.
- Hadrian. See Adrian.
- Hair, distinction from the, among the Franks, 152.
- Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 378.
- Harold of the Fair Hair, the reign of, 213.
- Hastings the Dane, defeated by Alfred, 216
- —enters the service of France, 224.
- Heathenism, Julian’s attempt to restore, 95 et seq.
- Hegira, the, 157.
- Helena, the mother of Constantine, 86.
- Heliogabalus, the reign of, 66.
- Helvoet Sluys, battle of, 355.
- Henrietta Maria, unpopularity of, 466.
- Henry I., acquisition of Normandy by, 285.
- Henry II., claims of, on France, 286
- Henry III., reign of, in England, 311.
- Henry IV., divided state of England under, 365.
- Henry V., persecution of the Lollards under, 365, 366
- Henry VI. recognised as King of France, 384.
- Henry VII., character, &c. of, 371
- —treasure accumulated by, and how, 404.
- Henry VIII., accession and character of, 404
- Henry III. of France, the murder of, 448.
- Henry, the emperor, 237.
- Henry IV. of Germany, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256
- Heptarchy, the, 120
- Heraclius, Emperor of the East, 158.
- Heresies, various, of the thirteenth century, 298.
- Heretics, first crusade against the, 302 et seq.
- —first law against, in England, 365.
- Highlanders, the, in the Forty-Five, 510.
- Hildebrand, the career, &c. of, 249 et seq., 255 et seq.
- Hippo subdued by the Saracens, 166.
- Hira subjugated by the Mohammedans, 162.
- History, uses of, and difficulties of studying it from its extent, 11.
- Holland, increasing commerce of, 412
- —the colonies of, 454.
- Holy Land, the first Crusade to the, 262
- —and last, 317.
- Honorius, the emperor, 101
- Hugh Capet, accession of, to the French throne, 231
- —his policy, 232.
- Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, 263.
- Huguenots, the, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483.
- Huns, first appearance of the, 99.
- Huss, the martyrdom of, 367.
- Iconoclast emperor, the, 185.
- Images, defence, &c. of, 185 et seq.
- Immaculate conception, dogma of the, 283.
- India, Vasco da Gama’s voyage to, 401
- Indulgences, protest of Luther against, 425.
- Innocent III., originates the crusade against the Albigenses, 302 et seq.
- Innovation, general tendency to, during eighteenth century, 493 et seq.
- Inquiry, commencement of, with Scotus Erigena, 207
- —rise of, with the Crusades, 280.
- Inquisition, the, established under Dominic, 304.
- Intellect, direction of, in the present century, 13.
- Invention, the present century distinguished by, 13.
- Investiture, claims of Hildebrand regarding, 257 et seq.
- Irish Church, the early, its state, &c., 156.
- Isabella, queen of Charles VI., profligacy of, 362.
- Italy, ravaged by Attila, 110
- Jacobite songs, the, 510.
- Jacques de Molay, death of, 339.
- James I., England under, 455
- James II., persecution of the Covenanters by, 473
- James III., the rebellion in favour of, 503.
- James IV. of Scotland married to Margaret of England, 414
- —the battle of Flodden, 416.
- Jamestown, the first English settlement in America, 454.
- Jerome, the martyrdom of, 367.
- Jerusalem, importance given by Christianity to, 17
- Jervis, the victories of, 525.
- Jesuits, institution and influence of the, 435.
- Jews, the dispersion of the, 30 et seq.
- Joan of Arc, history of, 386 et seq.
- —her death, 390.
- John, (of England,) character of, 288
- John, (of France,) the treatment of, by Edward the Black Prince, 349
- —his capture at Poictiers and ransom, 356.
- John XII., Pope, 236.
- John, Duke of Burgundy, 361
- John, Bishop of Constantinople, supremacy claimed by, 133.
- Jovian, the emperor, 97.
- Jubilee, the, in 1300, 325.
- Julian the Apostate, reign and character of, 93 et seq.
- Julius II., character of, 408
- Justinian, efforts of, to recover Italy, 124
- Khaled, the lieutenant of Mohammed, 158
- Kieff, the kingdom of, 213.
- Kilmich, murder of Alboin by, 130.
- Kingdoms, modern, rise of, 190.
- Klodwig or Clovis, accession of, in France, 119. See Clovis.
- Knight, position, &c. of the, 334, 335.
- Knighthood, decay of, 333, 341.
- Lally, Count, the execution of, 516.
- Land, grants of, and system these originate, 149.
- Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 247
- —defends transubstantiation, 247.
- Languedoc, the Albigenses in, 299
- Laud, Archbishop, 467
- —execution of, 468.
- Law, the reform of, by Justinian, 135.
- Laws, great increase of, in Rome, 67.
- Lea, defeat of the Danes at the, 216.
- Learning, advancement of, during the eleventh century, 246 et seq.
- Leo the Iconoclast, 185.
- Leo, Pope, Rome saved from Attila by, 110.
- Leo X., character of, 407
- —influence of, on the Reformation, 425.
- Leuds or Feudatories, the, 149
- —their struggle with the crown, 150 et seq.
- Libraries, early, 372.
- Liege, massacre at, by John the Fearless, 363.
- Literature, revival of, with Dante, &c., 344
- Lombards, or Longobards, irruption of the, 129 et seq.
- —character and polity of the, 131 et seq.
- Long Parliament, the, 468.
- Lothaire, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201, 202, 203
- —emperor, 204.
- Louis, origin of name of, 120.
- Louis the Debonnaire, reign of, 200.
- Louis, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201.
- Louis VII. heads the second Crusade, 284
- —divorces his wife, 286.
- Louis VIII., crusade against the Albigenses under, 304.
- Louis IX., crusade against the Albigenses under, 304
- Louis XI., first despotic King of France, 371.
- Louis XII., a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
- Louis XIII., reign of, in France, 476.
- Louis XIV., accession of, 469
- —rise of, as the absolute King, 475 et seq.
- —the accession, policy, and reign of, 479
- —private life of, 482
- —the revocation or the Edict of Nantes, 483
- —his reception, &c. of James II., 485, 486
- —his successes in war, 486
- —peace of Ryswick, 487
- —the war of the Succession, 489 et seq.
- —the peace of Utrecht, 502.
- Louis XVI., the execution of, 524.
-
Louis of Orleans, struggle of, with John of Burgundy, 361
- —his murder, 362.
- Lower classes, how regarded by the Crusaders, 271.
- Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, 406
- —character of, and institution of the Jesuits by, 434.
- Luitprand, King of Lombardy, 182, 183.
- Luther, early life of, 406
- Lutherans and Calvinists, hatred between, 460.
- Luxembourg, the marshal, 481
- —the victories of, 486.
- Macrinus, the emperor, 66.
- Magdeburg, the sack of, 466.
- Magna Charta, effects of, 306, 308
- —its conditions, 308 et seq.
- Magyars, first appearance of the, 99.
- Mahomet. See Mohammed.
- Maid of Norway, the, 319.
- Maintenon, Madame de, married to Louis XIV., 482.
- Marcus Aurelius, accession and reign of, 50 et seq.
- Marlborough, the victories of, 499 et seq.
- Martin V., Pope, 368.
- Mary, the reign of, in England, 433.
- Mary of Scotland, policy of Elizabeth toward, 437 et seq.
- Mary de Medicis, position of, in France, 475.
- Matilda, the countess, 255, 258.
- Maximilian, the emperor, a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
- Maximian, the emperor, 75
- —abdicates, 76.
- Maximin, the accession and reign of, 68.
- Maximus, appointment of, 69
- —his death, 70.
- Mayors of the palace, origin of the, 150
- —powers, &c. of the, 176.
- Mazarin, the cardinal, the policy, &c. of, 478
- —his death, 479.
- Mecca, capture of, by Mohammed, 158.
- Mediterranean, supremacy of Rome over the, 56
- —diminished importance of the, 413.
- Meroveg, King of the Franks, 110.
- Messalina, the empress, 20
- —her death, 22.
- Mexico, conquest of, by the Spaniards, 404.
- Michelet, picture of France in the ninth century by, 208.
- Middle Ages, commencement of the, 131.
- Middle class, destruction of the, under the Roman emperors, 90.
- Milan, sack of, by the Franks, &c., 124.
- Military spirit, strength of the, in England, 496.
- Military strength, the, of ancient Rome and modern Europe, 56 et seq.
- Minorca ceded to England, 502.
- Mirandola, Julius II. at siege of, 410.
- Mohammed, birth and career of, 138
- Mohammedanism, commencing struggle of, with Christianity, 141
- Monarchical principle, restoration of the, with Pepin, 183.
- Monasteries, influence of, on agriculture, 143
- Monks, the early, 115
- Moors, final loss of Spain by the, 403.
- Municipalities, rise of the 277
- —their growing importance, 279.
- Murder, fines for, among the Franks, 152.
- Music, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, 197.
- Nantes, edict of, its revocation, 483.
- Napoleon, the rise, &c. of, 525.
- Narses, exploits of, in Italy, 127.
- National debt, the English, its growth, 493.
- Navareta, the battle of, 351.
- Navies of Modern Europe, the, 57 et seq.
- Nelson, the victories of, 525.
- Netherlands, Alva’s cruelties in the, 441.
- Nero, character and reign of, 22.
- Nerva, the emperor, 42, 44.
- Neustria, kingdom of, 155.
- Nice, the Council of, 92.
- Nicea taken by the Crusaders, 264.
- Nicene creed, the, 92.
- Nicholas Breakspear becomes pope, 289.
- Niger, a candidate for the empire, 60.
- Nobility, new, originated by Constantine, 87
- Nogaret, Chancellor of France, 329.
- Nominalists, rise of the, 248.
- Normans, the conquest of England by the, 253
- —feeling against the, in England, 292.
- Norman kings, character of the, 288.
- Normandy, settlement of the Normans in, 222 et seq.
- —power of the dukes, 232.
- Norsemen, Charlemagne’s prescience regarding the, 197
- North America, the English colonization of, 454.
- Novellæ of Justinian, the, 136.
- Novatian and Cornelius, the schism between, 78.
- Novgorod, the kingdom of, 213.
- Nunneries, reformation of, by St. Benedict, 200
- —of the twelfth century, the, 283.
- Odoacer, King of Italy, 111
- —overthrow of, 118.
- Omar, the lieutenant of Mohammed, 158, 160
- Orleans, the siege of, 385
- —relieved by Joan of Arc, 387 et seq.
- Ostrogoths, overthrow of the, in Italy, 127.
- Otho, the emperor, 24.
- Otho the Great, the emperor, 234.
- Padua, destroyed by Attila, 110.
- Palos, the return of Columbus to, 397.
- Palestine, eagerness for news from, during the Crusades, 275.
- Pandects of Justinian, the, 136.
- Pantheism, form of, in the thirteenth century, 298.
- Papacy, the, state of, during the tenth century, 220, 235
- Papal supremacy, the, abjured by England, 430.
- Paper, first manufacture of, from rags, 392.
- Paris, state of, under John the Fearless, 364
- —the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442.
- Parliament, first summoned in England, 313
- —concessions wrung from Edward I. by, 320.
- Parliaments, the French, what, 312.
- Party libels, prevalence of, under Walpole, 505.
- Passau, the treaty of, 431.
- Peasantry, the, insurrection of, during fourteenth century, 356
- People, state of the, under the early emperors, 34 et seq.
- —conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 309.
- Pepin, accession of, 182
- —crowned king, 183.
- Persia, new monarchy of, 71
- —subdued by the Mohammedans, 165.
- Pertinax, accession and murder of, 59.
- Pestilence, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.
- Peter the Hermit, preaches the first Crusade, 262.
- Peterborough, Lord, the victories of, in Spain, 501.
- Petrarch, the works of, 344, 346.
- Philip, the emperor, 72.
- Philip I. of France, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256.
- Philip le Bel, struggle of, with Boniface VIII., 326 et seq.
- Philip VI., war with Edward III., 355.
- Philip II., accession of, 432
- —the Spanish Armada, 444.
- Philip of Valois, the victory of, at Cassel, 353.
- Philip Augustus, conquest of the English possessions by, 305.
- Pinkie, the battle of, 415.
- Pitt, (Lord Chatham,) the ministry of, 513.
- Plague of Florence, the, 356.
- Plantagenets, character of the, 288.
- Plassey, the battle of, 513, 516.
- Pococke, Admiral, exploits of, in the East, 516.
- Poictiers, the battle of, 356.
- Poitou, how acquired by England, 286.
- Poland, the partition of, 492.
- Polemo, a philosopher, anecdote of, 50.
- Pompeia Plotina, wife of Trajan, 45.
- Pondicherry, the capture of, by the English, 516.
- Poor, relations of the Church to the, 274.
- Pope, the claims to supremacy of, 132 et seq.
- —efforts of the early English monks on behalf of, 172, 173
- —his position in the eighth century, 174, 175
- —alliance, &c. between Charles Martel and, 182
- —crowns Pepin, 183
- —supremacy of, after Hildebrand, 259
- —the revolt of Arnold of Brescia against, 278
- —his supremacy denied by the Albigenses, 299
- —position, &c. of, before the Reformation, 420.
- Popes, the, the claims of supremacy by, 148
- Popular assemblies, early, 151.
- Portugal, maritime discoveries of, 395
- —increasing naval power of, 412.
- Prætorian Guards, sale of the empire by the, 59.
- Printing, influences of, 14
- Probus, the emperor, 72
- —his conquests and policy, 73.
- Protestantism, influence of, 402
- Protestants, the, expelled from France, 484.
- Provençal dialect, disappearance of the, 304.
- Prussia, rise of, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
- —the seven years’ war, 512.
- Puritanism, origin, &c. of, in England, 456 et seq., 464
- —growing tendency to, 466.
- Quebec, the battle of, 513.
- Raleigh, the naval exploits of, 452.
- Ravenna, the Exarch of, 137
- Raymond of Toulouse, the leader of the Albigenses, 299.
- Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, 303
- —deprived of his possessions, 306.
- Realists, rise of the, 248.
- Rebellion of 1715, the, 504
- —and of 1745, 507.
- Reformation, influences of the, 14
- Regner Lodbrog, 214.
- Relics, the system of, 262
- —passion for, during the Crusades, 276.
- Religion, state of, during the tenth century, 219
- Republics, the Italian, rise of, 277.
- Revolution of 1688, the, 485.
- Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, 388.
- Richard Cœur de Lion, character of, 288
- —heads the third Crusade, 285.
- Richelieu, Cardinal, 449
- Robert of Normandy, the Crusader, 263
- Robert, son of Hugh Capet, 237.
- Robert Guiscard, conquests of, in Italy, 254
- —sack of Rome by, 258.
- Rochelle, the capture of, from the Huguenots, 476, 477.
- Rois fainéants, the 175, 176.
- Rollo, settlement of, in Normandy, 222 et seq.
- —created Duke of Normandy, 225 et seq.
- Romans, the conquest of England by, and its effects, 21
- —passion of, for gladiatorial shows, 34.
- Roman empire, first broken in on by the barbarians, 51
- Roman law, reintroduction of, in Europe, 297.
- Rome, the supremacy of, the characteristic of the first century, 16
- —power of the emperor, 20
- —state of, during the first century, 35
- —increasing weakness of, 79 et seq.
- —removal of the seat of empire from, 84
- —the sack of, by Alaric, 106
- —sacked by the Vandals, 111
- —causes of her fall, 111 et seq.
- —recovered by Belisarius, 124
- —taken, &c. by Totila, 125
- —supremacy of the Bishop of, 126 et seq.
- —fallen state of, in the sixth century, 133
- —the Bishops of, claim supremacy, 148
- —influence of the unity of, 184
- —state of during the tenth century, 235
- —sack of, by the Normans, 258
- —the Crusaders at, 262
- —Arnold of Brescia in, 278
- —jubilee at, 1300, 325
- —state of, before the Reformation, 420
- —Luther at, 424.
- Romish Church, influence of the Jesuits on, 434 et seq.
- —rejoicings of, on massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442.
- Romulus Augustulus, the emperor, 111.
- Rosamund, wife of Alboin, 129.
- Roses, the wars of the, 393
- —effect of, on the nobility, 360.
- Rouen, occupied by the Normans, 222
- —execution of Joan of Arc at, 390.
- Royal power, general consolidation of, in the fifteenth century, 370.
- Russia, the Danes in, 213
- St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, 442
- —its effects, 442.
- St. Benedict, industry, &c. inculcated by, 142, 143
- —the second, 200.
- St. Bernard on the luxury, &c. of the clergy, 274
- St. Boniface, coronation of Pepin by, 183.
- St. Columba, and Brunehild, 150.
- St. Dominic. See Dominic.
- St. Francis of Assisi, 315.
- St. Louis. See Louis IX.
- St. Remi, Clovis baptized by, 119.
- Sapor, the capture of Valerian by, 72
- —death of Julian in war with, 96.
- Saracens, the, the conquests of, 162 et seq.
- Sarmatians, the, 71.
- Sassanides, dynasty of, 71.
- Saxons, feeling of the, towards the Normans in England, 292.
- Saxony, the Elector of, and Luther, 426, 428.
- Scholastic philosophy, rise of the, 247.
- Schools, establishment of, under Charlemagne, 195.
- Scotland, state of, in the eighth century, 171, 172
- —resistance to the papacy in, 314
- —Edward I.’s attempt on, 319 et seq.
- —the battle of Bannockburn, 352
- —the ballads of, 372
- —effects of battle of Flodden in, 414, 418
- —its subsequent state, 415 et seq.
- —the policy of Elizabeth in, 437 et seq.
- —James’s attempt to force Episcopacy on, 464
- —persecution of the Covenanters in, 473
- —the Union Act, 502
- —the rebellion of 1715, 504
- —and of 1745, 507.
- Scotus Erigena, career, &c. of, 207.
- Septimania, power of the Dukes of, 204.
- Serfs, conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 309.
- Seven years’ war, the, 512.
- Severus, Alexander, accession and reign of, 67.
- Severus, Septimius, accession and reign of, 60 et seq.
- Sicily, conquest of, by the Normans, 255.
- Simon de Montfort, the crusade against the Albigenses under, 302
- —his death, 303.
- Simon de Montfort, summoning of parliament by, 313.
- Sixtus V., approval of the murder of Henry III. by, 448.
- Slaves, state of the, under the Romans, 35, 90.
- Smalcalde, the Protestant league of, 429.
- Society, state of, under James I., 455.
- Solway Moss, the battle of, 414.
- South Sea bubble, the, 505.
- Spain, severance of, from the Roman empire, 108
- Spanish Armada, the, and its defeat, 444.
- Spanish Succession, the war of the, 498 et seq.
- Spurs, the battle of the, at Courtrai, 336
- —at Guinegate, 418.
- Staupitz, connection of, with Luther, 423.
- Stephen, the wars of, in England, 292.
- Stilicho, opposed to Alaric, 101, 105
- —his murder, 106.
- Strafford, execution of, 468.
- Succession, the war of the, 498 et seq.
- Sulpician, a candidate for the empire, 59.
- Supino, betrayal of Anagni by, 328.
- Surenus, minister of Trajan, 45.
- Surrey, the Earl of, at Flodden, 416.
- Switzerland, ingress of French Protestants into, 484.
- Sylvester II., Pope, 238, 242
- —his character, &c., 246.
- Syria, progress of Mohammedanism in, 158, 161.
- Talbot, raises the siege of Orleans, 387.
- Tancho, the invention of bells by, 196.
- Taxes, system of collecting, under Constantine, 89.
- Taylor, Rowland, the martyr, 433.
- Tchuda, check of the Saracens at, 166.
- Templars, the destruction of the, 337 et seq.
- —the charges against them, 340.
- Tetzel, the sale of indulgences by, 425.
- Theodora, wife of Justinian, 134.
- Theodoric the Goth, at the battle of Châlons, 110.
- Theodoric, the reign of, 119
- Theodosius, the emperor, 101.
- Tiberius, the reign of, 18
- —his character, 19.
- Tilly, the sack of Magdeburg by, 466.
- Timbuctoo, expedition by Englishmen to, 452.
- Tinchebray, the battle of, 286.
- Titus, the reign of, 28
- —the siege and capture of Jerusalem, 30 et seq.
- Torstenson, the victories of, 468.
- Totila, King of the Goths, 125, 127.
- Toulouse, the Marquises of, 205
- Tours, the battle of, 179 et seq.
- Towns, effect of the Crusades on the, 273, 277
- —increasing power of the, in the fourteenth century, 334.
- Trajan, the accession and reign of, 42, 44 et seq.
- Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 247.
- Trebonian, the Justinian code drawn up by, 136.
- Tripoli, conquered by the Saracens, 167.
- Troubadours, attacks on the clergy by the, 300.
- Truce of God, the, 238.
- Tunis, crusade of Louis IX. against, 318.
- Turenne, the victories of, 478, 481.
- Union Act, passing of the, 502.
- United States, the revolt of the, 518 et seq.
- Universal church, belief in a, before the Reformation, 419.
- Urban II. and the first Crusaders, 262.
- Utrecht, thy peace of, 502.
- Valens, the emperor, 97
- —his defeat and death, 100.
- Valentinian, the emperor, 97.
- Valerian, the emperor, 72.
- Vandals, conquest of Africa by the, 108
- Vasco da Gama, the discovery of the route to India by, 401.
- Venaissin, acquisition of, by the Pope, 306.
- Venice, rise of, 277
- Verona destroyed by Attila, 110.
- Versailles, Louis XIV. at, 481
- Vespasian, accession of, 24.
- Vicenza, taken by Attila, 110.
- Vidius Pollio, anecdote of, 36.
- Vikinger, the, 208.
- Virginia, settlement of, by the English, 454.
- Visigoths, settlements of the, in Spain, &c., 128.
- Vitellius, the emperor, 24.
- Wales, early state of, 171, 172.
- Wallace, the victories, &c. of, 320.
- Walpole, Sir R., the ministry of, 505.
- Wartburg, seclusion of Luther at, 428.
- Wealth, influence of the Crusades on, 272.
- Wellington, the victories of, in India, 525.
- Wenilon, Bishop of Sens, 206.
- Wentworth, execution of, 468.
- Western Church, severance of the Eastern from, 133.
- Wickliff, his translation of the Bible, 342.
- Wickliffites, persecution of the, 365.
- William of Normandy, churches, &c. erected by, 244
- William Rufus, character of, 288.
- William III., accession of, in England, 485
- Winchester, the Bishop of, 384.
- Winifried, the monk, 175.
- Witig, King of the Ostrogoths, 124
- —his overthrow, 125.
- Wittenagemot, the, 151.
- Wolfe, the conquest of Canada by, 517.
- Woman, increased respect paid to, 283.
- Worms, the Diet of, Luther before, 427.
- Zorndorf, the battle of, 513.