A
Aa, lava, 241
Acadian coal field, 354
Accretion hypothesis, 304
Acidic rocks, 249
Adelsberg grotto, 47
Adirondacks, 309, 316
Africa, 357
Agassiz, Lake, 67, 111,
435
Agates, 251
Alabama, 317, 360
Alaska, 85, 138,
140, 378
Aletsch glacier, 121
Algæ, 51, 52
Algonkian era, 306, 310
Allegheny Mountains, 90, 224,
326, 403
Alluvial cones, 98
Alluvium, 62
Alps, 118, 121,
141, 210,
211, 212,
223, 229,
349, 427,
443
Amazon River, 175
Ammonites, 294, 367,
380, 382
Amphibians, 364, 383
Amphicyon, 413
Amygdules, 250
Andes, 236, 279
Angle of repose, 25
Antarctic continent, 294
Antecedent streams, 209
Antelope, 413
Anthracite, 281
Anticlinal folds, 203, 209
Ants, 20
Apennine Mountains, 399
Appalachia, 317, 351,
358
Appalachian coal field, 356
Appalachian deformation, 358
Appalachian Mountains, 211, 214,
218, 292
Aquifer, 44
Aragonite, 296
Arch$aelig;opteryx, 393
Archean era, 305
Arenaceous rocks, 9
Argillaceous rocks, 9
Arizona, 32, 75,
145, 151,
154, 220,
229, 249,
257, 371,
390
Arkansas, 337, 356,
373
Arkose, 186, 282,
370
Artesian wells, 44
Arthropods, 322
Artiodactyls, 411
Assiniboine, Mount, 34
Atlas Mountains, 399
Atmosphere, 304, 305
Atolls, 191, 193
Augite, 274
Austin, Tex., 71
Australia, 190, 357
Avalanches, 26
B
Bad Lands, 397, 398
Baltic Sea, 170, 171,
199
Barite, 287
Barrier Reefs, 191, 192
Basal conglomerate, 173, 184
Basalt, 249
Baselevel, 80, 83
Basic rocks, 249
Basin deposits, 103
Bay bars, 164
Beaches, 162, 164
Bears, 413
Bedding planes, 5
Belemnites, 382
Belt Mountains, 309
Bergschrund, 121, 135,
137
Bermudas, 148
Birds, 392
Bison, 413
Bitter Root Mountains, 272
Black Hills, 309, 371
Blastoids, 339
Blastosphere, 311
Block mountains, 222, 226
Blowholes, 159
Blue Ridge, 309, 316
Bomb, volcanic, 256
Bonneville, Lake, 107, 438
Bosses, 270
Bowlders, erratic, 420
of weathering, 28
Brachiopods, 323, 333,
343, 364,
380
Brazil, 18, 236
Breccia, 218, 255,
264
British Columbia, 373, 378
Bronze stage, 443, 448
Bryozoans, 333
Bunker Hill, 422
C
Calamites, 361, 367
Calcareous rocks, 9
Calciferous series, 327
Calcite, 296
Caldera, 239
California, 24, 99,
136, 152, 158,
159, 170, 197,
224, 256, 262,
287, 357, 360,
371, 400
Great Valley of, 101, 199,
372, 396
Cambrian period, 315
glaciation in, 358
life of, 319
Camels, 412
Canada, 28, 35, 67,
69, 90, 182,
198, 200, 213,
218, 267, 307,
309, 316, 336,
354, 357, 432,
437
Cape Breton Island, 198
Cape Cod, 152
Carbonated springs, 261
Carbonates, formation of, 12
Carboniferous period, 350
life of, 361
Carnivores, 413
Cascade Mountains, 90, 400
Cats, 413
Catskill Mountains, 342
Caucasus Mountains, 399
Caverns, 45, 241
Cenozoic era, 394
Centipedes, 333
Cephalopods, 324, 333,
339, 344, 367,
380
Ceratites, 380
Ceratosaurus, 385
Chain coral, 339, 343
Chalcopyrite, 287
Chalk, 9, 374, 375
Chalybeate springs, 52
Champlain subsidence, 437
Charleston earthquake, 233
Chazy series, 327
Chelan, Lake, 141
Chemung series, 341, 342
Chesapeake Bay, 169, 170,
197
Chicago, 146, 198,
436
Chile, 235
China, 28, 151
Christmas Island, 194, 248
Cincinnati anticline, 329, 356
Cirques, 135
Clinton series, 335
Coal, 352, 370, 375
Coal Measures, 351
Coast Range, 101, 372,
399
Coastal plain, Atlantic, 183
Cœlenterates, 320
Coke, 271
Colorado, 18, 29, 33,
37, 153, 233,
266, 271, 334
Colorado plateaus, 357, 403
Colorado River, 30, 75,
140, 154, 223,
307, 313, 317
Columbia lavas, 400
Columnar structure, 253
Concretions, 49
Cones, alluvial, 98
volcanic, 257
Conglomerate, 9, 173
Congo River, 175
Conifers, 377
Connecticut, 370
valley, 403
Contemporaneous lava sheets, 248, 268
Continental delta, 175, 183
Continental shelf, 183
Continents, 188
Contours, 69
Copper, 287, 310
Coquina, 177
Coral reefs, 188
Corals, ancient, 321, 332,
338, 379
Cordaites, 363
Cordilleran ice field, 425
Corniferous series, 341
Coves, 161
Crabs, 379
Crandall volcano, 263, 400
Crater Lake, 259
Creodonts, 413
Cretaceous period, 372
Crinoids, 332, 363,
379
Crocodiles, 384
Cross bedding, 65, 182
Crustacea, 322, 332,
363, 379
Crustal movements, 195
Cumberland plateau, 90
Cup corals, 338
Cycads, 377, 378
Cycle of erosion, 84, 185,
292
Cystoids, 321, 332,
367
D
Dalmatia, 170
Darwin’s theory of coral reefs, 191
Dead Sea, 221, 279
Death Gulch, 264
Deep-sea deposits, 187
Deer, 413
Deflation, 152
Deformation, 279
Delaware River, 197, 403
Deltas, 108, 111,
197
of Ganges, 109
of Indus, 110
of Mississippi, 109,
197
Denudation, 57
Denver, 398
Desert, 15, 55
Devitrification, 257
Devonian period, 316, 341
Dicotyls, 377, 404
Digitigrade, 406
Dikes, 244, 265
Dinosaurs, 385
Dinothere, 410
Diorite, 274
Dip, 202
Dip fault, 225
Diplodocus, 286
Dipnoans, 346
Discina, 324
Dismal Swamp, 106
Dogs, 413
Dragon flies, 364
Drift, 18, 113, 416
bowlders of, 420
englacial, 125
extent of, 425
pebbles of, 114, 420
stratified, 423
thickness of, 429
Driftless area, 438
Drowned valleys, 197
Drumlins, 421
Duluth, 436
Dunes, 147
Dust falls, 145
E
Earth, age of, 292, 298,
302
interior of, 276
Earthquakes, 224, 233
causes of, 233, 237
Charleston, 233
distribution of, 236
geological effects of, 234
India, 235
Japan, 237
New Madrid, 236
Earthworms, 20, 21
Echinoderms, 321, 332,
333, 343, 363
Edentates, 441
Egypt, 93
Electric Peak, 269
Elephants, 410
Elevation, effects of, 85
movements of, 197
Eocene epoch, 395
Epicontinental seas, 318
Erratics, 133, 420
Eskers, 424
Etna, 248, 402
Europe, Pleistocene ice sheet of, 427
Eurypterids, 333, 339,
363, 367
Evolution, 300, 447
F
Faceted pebbles, 113, 114,
420
Falls of the Ohio, 343
Fan folds, 205
Fault scarps, 219
Faults, 217
Faunas, 299
Feldspar, 9, 10, 42
Ferns, 361
Finger lakes, 432
Fire clay, 353
Fishes, 334, 339,
345, 364, 405
Fissure eruptions, 242
Fissure springs, 44
Fjords, 139, 142
Flint, 18, 375
Flood plains, 85, 93
Floods, 54
Floras, 299
Florida, 46, 163, 177,
178, 188, 396
Flow lines, 252
Fluorite, 287
Folded mountains, 210
Folds, 201, 208
Foliation, 283
Foraminifera, 187, 374
Forests, Carboniferous, 354, 361
Cretaceous, 377, 378
Devonian, 343
Tertiary, 404
Fort Wayne, 436
Fossils, 177, 296
Fractures, 215
Fragmental rocks, 8
France, 167, 171
cave men of, 445
Fringing reefs, 190
Frogs, 383
Frost, 15
Fundy, Bay of, 182
G
Gabbro, 274
Ganges, 58, 109, 197
Ganoids, 347
Garnet, 281
Gases, volcanic, 244
Gastropods, 324
Gastrula, 311
Geneva, Lake, 71
Geodes, 49
Geological time, divisions of, 295
Geology, definition of, 1, 3
departments of, 4
Georgia,
About This Book
The text introduces fundamental principles of physical geology by linking geological processes directly to the landforms and rock structures they produce, using clear diagrams, classroom exercises, and fieldwork suggestions. Common rocks and glacial drift are described early, with chapters arranged in a logical sequence suited to much of North America. Historical geology then gives a broad account of continental development and the succession of life, emphasizing representative fossils that trace lines of descent. Technical mineralogical and paleontological detail is minimized in favor of inductive reasoning, practical examples, and exercises for beginning students and teachers.