Aged convicts, 41
Ages of prisoners received on conviction, 221
Aid-on-discharge (see 'Borstal,' and 'Central' Associations and Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies), 164
Alcoholism and crime, 160, 211
America, visits to, 25, 62, 64, 91
Appeal, Court of Criminal, 21
Auburn and Philadelphian Systems, 24, 63
Australia, Transportation to, 27, 31
Aylesbury Borstal Institution, 118
Baker, Dr., Inquiry at Pentonville as to young offenders, 86
Bedford, Adeline, Duchess of, 117
Bermuda, convicts at, 27
Birmingham, Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 166
Birmingham Juvenile Court, 102
Board, Prison—Constitution of, 18, 46
Borstal Association, 92, 95, 118, 182
Borstal Committees at Local Prisons, 96
Borstal System, 11, 85, 194, 214
" " and age of criminal majority, 87
" " its aims, 11, 83, 98
" " origin of name, 85, 92
" " early stages, 91
" " statutory effect given to, 94
" " since the Act of 1908, 94
" " and the Act of 1914, 100, 121
" " the "Modified", 96, 119, 127
" " for young women, 118
" " for young convicts, 41, 97, 118
" " regulations for, 231
" " remarks of Lord Chief Justice, 95
" " statistics of 'after-care', 95, 117, 119
" " labour of inmates, 141
Branthwaite, Dr., Inquiry into cases of inebriety, 160
Camp Hill Prison, 52
Cantine System, 165
Cells, Certification of, 64, 68
Census of convict population, 1901, 49
" prisoners fit for Hard Labour, 132
" " between the ages of 16 and 21, 85
Central Association for aid of discharged convicts, 54, 56, 174, 182
Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 225
Central Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 179
Centralization of authority, 69
Chaplains of Prisons, 5, 129
Children Act, 1908, 101
Classification (Convict) Inquiry of 1878, 37
" " present, 40
" " "Star" Class, 37, 40
" (Local) Under the Act of 1823, 62
" " " " 1877, 71
" " " " 1898, 78
" " " " 1914, 83
Cockburn, Lord Justice, 31, 89
Commission, Royal, 1863, 30, 34, 43
" " 1879, 37, 41
Commissioners of Prisons, The, 18
Committals to Prison since 1881, 219
Committee on Prisons, 1832 and 1836, 63
" " 1850, 65, 67
" " 1863, 67
" " 1895, Habitual criminals, 39
" " " separate confinement, 42
" " " Weakminded convicts, 42
" " " Local prisons, 75
" " " prisoners 16-21, 76, 86
" " " prison labour, 136
" " " and discharged prisoners, 76
Committees, Visiting &c., 32, 46, 53, 70, 123
"Conditional conviction", 107
Convict Prisons, 18, 131
Corporal Punishment, 34, 47, 70, 80
Correction, Houses of, 59
Courts, The Criminal, and their punishments, 19
Cranks and treadwheels, 67, 77, 134, 137
Crawford, Mr. W., Inspector of Prisons, 25, 62
Crime and its causes, 200
Crime, Prevention of, Act of 1908, 51, 82, 94
Crimes, Prevention of, Act of 1871, 36
Criminal Appeal, Court of, 21
"Criminal Diathesis,", 203
Criminal Justice Administration Act, 1914, 20, 82
" " " changes under, 82
" " " and Borstal System, 100, 121
" " " decrease in committals, 20, 224
Criminal, (clinical), laboratories, 195
Criminal Statistics, 1872 to 1914, 216
Criminal type, The, 203
Criminological Inquiry in English Prisons, 198
Death penalty, The, 21
Death-rate in Prisons, 186
Debating classes in prisons, 8, 128
Defective children, 105
Defectiveness, mental, (See 'Mental')
"Detention, Places of" for Juveniles, 102
Dietaries, Prison, 145, 188
Directors of Convict Prisons, The, 18
Discipline, Progressive Reformatory, and Sir J. Jebb, 29
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, early history, 165
" " " " under Act of 1877, 167
" " " " Conference of 1878, 169
" " " " and co-ordination of effort, 15
" " " " scheme of 1896, 171
" " " " " 1913, 175
" " " " Central Committee of, 178
(See also "Borstal Association" and "Central Association")
Dover Harbour, last Public Works, 13
Drunkenness, Habitual, (See also 'Alcoholism' and 'Inebriety'), 154
" " statistics of, 115, 225
Du Cane, Sir E., 71, 73, 75
Earnings of prisoners, 138
Economy in administration, 73
Education in prisons, 6, 121
Elementary Education (Defective & Epileptic Children) Acts 1899 & 1914, 105, 106
Elmira State Reformatory, 91
Employment of prisoners (See 'Labour')
Female prison population, statistics, 114, 223
" " " and recidivism, 115, 122
" convicts, 47
" prisoners in Preventive Detention, 58
" " superintendence by female staff, &c., 114, 122
" under the Borstal System, 118
Fines, committals in default of payment, 20, 224
" release on part-payment, 79, 82
" 'supervision' until payment, 82
First Division prisoners, 71, 78
Gibraltar Prison, 27
Gloucester Refuge for discharged prisoners, 166
Goring, Dr. Chas. "A Criminological Inquiry", 198
Grant-Wison, Sir W., 92, 174
Gratuities, prisoners'—early convict system, 27
" high rate of, condemned, 31
" maximum earnable reduced to £3, 36
" English & continental systems, 165
" abolition of in Local Prisons, 175
" retained for certain classes, 180
Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, 36
Habitual Inebriates (see 'Inebriety')
Habitual Offenders Division, proposed, 39, 50
Hard Labour, definition of phrase, 60, 66, 134
" and Committee of 1863, 67
" and the cellular system, 66
" provisions of Act of 1865, 68,134
" " " 1877, 70
" present methods of enforcing, 77
" and the Act of 1914, 83
Heredity and environment, 209
Holloway Prison, 114
Hospital Staff of Prisons, 197
Howard, John, 23, 60, 62
Hulks, The, 26
Indeterminate sentence, the, 55
Individualization of prisoners, 75, 93
Industrial labour in Prisons, 136
" prosperity and criminal statistics, 160
Inebriety, Committee of 1872, 154
" Act of 1879, 155
" Home Office Inquiry, 1892, 155
" Act of 1898, 155, 157
" Types of inmates in Certified Reformatories, 156
" Infrequent use of Act of 1898, 158
" Committee of 1908, 158, 162
" Mental state of inmates, 161
" Alcohol as a factor in crime, 160
" Analysis of 1,000 cases of, 160
(See also 'Drunkenness')
Infectious disease in prisons, 186
Intermediate Class in Convict Prisons, 40
Irish System, The (1854), 30, 33
Jebb, Sir Joshua, 29
Justices, Visiting, 70
Juvenile-Adult prisoners (see "Borstal")
Juvenile Courts, 102
" Labour Bureaux and Exchanges, 106
" Offenders, commitment of, 101
" " statistics of committals, 220
Labour, Prison, The Act of 1865, 68, 134
" " Recent changes, 138
" " Prior to Act of 1877, 131
" " and the inquiry of 1894, 136
" " revision of labour statistics, 137
" " increase in output, 139
" " Public Works, 26, 35, 131
" " Juvenile-Adults, 140
Labour, Prison, in Convict Prisons, 131
" " in Local Prisons, 133
" " during the Great War, 140
Lectures and addresses, 6, 128
Libraries, prison, 127
Licensing system for convicts, 34, 38, 54
Local Prisons, 18, 59
Lombroso, Professor, 199
London Prison Visitor's Association, 92
Long Sentence Division, 41
Mark System, in Convict Prisons, 31, 34
" " in Local Prisons, 81
Mechanical tasks in Prisons, 68, 72, 137
Medical Officers of Prisons, 185
Mental defectiveness and crime co-operation between Justices and Police, 16, 193
Mental defectiveness and inebriety, 161
" " duties of prison medical officers, 185
" " special prisons for cases of, 190
" " in prison, estimate of, 191, 207
" " The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913, 16, 105, 192, 215
" " Sir G. Newman, and prevention of, 196
" " Commission on Care and Control of Feeble-minded, 190, 207
" " Dr. Goring's Inquiry, 207
Merxplas, Labour Colony at, 148
Metropolitan Asylums Board and Casual Wards, 151
Mettray Agricultural Colony, 90
Millbank Prison, 44, 62
Misdemeanants, First Class, 71, 78
Moral and religious influences in prisons, 8, 127
National Society for Prevention of Crime, 15, 180
New South Wales, Transportation to, 24
New York, State Probation Commission, 113
'Normal' and 'abnormal' man, 201
Oakum-picking in prisons, 136
Offences against the law, 19
Officers of Prisons, 10, 197
'Panopticon' (J. Bentham), 62
Parkhurst Prison for young offenders, 88
Part-payment of fines, 79, 82
Patronage (See 'Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies')
Pearson, Professor Karl, 198
Pécule System, 165
Penal Servitude: changes in System since 1894, 39
" " Act of 1853, 28
" " " 1857, 28
" " " 1864, 34
" " " 1891, 38, 39
" " " 1898, 46
" " decrease in committals, 38, 219, 230
" Reformatories for young offenders, 87
Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64, 65
Philadelphian and Auburn Systems, 24, 63
Philanthropic Association, 88
Physical criminal type, 203
Police Supervision, 20, 33
Population, prison-fall in (See also 'Statistics'), 46, 73, 114, 219, 223
Positive School of Criminology, 199
Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871, 36
Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, 51, 82, 94
Preventive Detention: the Advisory Committee, 54, 55
" " conditional release, 54
" " definition of, 49, 57
" " extension to penal servitude system, 14
" " objects of, 12, 51, 52
" " Memo, explanatory of Act of 1908, 51
" " 'parole' lines, 53
" " rules for, 53, 265
" " statistics of men discharged, 54
Prison Act 1778, 23, 24, 61
" " 1781, 61
" " 1823, 62
" " 1824, 25
" " 1835, 59, 66
" " 1839, 64
" " 1844, 66
" " 1865, 67, 134
" " 1877, 18, 69, 136
" " 1898, 46, 78
Prison Commission, The, 18
Prisons, &c. description of, 18, 60
Prisons Reform, meaning of, 1
" " in the future, 12
Probation, Act of 1887, and Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879, 110
" " 1907, 21, 111
" New York State Probation Commission, 112
" indispensable to criminal justice, 113
" English and Foreign systems, 107
" national system of, 13
" statistics of, 111
Professional criminals, 49, 50
Progressive Stage System, 28, 34, 39
Punishments for prison offences (See also 'Corporal Punishment'), 34, 47, 68, 70
Public Works, 26, 35, 131
Recidivism, statistics of, &c., 115, 183, 221, 229
Recidivist class in convict prisons, 41, 57, 230
Reform, prison, 1
Reformatory Schools Act, 1854, 89
Remission of sentence, 38, 81
Reporting to police, 36, 38
Rules for the government of Prisons, 66, 67, 71, 78
Sanitary condition of prisons, 186
Second Division prisoners, 38
Secondary Punishments, 36
Sentences to penal servitude, decrease in number, 38
" " " increase after Act of 1871, 36
" " " minimum term reduced, 31, 38
Separate Confinement—and Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64
" " Reports of Commissioners of Pentonville, 26, 64
" " History of, 42
" " present terms for convicts, 46
'Separate' and 'Silent' Systems, 24, 63
Short sentences, 73, 83, 224
Silence, the law of, 7
'Special' class of convicts, 40
Spike Island, 29
Staff of Prisons, 10, 197
Stages, Progressive, 28, 34, 39
'Star' Class, 37, 40
State, transfer of prisons to, 18, 69, 71
Statistics, Criminal, Comparison of 1872-1914, 216
" showing committals of young offenders since 1848, 220
" prison, during the Great War, and since, 223
" " in times of industrial prosperity, 160, 226
" " decrease in recidivism, 183, 222, 229
Stipendiary Magistrates, 20
Stretton Colony for young offenders, 87
Study-leave for Medical Officers, 196
Study in prison, facilities for, 8
Summary Jurisdiction, Courts of, 20
Supervision of young offenders, 82
"Sursis," law of, 107, 112
Surveyor-General of Prisons, 66
Talking in prisons, 7
"Temporary Refuge for distressed criminals", 165
Ticket-of-leave (See also 'Licensing'), 26, 28, 33
Transportation, history of, 23
Travaux forces and Hard Labour, 30
Treadwheels and cranks, 67, 77, 134, 137
Triple Division of offenders in Local Prisons, 78
Tubercular disease in prisons, 187
Uniformity of system, 66, 67, 69, 72
Unconvicted prisoners, 71, 194
Vagrancy, early history of, 142
" the Act of 1824, 20, 142
" "Begging and Sleeping-out", 143
" and Labour Colonies, 148
" Colony at Merxplas, 148
" and Way-ticket system, 150
" and Casual Wards, 144, 151
" Committee of 1906, 147
" incorrigible rogues, 143
" Previous convictions and statistics, 149, 153, 222
Van Dieman's Land, 24, 27
Visitors, Boards of, 46
Visiting Committees of Prisons &c., 32, 53, 70, 123
Wakefield Industrial Home, 166
War, criminal statistics and the, 223
" employment of prisoners, 140
" closing of prisons during, 227
Weakminded prisoners (See 'Mental Defectiveness')
Whipping, 20
Works, Public, 26, 35, 131
Young Offenders, alternatives to committal to prison, 101, 109
" " at Parkhurst, 88
" " decrease in commitments to prison, 220
" " concentration of effort upon, 76, 106
" " supervision until fine is paid, 82
" " under sixteen years of age, 20, 101
(See also under "Borstal" and "Juvenile")
About This Book
The author surveys English penal administration, tracing the history and evolution of penal servitude, transportation, separate confinement, and classification systems while outlining legislative reforms and institutional governance. He examines preventive detention, the Borstal system for young offenders, probation and child-protection measures, and the treatment of female prisoners. Chapters consider prison labour, education, moral and religious influences, medical services, recidivism, and wartime effects on crime and institutions. Case studies, statistics, regulations, and recommendations support a practical appraisal of prevailing practices and proposals for coordinating preventive, rehabilitative, and custodial functions.