18, 373
Geysers, 52, 260
Glacial epoch, 142, 416
Glaciers, 113
abrasion by, 133
Alpine, 118
compared with rivers, 137,
142
crevasses of, 123
deposition by, 138
Greenland, 116
lower limit of, 129
melting of, 126
mode of formation, 118
moraines, 124
motion of, 120,
122, 134
piedmont, 131, 141
plucking by, 133
tables, 130
transportation by, 132
troughs, 137
wells, 129
young and mature, 129
Glauconite, 176
Globigerina ooze, 187
Glyptodon, 441
Gneiss, 283
Goats, 413
Gold, 287, 372
Goniatite, 344, 367
Graded slopes, 25
Granite, 9, 274
Graphite, 312
Graptolites, 320, 339
Gravitation, 22
Great Basin, 357, 360,
374, 375
Great Lakes, 198, 436
Great Plains, 82
Great Salt Lake, 107
Greenland, 115, 126,
378
Green Mountains, 309, 316,
420
Green sand, 176
Ground water, 39
Ground water surface, 40
Gryphæa, 379
Gymnosperms, 363, 377
Gypsum, 12, 335, 357,
371
H
Hade, 217
Hamilton series, 341
Hanging valley, 139
Hanging wall, 217
Hartz Mountains, 214
Hawaiian volcanoes, 238, 248,
258, 279
Heat and cold, 13
Helderberg series, 341
Hematite, 310
Henry Mountains, 271, 375
High Plains, 100, 398
Hillers Mountain, 271
Himalaya Mountains, 122, 209,
210, 399
Historical geology, 4, 291
Honeycomb corals, 339
Hood, Mount, 260, 262
Hooks, 165
Hornblende, 274
Hornblende schist, 284
Hudson Bay, 90, 170
Hudson River,
197, 417
Hudson series, 327, 329
Humus acids, 10
Humus layer, 19
Huronian systems, 308
Hwang-ho River, 151
Hydrosphere, 22
Hydrozoa, 320
I
Icebergs, 116, 143
Iceland, 242, 258
Ichthyosaurus, 389
Idaho, 34, 400
Igneous rocks, 9, 249,
250, 251, 273
Illinoian formation, 429
Illinois, 54, 146,
356, 374
India, 28, 102, 147,
235, 357, 402
Indian Territory, 356
Indiana, 48, 104
Indo-Gangetic plain, 101
Indus River, 101, 110
Insects, 333, 364,
380
Interior of earth, 276
Internal geological agencies, 195
Intrusive masses, 270
Intrusive rocks, 273
Intrusive sheets, 268
Inverness earthquake, 236
Iowa, 29, 69, 73,
80, 86, 336, 356, 374, 431, 433, 439, 442
Iowan formation, 429
Iron ores, 13, 53, 279,
310
Islands, coral, 188
wave cut, 159, 161
J
Japan, 223, 224, 237
Joints, 5, 31, 216
Jordan valley, 279
Jura Mountains, 141, 212
Jurassic period, 369
K
Kame terraces, 424
Kames, 424
Kansan formation, 429
Kansas, 41, 50, 100,
336, 357, 373,
374, 429
Kaolin, 12
Karst, 47
Katahdin, Mount, 420
Keewatin ice field, 425
Kentucky, 45, 46, 343,
442
Keweenawan system, 308, 310
Kilauea, 239
Kings River Canyon, 403
Krakatoa, 245
L
Labrador, 198
Labrador ice field, 426
Laccolith, 271
Lagoon, 165, 167
Lahontan, Lake, 107, 438
Lake Chelan, 141
Lake dwellings, 448
Lake Geneva, 71
Lake Superior region, 284, 308,
310
Lakes, 70, 222, 432
basins, 97, 110,
127, 139, 141,
164, 165, 167,
191, 221, 222,
235, 259, 423,
432, 435
deposits, 104
glacial, 127, 139,
141, 423, 432,
435
Pleistocene, 435
salt, 106
Laminæ, 5
Landslides, 26, 234
Lapilli, 255
Laramie series, 375
Laurentian peneplain, 84, 308,
432
Lava, 238, 241
Lava domes, 243, 400
Lepidodendron, 362, 367
Lichens, 16
Lignite, 271
Limestone, 7, 177, 178,
190
Limonite, 13
Lingulella, 324
Lithosphere, 21
Lizards, 384
Llamas, 412
Loess, 150, 433
Long Island, 373
Louisiana, 336, 396
Lower Silurian period, 327
Luray Cavern, 48
Lycopods, 362
M
Magnetite, 279, 310
Maine, 169, 420
Malaspina glacier, 131
Maldive Archipelago, 193
Mammals, 393, 405,
440
Mammoth, 442
Mammoth Cave, 46
Mammoth Hot Springs, 52
Man, 414, 443
Mantle of waste, 17
Marble, 284, 329
Marengo Cavern, 48
Marl, 104
Marsupials, 393, 406
Martha’s Vineyard, 161, 373,
395
Maryland, 56, 270
Massachusetts, 106, 162,
257, 309, 403,
417, 429
Mastodon, 410, 441,
442
Matterhorn, 34
Maturity of land forms, 80
Mauna Loa, 239
Meanders, 96
Medina series, 335, 403
Megatherium, 441
Mendota, Lake, 71
Mesa, 31, 32, 153
Mesozoic era, 369
Mesozoic peneplain, 376, 403
Metamorphism, 281
Mexico, 373, 375
Mica, 9
Mica schist, 284
Michigan, 104, 356,
443
Michigan, Lake, 149, 198
Mineral veins, 49, 286
Minnesota, 97, 426
Miocene series, 395
Mississippi, 337
Mississippi embayment, 373, 374,
395
Mississippi River, 56, 57,
82, 94, 96,
109
Mississippian series, 350
Missouri, 18, 236
Missouri River, 55, 97
Mobile Bay, 197
Mohawk valley, 436, 437
Molluscous shell deposits, 177
Mollusks, 324
Monadnock, 83
Monkeys, 414
Monoclinal fold, 204
Monocotyls, 377, 404
Monotremes, 393, 406
Montana, 71, 309, 313,
373
Montreal, 268, 437
Monuments, 33
Moraines, 124
Mosasaurs, 390
Mountain sheep, 413
Mountains, age of, 229
life history of, 212,
215
origin of, 90, 210,
222
sculpture of, 33, 137
Movements of crust, 195
Muir glacier, 122, 129
N
Nantucket, 373
Naples, 201
Narragansett Bay, 197
Natural bridges, 46
Natural gas, 330
Natural levees, 93
Nautilus, 334
Nebraska, 50, 82, 100,
255, 356
Nebular hypothesis, 304
Neolithic man, 443, 448
Nevada, 104, 107,
222, 288, 289,
360, 400
Névé, 120
New Brunswick, 198
New England, 88, 373,
376, 378, 395,
403, 429, 432,
437
Newfoundland, 198
New Jersey, 148, 166,
168, 176, 196,
268, 269, 309,
310, 373, 437
New Madrid earthquake, 236
New Mexico, 31, 371,
399
New York, 60, 90, 309,
327, 329, 335,
336, 360, 421,
422, 423, 424,
432, 443
Niagara Falls, 60, 199
Niagara series, 335
Nile, 93, 109, 197
Normal fault, 217
North Carolina, 106
North Dakota, 67
North Sea, 170
Notochord, 347
Nova Scotia, 198
Nunatak, 116, 132
O
Ohio, 82, 198, 329,
335, 441
Ohio River, 55, 82
Oil, 330
Olenellus zone, 323
Olivine, 274
Oolitic limestone, 178
Ooze, deep-sea, 131
Ordovician period, 316, 327
life of, 331
Oregon, 222, 262,
400
Oreodon, 412
Ores, 287, 290
Organisms, work of, 16
Oriskany series, 341
Ornithostoma, 392
Orthoceras, 325, 367,
380
Oscillations, 196
a cause of, 273
effect on drainage, 85
Ostracoderms, 344
Ottawa River, 90
Outcrop, 2
Outliers, 31
Outwash plains, 425
Oxidation, 13
Oyster, 379, 380
P
Pahoehoe lava, 241
Palæospondylus, 344
Paleolithic man, 444
Paleozoic era, 315
Palisades of Hudson, 268
Palms, 377
Pamir, 15
Peat, 94, 104
Peccaries, 412
Pelecypods, 324
Pelée, Mt., 246
Peneplain, 83
dissected, 86
Laurentian, 89, 308,
402
Mesozoic, 376, 403
Pennsylvania, 35, 211,
257, 357, 359,
403
Pennsylvanian series, 350,
About This Book
The text introduces fundamental principles of physical geology by linking geological processes directly to the landforms and rock structures they produce, using clear diagrams, classroom exercises, and fieldwork suggestions. Common rocks and glacial drift are described early, with chapters arranged in a logical sequence suited to much of North America. Historical geology then gives a broad account of continental development and the succession of life, emphasizing representative fossils that trace lines of descent. Technical mineralogical and paleontological detail is minimized in favor of inductive reasoning, practical examples, and exercises for beginning students and teachers.