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The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields

Chapter 28: INDEX.
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About This Book

A historical and economic study of the enclosure of common fields in England, tracing the process through maps, parish case studies, and statistical appendices. It outlines different village systems, surveys remaining open-field parishes, and examines instances such as the Isle of Axholme and recent enclosures. It distinguishes Parliamentary and extra-Parliamentary enclosure, treats related practices like run-rig, and compares English patterns with New England. The work assesses agricultural consequences including depopulation, the rise of landless labour, and poverty, and draws implications for rural policy, arguing for measures to restore communal access to land and cooperative agricultural practice.

INDEX.

  • Acreage of commons and common fields, 36
  • Acreage under wheat, 108
  • Acts for enclosing common fields, 7
  • Acts for enclosing waste, 7
  • Ackworth (Yorks.), 123
  • Adams, H. B.—“Germanic Origin of New England Towns,” 185;
  • “Village Communities of Cape Ann and Salem,” 184
  • Agriculture, Board of (existing), 16
  • Agriculture, Board of, (1793–1819), passim.
  • Ailesworth (N. Hants.), 13
  • Ailesworth Heath, 17
  • Alconbury (Hunts.), 123
  • Amesbury (Wilts.), 235
  • Arden (Warwick), 205
  • Area of surviving common fields, 189
  • Area of recently enclosed common fields, 191
  • Ashby Magna, 208
  • Averham (Notts.), 137
  • Avon, the Wiltshire, 112
  • Avon, the Warwickshire, 205
  • Axholme, Isle of, 52
  • Aylesbury, Vale of, 221
  • Babraham (Cambs.), 210
  • Baird and Foot, “Middlesex,” 218
  • “Balks,” 15, 63
  • “Bancroft Field,” 61
  • “Barley Field,” 14
  • Barnady (Suffolk), 128
  • Barrowden (Rutland), 64
  • Bartlow (Cambs.), 82
  • Barton (Westmoreland), 177
  • Barton Turf (Norfolk), 127
  • Battersea common fields, 77
  • “Bean Field,” 12
  • Bear, W. E., Report to the Labour Commission on Agricultural Labour, 137
  • Beddington and Wallington (Surrey), 41
  • Bedfordshire, enclosure of, 192
  • Belton (Axholme), 52
  • Belvoir, Vale of, 97, 200
  • Bensington (Oxon.), 51
  • Bentham, J.—“Societie of the Saints,” 160;
  • “Christian Conflict,” 202
  • Berkshire, enclosure of, 238
  • Berwick Salome (Oxon.), 51
  • Bestmoor (Oxon.), 35
  • Bishton, J., “Shropshire,” 252
  • “Black Corn Field,” 71
  • Blyth, W., “The English Improver,” 111, 201, 203, 219, 226, 253
  • Boldon book, the, 34
  • Bosworth (Leicester), 201
  • Boxworth (Cambs.), 210
  • Boys, “Kent,” 39, 230
  • Braunton Great Field, 159, 250
  • “Brecks,” 79
  • “Brewers’ Ash Field,” 20
  • Brightwell (Berks.), 68
  • Brixworth (N. Hants.), 104
  • “Broad Mead,” 67
  • “Broad Oxgangs,” 31, 32
  • Buckinghamshire, enclosure of, 219
  • Burley estate small holdings, 138
  • Burnham (Suffolk), 180
  • “Buscallys,” 78
  • Bygrave (Herts.), 45
  • Cambridgeshire, enclosure of, 208
  • Carew, “Cornwall,” 18, 160, 247
  • Carlton in Lindrick, 127
  • Carmichael, A., on Runrig, 166
  • Carpenter of village community, 34
  • “Carrs,” 78, 79
  • Castle Camps (Cambs.), 75
  • Castor (N. Hants.), 13
  • Catthorpe (Leicester), 111, 208
  • Celery growing in Axholme, 57
  • “Champaine,” or “Champion,” 64, 70, 205
  • “Changeable Allotments,” 24
  • Charnwood Forest, 204
  • Cheshire, enclosure of, 252
  • Chilterns, the, 231
  • “Chimney Peepers,” 22
  • Clark, J.—“Hereford,” 125, 252;
  • “Radnor,” 244
  • “Clipsatt Field,” 61
  • Clothall (Herts.), 43
  • Cobbett, W., “Rural Rides,” 112, 113, 237
  • Colchester, 214
  • “Comachadh,” 168
  • Constable of manor, 22, 34
  • Cornwall, enclosure of, 247
  • “Cotes,” 21
  • Cotswold Hills, 241
  • Cottage holdings, 121, 137
  • “Country Farmer, A,” 98, 131
  • “Country Gentleman, A,” 95
  • Court rolls, 20
  • Cow dung as fuel, 201
  • “Cowleaze,” 30
  • Cowper, John, “Inclosing Commons, etc.,” 110, 154
  • Crutchley, “Rutlandshire,” 77
  • Cumberland, enclosure of, 256
  • Cunningham, W., “Growth of English Industry,” 91, 115
  • “Customary Cottages,” 29
  • “Dales,” 257
  • Dartmoor, 170, 248
  • Davis, R., “Oxfordshire,” 76, 222
  • Davis, T., “Wiltshire,” 76, 77, 113, 114, 115, 236
  • Deddington (Oxon.), 103
  • Derbyshire, enclosure of, 228
  • Devonshire, enclosure of, 245
  • Discourse of the Commonweal,” 39, 214, 246
  • Disputes in open fields, 15, 16, 47
  • “Doles,” 21, 78, 79
  • “Dolemeads,” 79
  • Donaldson, J., “Northamptonshire,” 197
  • Dorset, enclosure of, 240
  • “Down Field,” 61
  • Downham (Cambs.), 210
  • Durham, enclosure of, 229
  • Eakring (Notts.), 12
  • Earsham (Norfolk), 128
  • “East Field,” 20
  • Eden, “Condition of the Poor,” 102, 103, 104, 256
  • Elmstone Hardwick (Glos.), 15, 47
  • Eltham (Kent), 232
  • Ely (Cambs.), 210
  • Enclosure, meaning of, 1
  • Enclosure, methods, 6
  • Enclosure, typical act of, 3
  • Engrossing of farms, 68
  • Epping Forest, 2, 17
  • Epworth (Axholme), 52
  • Erchenfeld, 253
  • Essex, enclosure of, 213
  • Evenley (N. Hants.), 127
  • “Everington Field,” 69
  • “Every Year Lands,” 80, 178
  • Ewelme (Oxon.), 50
  • “Farthingholds,” 30
  • “Field Jury,” 11
  • Fiennes, Celia, “Tour,” 201, 212, 214, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 231, 238, 252, 255
  • Flax growing in Axholme, 54
  • “Fold Courses,” 83
  • Fordington (Dorset), 30
  • Fordington Field, 19, 30
  • “Foreman of the Fields,” 11, 14
  • Forrest, W., “Princelye Poesie,” 10
  • Foston (Leicester), 100
  • “Four Field Course,” 48, 74
  • Fox, J., “Glamorganshire,” 244
  • Frilsham Common, 69
  • Frome R., 20
  • Furze common (Ewelme), 51
  • Gateshead (Durham), 177
  • “Gathering and Splitting,” 15
  • Gavelkind, 245
  • General Enclosure Acts, 17
  • General report on enclosures, 95, 108, 123, 124, 129, 161
  • Gloucestershire, enclosure of, 241
  • Granger, J., “Durham,” 154, 229
  • “Great Horse Shoe,” 27
  • Great Sheepey (Leicester), 127
  • Grimspound (Dartmoor), 170
  • Grimston (Leicester), 138
  • Grimstone (Dorset), 19
  • Grimstone common rights, 31
  • Gunnerton (Northumberland), 179
  • Hadley Wood, 2
  • Hagbourne, West (Berks.), 68
  • Hale, J., defence of, 150
  • “Half-Livings,” 22
  • “Half-Plow,” 172
  • “Half-Year Lands,” 78, 80
  • Ham Field (Surrey), 65
  • Hambleton cow pasture, 138
  • Hampshire, enclosure of, 240
  • Hampstead Heath, 2, 17
  • Hasbach, W., “Die E. Landarbeiter,” 61
  • Hassell, C.—“Carmarthen,” 244;
  • “Pembroke,” 244
  • “Hatching Ground,” 23
  • Haxey (Axholme), 52
  • “Haywards,” 22, 34
  • “Headlands,” 15
  • Hendred, East and West (Berks.), 68
  • Henlow (Beds.), 3
  • Herefordshire, enclosure of, 252
  • Herringswell (Suffolk), 127, 188
  • Hertfordshire, enclosure of, 218
  • High Prices, Select Committee on, 108
  • Hildersham (Cambs.), 82
  • “Hitchland,” 20, 76
  • “Hole Rush,” 25
  • Holt, J., “Lancashire,” 255
  • “Hookland,” 20, 76
  • “Hook Mead,” 67
  • “Horse’s Foot of Land,” 173
  • “Horse-gang,” 172
  • Houghton, J., “Collection,” 155, 157
  • Howlett, J., 91, 100
  • “Hundred Acres,” 24, 28
  • Hunmanby (Yorks.), 88
  • Huntingdon, enclosure of, 212
  • Icklingham (Suffolk), 180
  • Iken (Suffolk), 214
  • Ilsley, East and West, 68
  • “Infields,” 80, 81, 187
  • “Ings,” 78, 79
  • Insurrections and enclosure, 112, 150
  • Intermixed lands, 243
  • Isleham (Cambs.), 74
  • Ivel, R., 4
  • James and Malcolm—“Buckinghamshire,” 75, 219;
  • “Surrey,” 77, 233
  • Kay, G.—“Flint,” 244;
  • “Carnarvon,” 244
  • Kent, enclosure of, 230
  • Kent, “Norfolk,” 85, 216, 217
  • Kets’ Rebellion, 150
  • Kibworth Beauchamp (Leicester), 103
  • Lambarde, W., “Perambulation of Kent,” 231
  • “Lacy’s Bridge Man,” 22
  • Lancashire, enclosure of, 255
  • “Lands,” 9
  • “Land spoilers,” 67
  • “Langford Field,” 20
  • “Launchers,” 250
  • Laurence, J., “New System of Agriculture,” 153
  • “Lawnds,” or “Lawns,” 20
  • Lawrence, E., “Duty of Steward,” 152, 155, 201, 207
  • Laxton (Notts.), 8
  • Laxton Heath, 9
  • Leadam, W. S., “Domesday of Inclosures,” 212, 225
  • Leatham, I., “East Riding,” 77, 89
  • Lee, Joseph, 111, 161, 202
  • Leland’s Itinerary, 203, 205, 212, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 239, 253, 256
  • Letcomb (Berks.), 128
  • “Leyland,” 77
  • “Liberty of Fold Courses,” 83
  • Lincolnshire, enclosure of, 222
  • Little Brandon (Norfolk), 127
  • “Little Horse Shoe,” 28
  • Littleport (Cambs.), 210
  • “Livings,” 21
  • Llanerlyl, 42
  • Lloyd, T., “Cardiganshire,” 244
  • Lolworth (Cambs.), 210
  • “Longlands,” 26
  • Long Sutton (Lincoln), 263
  • “Loons,” or “Lownts,” 20
  • “Lot Meadows,” 35
  • Lowe, R., “Nottinghamshire,” 92, 227
  • Luffenhall (Herts.), 45
  • Luffenham, North and South (Rutland), 64
  • Lynches, 70
  • “Maam” soil, 233
  • Macdonald, J., “Hebrides,” 173
  • “Machair,” 166
  • Madingley (Cambs.), 210
  • Maids Morton (Bucks.), 102
  • Maitland, F. W., “Select Pleas,” 156
  • Manor bull, 23
  • Marshall, W., “Central Highlands,” 172, 180;
  • “Rural economy of: Gloucestershire,” 108, 153, 241;
  • “Norfolk,” 79;
  • “Yorkshire,” 156;
  • “Midlands,” 206;
  • “Southern District,” 232, 235;
  • “West of England,” 248
  • Massachusetts, decrees for common fields, 185
  • Massie, J., 91
  • Matton (Lincoln), 177
  • Maxwell, G., “Huntingdonshire,” 74, 212
  • Mercian type of village community, 8
  • Mere (Wilts.), 236
  • “Meres,” 63
  • Merrow (Surrey), 66
  • Merton, statute of, 6
  • “Mesne inclosures,” 225
  • “Middle Field,” 20
  • Middlesex, enclosure of, 218
  • “Mill Bars Patch,” 26
  • “Mill Field,” 8, 16
  • “Mingle Mangle,” 18
  • Misterton (Leicester), 208
  • Monk, R., “Leicestershire,” 198
  • Monmouthshire, enclosure of, 252
  • Moore, John, 111, 201, 208
  • More, Sir T., “Utopia,” 116
  • Moreton, North (Berks.), 70
  • Morgan, G. B., “Cornwall,” 249
  • “Narrow Oxgangs,” 31
  • Nen, R., 17
  • “Nether Field,” 16
  • “New Closes,” 21
  • Newborough (N. Hants.), 197
  • Newtontony (Wilts.), 200
  • “No Ditch Field,” 61
  • Norden, J., “Book of Surveying,” 155, 214, 238
  • Norfolk, enclosure of, 217
  • Norham, 179
  • “Normangate Field,” 16
  • Northamptonshire, enclosure of, 197
  • Northbourne (Kent), 42
  • “North Field,” 61
  • Northumberland, enclosure of, 259
  • Northwold (Norfolk), 128
  • Nottinghamshire, enclosure of, 227
  • One field system, 179
  • Orford (Suffolk), 214
  • Ossington (Notts.), 137
  • Outer Hebrides, 166
  • “Out Field,” 77, 179
  • Over (Cambs.), 210
  • Owston (Axholme), 52
  • Oxfordshire, enclosure of, 222
  • “Oxgangs,” 31
  • Palling (Norfolk), 127
  • Palmer, A. N.—“Ancient Tenures,” 174, 245;
  • “Wrexham,” 20
  • Pang, R., 69
  • Parish Meeting, powers of, 50
  • Passenham (N. Hants.), 123
  • Pearce, W., “Berkshire,” 76
  • Pickering moor, 128
  • Pickering, vale of, 157
  • “Pindar,” 56
  • Pitt, W.—“Arable and Grassland,” 95;
  • “Leicestershire,” 97, 200;
  • “Staffordshire,” 252
  • “Places” (= Livings), 28
  • “Plowgait,” 172
  • Poor rates and enclosure, 102
  • Poppleton, 132
  • Potato growing in Axholme, 57
  • Potterne (Wilts.), 126
  • Poultney (Leicester), 208
  • Produce of common fields, 79, 111
  • Produce of enclosed land, 100, 111
  • Profit of enclosure, 98, 263
  • Quilleted fields, 42, 253
  • Quillets, 83, 266
  • “Ranes,” 257
  • Rathbone, G., “Eltham Charities,” 232
  • Recreation grounds, 18, 65, 71, 118
  • “Reeve,” 34, 89
  • Re-lifing copyholds, 19
  • Re-lifing leaseholds, 48
  • Renhold (Beds.), 44
  • Rents before and after enclosure, 100, 103, 111
  • Richmond Hill, view from, 66
  • “Rick Field,” 20
  • Rider Haggard, “Rural England,” 57, 138
  • “Ridge and Furrow,” 94
  • Riots and enclosure, 112
  • Robertson, J., “Perthshire,” 165, 173
  • “Robin Hood and Little John,” 17
  • Rockingham forest, 197, 204
  • “Rotation Meadows,” 35
  • “Rounds,” 88
  • Royal burghs of Scotland, 164
  • “Rundale,” 6
  • “Runrig,” 6, 166, 244
  • Rutland, enclosure of, 203
  • Sandwich Town Neck, 183
  • Salem north and south fields, 185
  • Salisbury, environs of, 235
  • Seebohm, F., “English Village Community,” 179
  • “Selions,” 56
  • “Shackage,” 45, 78, 79
  • “Shack Lands,” 78
  • “Shealing Feast,” 170
  • Sheepflock of village community, 22
  • Sheepwalk, right of, 45
  • Shilton (Berks.), 35
  • Shropshire, enclosure of, 252
  • “Sicks,” 11
  • Sinclair, Sir J., “Northern Counties of Scotland,” 165, 172
  • Six year course, 76
  • Skene, “Celtic Scotland,” 166, 173
  • Small holdings, 58, 61, 119
  • Small holdings, profit of, 121, 136, 139
  • Smith, Adam, “Wealth of Nations,” 94
  • Soham (Cambs.), 61, 210
  • Somerset, enclosure of, 242
  • “Souming,” 168
  • “Square Patch,” 27
  • Staffordshire, enclosure of, 252
  • “Stake Weir,” 27
  • Stamford (Lincoln), 177
  • Steeple Claydon, 75
  • Steventon (Berks.), 68, 71
  • “Stint Book,” 14
  • Stone, T.—“Bedfordshire,” 74;
  • “Lincolnshire,” 77, 223
  • Stratton (Dorset), 19
  • Stratton common rights, 31
  • Stratton meadow, 24, 25
  • Studham, 44
  • Suffolk, enclosure of, 214
  • Surrey, enclosure of, 233
  • Sussex, enclosure of, 232
  • Sutton (N. Hants.), 46
  • Sutton Coldfield (Warwick), 254
  • “Tenantry,” 113
  • Tithe commutation and enclosure, 40, 188
  • Tithe maps, 188
  • “Thorn Field,” 16
  • Three field course, 8, 14, 74
  • “Three Patches,” 26
  • Todenham (Gloucester), 123
  • “Tofts,” 10
  • Totternhoe (Beds.), 63
  • Tudor licences for enclosure, 6
  • Tulvey (Beds.), 123
  • Turnip culture, 81
  • Tusser, “Champion and Several,” 82
  • Tythingman, 22
  • Two field course, 71, 76
  • Upton St. Leonards (Gloucester), 18, 63
  • Value of land in Axholme, 60
  • Vancouver—“Cambridgeshire,” 75, 209;
  • “Essex,” 213
  • Venteland (Gwent), 253
  • “Viewers of the Fields,” 22
  • Village community, types of, 6
  • “Virgates,” 30
  • Wales, enclosure of, 243
  • Wales, W., 91
  • Walker, D., “Hertfordshire,” 75, 125
  • Wallingford (Berks.), 68
  • Wallington (Herts.), 45
  • “Walls,” 21
  • Water meadows, 116
  • Weald, enclosure of the, 232
  • Wedge—“Warwickshire,” 204,
  • “Cheshire,” 101, 252
  • Wessex, type of village community, 19
  • Westmoreland, enclosure of, 256
  • Weston field, 62
  • Weston Zoyland (Somerset), 61
  • “Wheatfield,” 14
  • “Whitecorn field,” 71
  • White Horse, vale of, 238
  • “Whole Livings,” 21
  • “Whole Year Lands,” 80, 81
  • Wilbraham (Cambs.), 128
  • Wimeswould (Leicester), 127
  • Winslow (Bucks), 102
  • Wistow (Leicester), 100, 101
  • “Wood Field,” 16
  • Worcestershire, enclosure of, 242
  • Wordsworth, H. W., “Lake District,” 257
  • Wytham-on-the-Hill (Lincoln), 179
  • “Yardlands,” 30, 113
  • Yattenden (Berks.), 68, 69
  • Yelden (Beds.), 44
  • Yelling (Hunts.), 180
  • Yorkshire, enclosure of, 224
  • Yorkshire wolds, 77
  • Young, A.—“Lincolnshire,” 53, 177, 263;
  • “Eastern Tour,” 94, 107, 201, 217, 221;
  • “Northern Tour,” 94, 107, 195, 224, 226, 230;
  • “Political Arithmetic,” 105;
  • “Wastes,” 126, 128