351
Perissodactyl, 408
Perlitic structure, 252
Permian series, 350, 357,
360, 366
Petrifaction, 296
Petroleum, 330, 343
Phenacodus, 406
Phyllite, 283
Phyllopod, 323
Piedmont Belt, 87, 214,
309, 374
Piedmont plains, 99
Pikes Peak, 18
Pithecanthropus erectus, 446
Placers, 287
Plains of marine abrasion, 172
Planation, 81
Plantigrade, 406
Platte River, 82
Playa, 103
Playa lakes, 104
Pleistocene epoch, 416
Plesiosaurus, 389, 390
Pliocene epoch, 395
Plucking, 133
Po River, 58, 197
Pocono sandstone, 350, 404
Porosity of rocks, 40
Porphyritic structure, 252
Potholes, 59
Potomac River, 58, 66,
403
Predentata, 386
Pre-Kansan formation, 429
Primates, 414
Prince Edward Island, 198
Proboscidians, 410, 441,
442
Pteropods, 325
Pterosaurs, 391
Puget Sound, 396
Pumice, 250
Pyrite, 13
Q
Quarry water, 15
Quartz, 6, 9
Quartz schist, 284
Quaternary period, 395, 416
Quebec, 28
R
Rain, erosion, 23
Rain prints, 181
Recent epoch, 416, 440,
447
Reconcentration of ores, 289
Record, the geological, 291
Red clay, 187
Red River of the North, 67
Red Sea, 221
Red snow, 115
Reefs, coral, 188
Regional intrusions, 272
Reptiles, 367, 383
Rhinoceros, 408
Rhizocarp, 343
Rhode Island, 356
Rhone glacier, 123
Rhyolite, 249
Richmond, Va., 370
Rift valleys, 221
Ripple marks, 180
Rivers, 54
bars, 65
braided channels, 94
deltas, 108
deposition, 62
discharge, 55
erosion, 59
estuaries, 85
flood plains, 93
floods, 54
graded, 74
gradients, 82
load of, 56
mature, 72, 80,
97, 98
meanders, 96
plains, 99
profile of, 73
revived, 85
run-off, 54
structure of deposits, 102
terraces, 96
transportation, 56, 64
waterfalls, 78
young, 67
Roches moutonnées, 134, 418
Rock bench, 156
Rock salt, 12, 357,
371
Rocky Mountains, 375, 399,
437
Ruminants, 412
S
Saber-tooth tiger, 413
Saguenay River, 90, 201
Sahara, 15, 146, 150
St. Elias Range, 399
St. Peter sandstone, 150
Salamanders, 383
Salina series, 335
Salt, common, 106, 335
Salt lakes, 106
San Francisco Bay, 197
Sand, beach, 163
of deserts, 149
reefs, 165, 167
storms, 145
Sandstone, 6, 7, 186
Sarcoui, 258
Sauropoda, 386
Schist, 283
Schladebach, 277
Scoria, 250, 255
Scorpions, 339, 340,
363
Scotland, 170, 220,
402
Sea, 155
erosion, 156
deposition, 174
transportation, 162
Sea arch, 159
Sea cave, 158
Sea cliff, 156, 157
Sea cucumber, 363
Seals, 414
Sea stacks, 169
Sea urchin, 332, 379
Seaweed, 176
Sedimentary rocks, 8, 9
Selkirk Mountains, 218
Septa, 338
Sequoia, 378
Shale, 8, 9
Sharks, 345, 405
Shasta, Mount, 262, 400
Sheep, 413
Shenandoah valley, 403
Shores of elevation, 167
Shores of depression, 169
Siderite, 63
Sierra Nevada Mountains, 24, 90,
99, 224, 229,
272, 287, 318,
357, 371, 372,
396, 398, 390,
402, 437
Sigillaria, 362, 367
Silica, 6, 178
Silurian period, 316, 334
life of, 338
Sink hole, 46
Slate, 207, 282
Slaty cleavage, 207
Slickensides, 217
Snake River lavas, 400, 401
Snakes, 384, 405
Soil, 19
Solfatara, 260
Solution, 11
Soufrière, 246
South America, 357
South Carolina, 233
South Dakota, 276, 374,
397
Spanish Peaks, 271, 376
Spherulites, 252
Spiders, 363
Spitzbergen, 378
Sponges, 320, 379
Springs, 41
thermal, 50
Stalactite, 48
Stalagmite, 48
Starfishes, 332
Staubbach, 140
Stegosaurus, 387
Stoss side, 134
Stratification, 5, 64,
180
Striæ, glacial, 114, 133,
418
Strike, 203
Strike fault, 225
Stromatopora, 331, 379
Stromboli, 244
Subsidence, 85, 183,
197
Sun cracks, 180
Superior, Lake, 257
Superposition, law of, 293
Susquehanna River, 403
Sutlej River, 209
Sweden, 199
Swine, 412
Switzerland, 28, 427
Syenite, 274
Synclinal fold, 204
Syracuse, N.Y., 436
Syringopora, 339
T
Tabulæ, 339
Taconic deformation, 329
Taconic Mountains, 376
Talc, 284
Talc schist, 284
Talus, 23
Tapir, 409
Teleost fishes, 349, 382,
405
Tennessee, 90, 373
Terminal moraines, 126, 422,
432
Terraces, 86, 96
Tertiary period, 395
Texas, 15, 69, 71,
166, 336, 356,
357, 371, 373,
374, 378
Theromorphs, 383
Throw, 217
Thrust faults, 217
Till, 418
Till plains, 420
Toronto, 443
Trachyte, 249, 258
Travertine, 52
Trenton series, 327
Triassic period, 369
Triceratops, 387
Trilobites, 322, 332,
339, 363, 367
Tuff, 255
Turkestan, 103
Turtles, 384
U
Unconformity, 227
Undertow, 174
Utah, 107, 271, 360,
371, 396, 399
Utica series, 327
V
V-Valleys, 74
Valley drift, 128
Valley trains, 425
Valleys, 66
Vermont, 309, 329,
420
Vernagt glacier, 129
Vertebrates, 334, 349
Vesuvius, 247, 259,
402
Virginia, 48, 84, 106,
370, 403, 442
Volcanic ashes, 244, 255
cones, 257
necks, 267
rocks, 249
Volcanoes, 238
causes of, 278
decadent, 260
submarine, 248
tertiary, 399
W
Walrus, 414
Warped valleys, 101
Warping, 198
Wasatch Mountains, 375
Washington, 18, 91,
150, 400
Waterfalls, 59, 78
Waves, 156
Weathering, 5
chemical, 10
differential, 29
mechanical, 13
Wells, 41
artesian, 44
West Virginia, 79, 357,
359
White Mountains, 443
Wind, 144
deposition, 147
erosion, 151
pebbles carved by, 152
transportation, 145
Wisconsin, 15, 18, 70,
71, 90, 94,
422, 426
Wisconsin formation, 429, 431
Wyoming, 50, 98, 371
Y
Yahtse River, 131
Yellow Sea, 151, 170
Yellowstone canyon, 74
Yellowstone National Park, 50, 51,
52, 260, 261,
263, 269, 400
Yosemite, 403
Z
Zeuglodon, 414
Zone of cementation, 49, 180
Zone of solution, 45
Zones of flow and of fracture, 207
About This Book
The text introduces fundamental principles of physical geology by linking geological processes directly to the landforms and rock structures they produce, using clear diagrams, classroom exercises, and fieldwork suggestions. Common rocks and glacial drift are described early, with chapters arranged in a logical sequence suited to much of North America. Historical geology then gives a broad account of continental development and the succession of life, emphasizing representative fossils that trace lines of descent. Technical mineralogical and paleontological detail is minimized in favor of inductive reasoning, practical examples, and exercises for beginning students and teachers.