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The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273

Chapter 38: (3) Eastern Emperors.
By T. F. Tout
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About This Book

A sweeping narrative traces political and ecclesiastical developments across western and southern Europe from the early tenth to the late thirteenth century, centring on the prolonged contest between imperial authority and papal power. It follows the revival of a Roman-style empire in Germany, the evolution of the papacy, and key conflicts such as investiture disputes and confrontations between emperors and popes. Parallel chapters examine the Byzantine Empire and its struggles with Turks, the Crusading movement and the Latin states in the East, and the shifting balance of power among western kingdoms. It surveys monastic reform, the rise of mendicant orders and universities, and institutional shifts that strengthened monarchies, with maps and genealogies to clarify chronology.

APPENDIX
TABLES OF SOVEREIGNS

(1) Popes.

  • John X., 914–928.
  • Leo VI., 928–929.
  • Stephen VII., 929–931.
  • John XI., 931–936.
  • Leo VII., 936–939.
  • Stephen VIII., 939–942.
  • Martin III. or Marinus II., 942–946.
  • Agapet II., 946–955.
  • John XII., 955–963.
  • Leo VIII., 963–964.
  • Benedict V., 964–965.
  • John XIII., 965–972.
  • Benedict VI., 972–974.
  • Benedict VII., 974–983.
  • John XIV., 983–984.
  • Boniface VII., Antipope, 974–984;
    • recognised, 984–985.
  • John XV., 985–996.
  • Gregory V., 996–999.
  • John XVI., 997–998 (partisan of Crescentius).
  • Sylvester II., 999–1003.
  • John XVII., 1003.
  • John XVIII., 1003–1009.
  • Sergius IV., 1009–1012.
  • Benedict VIII., 1012–1024.
  • John XIX., 1024–1033.
  • Benedict IX., 1033–1046.                 } deposed in 1046.
    • [Antipope, Sylvester III., 1044–1046.] } deposed in 1046.
  • Gregory VI., 1044–1046.                  } deposed in 1046.
  • Clement II., 1046–1047.
  • Damasus II., 1048.
  • Leo IX., 1048–1054.
  • Victor II., 1055–1057.
  • Stephen IX., 1057–1058.
    • [Antipope, Benedict X., 1058–1059.]
  • Nicholas II., 1058–1061.
  • Alexander II., 1061–1073.
    • [Antipope, Honorius, 1061–1062.]
  • Gregory VII., 1073–1085.
    • [Antipope, Clement III., 1080–1100.]
  • Victor III., 1086–1087.
  • Urban II., 1088–1099.
  • Paschal II., 1099–1118.
    • [Antipopes, Albert, Theodoric, and Sylvester IV.]
  • Gelasius II., 1118–1119.
    • [Antipope, Gregory VIII., 1118–1121.]
  • Calixtus II., 1119–1124.
  • Honorius II., 1124–1130.
  • Innocent II., 1130–1143.
    • [Antipopes, Anacletus, 1130–1138.
                • Victor, 1138 (abdicated).]
  • Celestine II., 1143–1144.
  • Lucius II., 1144–1145.
  • Eugenius III., 1145–1153.
  • Anastasius IV., 1153–1154.
  • Adrian IV., 1154–1159.
  • Alexander III., 1159–1181.
    • [Antipopes, Victor, 1159–1164.
                • Paschal III., 1164–1168.
                • Calixtus III., 1168–1178.
                • Lando, 1178–1180.]
  • Lucius III., 1181–1185.
  • Urban III., 1185–1187.
  • Gregory VIII., 1187.
  • Clement III., 1187–1191.
  • Celestine III., 1191–1198.
  • Innocent III., 1198–1216.
  • Honorius III., 1216–1227.
  • Gregory IX., 1227–1241.
  • Celestine IV., 1241.
  • Innocent IV., 1243–1254.
  • Alexander IV., 1254–1261.
  • Urban IV., 1261–1264.
  • Clement IV., 1265–1268.
  • Gregory X., 1271–1276.

(2) Emperors and Kings of the Romans.

  • Henry I. (the Fowler), 918–936.
  • *Otto I. (the Great), 936–973.
  • *Otto II., 973–983.
  • *Otto III., 983–1002.
  • *Henry II. (the Saint), 1002–1024.
  • *Conrad II. (the Salic), 1024–1039.
  • *Henry III. (the Black), 1039–1056.
  • *Henry IV., 1056–1106.
    • [Rivals—Rudolf of Swabia, 1077–1080.
            • Hermann of Luxemburg, 1082–1093.
            • Conrad of Franconia, 1093–1101.]
  • *Henry V., 1106–1125.
  • *Lothair II., 1125–1138.
  • Conrad III., 1138–1152.
  • *Frederick I. (Barbarossa), 1152–1190.
  • *Henry VI., 1190–1197.
  • *Otto IV., 1197–1212,  } Rivals.
  • Philip II., 1197–1208, } Rivals.
  • *Frederick II., 1212–1250.
    • [Rivals—Henry Raspe, 1246–1247;
            • William of Holland, 1247–1256.]
  • Conrad IV., 1250–1254.
  • The Great Interregnum, 1254–1273.
  • Richard, Earl of Cornwall, } Rivals, 1257–1272.
  • Alfonso X., King of Castile, } Rivals, 1257–1272.

* An asterisk is affixed to these Kings who were crowned Emperors by the Pope.

(3) Eastern Emperors.

  • Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), 912–959.
    • [Joint-rulers—Alexander, 912–913.
                  • Romanus I. (Lecapenus), 919–945.]
  • Romanus II., 959–963.
  • Basil II. (Bulgaroctonus), 963–1025.
    • [Joint-rulers—Nicephorus II. (Phocas), 963–969.
                  • John I. (Zimisces), 969–976.]
  • Constantine VIII., 1025–1028.
  • Romanus III. (Argyrus), 1028–1034.
  • Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), 1034–1041.
  • Michael V., 1041–1042.
  • Constantine IX. (Monomachus), 1042–1054.
  • Theodora, 1054–1057.
  • Michael VI. (Stratioticus), 1057.
  • Isaac I. (Comnenus), 1057–1059.
  • Constantine X. (Ducas), 1059–1067.
  • Michael VII. (Ducas), 1067–1078.
    • [Joint-ruler—Romanus IV. (Diogenes), 1068–1071.]
  • Nicephorus III. (Botaniates), 1078–1081.
  • Alexius I. (Comnenus), 1081–1118.
  • John II. (Comnenus), 1118–1143.
  • Manuel I. (Comnenus), 1143–1180.
  • Alexius II. (Comnenus), 1180–1183.
  • Andronicus I. (Comnenus), 1183–1185.
  • Isaac II. (Angelus), 1185–1195.
  • Alexius III. (Angelus), 1195–1203.
  • Isaac II. (restored)  } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.
  • Alexius IV. (Angelus) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.
  • Alexius V. (Ducas), 1204.

(4) Latin Emperors of the East.

  • Baldwin I., 1204–1205.
  • Henry of Flanders, 1205–1216.
  • Peter of Courtenay, 1216–1219.
  • Robert, 1219–1228.
  • Baldwin II., 1228–1261.

(5) Kings of Jerusalem.

  • Godfrey of Boulogne, 1099–1100 [refused the title].
  • Baldwin I. of Edessa, 1100–1118.
  • Baldwin II. of Edessa, 1118–1130.
  • Fulk of Anjou, 1130–1143.
  • Baldwin III., 1143–1163.
  • Amalric I., 1163–1174.
  • Baldwin IV. (the Leper), 1173–1185.
  • Baldwin V. (the Child), 1185–1186.
  • Guy of Lusignan, 1186–1194.
  • [Conrad of Montferrat, 1191–1192.]
  • [Henry of Champagne, 1192–1197.]
  • Amalric II. of Lusignan, 1197–1205.
  • Amalric III., 1205–1206.
  • John of Brienne, 1210–1225.
  • Iolande of Brienne, 1225–1228.
  • Frederick II., 1228–1250.
  • Hugh of Lusignan (King of Cyprus), 1268–1284.

(6) Kings of France.

  • Charles the Simple, 896–929.
  • [Rivals—Robert of Paris, 922–923;
          • Rudolf of Burgundy, 923–936.]
  • Rudolf of Burgundy, 929–936.
  • Louis IV., 936–954.
  • Lothaire, 954–986.
  • Louis V., 986–987.
  • Hugh Capet, 987–996.
  • Robert II., 996–1031.
  • Henry I., 1031–1060.
  • Philip I., 1060–1108.
  • Louis VI., 1108–1137.
  • Louis VII., 1137–1180.
  • Philip II., Augustus, 1180–1223.
  • Louis VIII., 1223–1226.
  • Louis IX. (Saint Louis), 1226–1270.