Perhaps the river Mease or Meuse is derived from the same root.
Mund (German), the mouth of a river; Muyden (Dutch); Mouth (English).—Rore-mund, Wel-mend, Witt-mund, Warne-munde, Munden, Muiden.
Oe (Scandinavian), an island.—Angles-ey, Guerns-ey, Aldern-ey, Shepp-ey, Nordern-ey, Wolv-ey, Holm-oe, Wragg-oe, Wag-oe, Rom-oe, Hoal-oe, Far-oe, Langer-oog, Wanger-oog, Cantal-eu, Jur-a, Isl-a, Straths-ay.
Ord, Ort (Dutch), a point, the junction of two rivers.—Havel-ort, Calv-orde, Frederiks-ort.
Ora (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, coast, border, those parts of the sea or river affording safe landing-places.—Or-ton, Hor-ton, Ore-by, Toln-ore, Hor-dle.
The Scandinavian, Eyr, Eyri, Aur, Oi, Ore, occurs in Eri-boll, Eri-sta, Ore-sund, Sand-area, Net-area, Rabbit-area.
Ofer, Ofra, Over (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, bank.—Little Over, Mickle Over, Over-leigh, Wend-over, And-over; Over-yssel, Hann-over, Over, near Cologne, Ofer, in the neighbourhood of the Elbe.
Pot (Scandinavian), the hole formed by a river in the rocks which compose its bed.—Lade-pot, Bull-pot, Spear-pots.
Piddle, Puddle (Anglo-Saxon), a thin stream.—Piddle-town, Piddle-trent-hide, River Biddel, Tol-puddle, Aff-puddle.
Pol, Pole, Pell (Anglo-Saxon), deep standing water, a detached or enclosed piece of water, a haven or harbour.—Pool-croft-hea, Pul-ham, Pel-ham, Yar-pole, Pul-borough, Pool-ey, Poles-worth, Poole, &c.
Pine (Provincial), a pit.—Wash-ford-pyne.
Pyt (Anglo-Saxon), a body of standing water, a puddle, cistern; from Pyttan, to excavate.—Putn-ey, Putten-ham, Pits-ford, Pud-sey, Pitn-ey, Wool-pit, Pit-stone, &c.
Ra (Scandinavian), a river.—Oxe-ra, Bro-ra (bridged-river), Nordu-ra.
Rea (Anglo-Saxon), Ry-ton, Rye-gate.
Run (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, water-course.—Run-ton, Run-ham.
Rack (Scandinavian), a trace, strait, channel.—Dam-rack, Sky-rack, &c.; the Race, Skage-rack.
Sola (Old High German), water, river.—Bagos-sola (bug), Salza, Saale.
Sloh, Slaew (Anglo-Saxon), a slough.—Slough, the name of several places in England.
Slaed, Slade (Anglo-Saxon), wet ground, low marshy ground.—Lin-slade, Slai-thwaite, Sled-dale, Sloten.
Spout (Scandinavian), a waterfall.—Cautley Spout, Gale-forth-spout, Spyten-vand (in Norway), Spout.
Strind, Strund (Scandinavian), the beach, sea coast.—The Strand, Whitby-strand, Flad-strund, Nord-strand, Es-strand, &c.
Sike (Scandinavian), a water course, drain.—Ful-sick, Meer-syke.
Stang (Scandinavian), a pool.—Meller-stang, Gar-stang, &c.
Strom (Scandinavian), a stream.—Stroms-a, Stroms-oe, Strom-ness, Straums-ey, Stroms-holm, and Mael-strom.
Strommer, a channel which separates the Isle of Siaeland from the Isle of Amak.
Saef, Siv (Anglo-Saxon), a rush, torrent.—The river Sheaf, Swaves-ey, &c.
Sea (Anglo-Saxon), See (German), the sea, a lake.—Sea-ham, Sea-ton, Sea-forth, Horn-sea, Whittle-sea, &c.; Lang-see, Esrum-see, Gruner-see, and Moss-see.
The Scandinavian Soe (sea), occurs in Mor-soe, Mos-soe, Sonder-soe, &c.
Skell (Scandinavian), a well, spring.—Skel-man-thorpe, Skell-eftea, Skelder-vik, Skel-ton, &c.
Sund (Scandinavian), separated, a channel, a strait.—Sunder-land, the Sound, Helle-sund, Stral-sund, &c.
Tjorn, Tern, Tarn (Scandinavian), a small lake.—Lough-rigg-tarn, Flat-tarn, Flou-tern-tarn (from Floi, Scandinavian, a bog, marsh, &c.), Angle Tarn, Beacon Tarn, Tjorn (an island off the coast of Sweden), Holms-jon, Mars-jon, Flas-jon.
Vatn, Vat, Vand (Scandinavian), water, a lake.—Apa-vatn, My-vatn, Sands-vatn, Bjork-vatn-et, Rys-vand; Olle-vat (a lake in the Hebrides), Vatn-dale, Watend-lath (in Cumberland), Steapa-vat, &c.
Sometimes Vand is changed into Water, as in Helga-water (a lake in Shetland), Ulls-water, Gates-water, Broad-water, Oude-water, Water-vliet (netherlands), Vara-bot (France).
Vaag, Voe (Scandinavian), a bay, harbour, in
- Voe (Sum-brough),
- Burra-voe,
- Usk-vagh,
- Flad-vagh,
- Vaag-oen,
- Vaag-en,
- Sol-way,
- Groes-vagh,
- Hamna-voe, harbour bay;
- Selia-voe, herring bay; &c.
Vig, Vik, Wick (Scandinavian), a small bay, harbour, landing-place, town on the sea coast, mouth of a river.—Bruns-wick, Schles-wig, Laur-vig, Steen-vig, Lem-vig, Weston-vik, Bra-viken, Wool-wich, Green-wich, Har-wich, Ips-wich, Dib-ic, Cu-ic, and Green-oc.
Wath, Wade (Scandinavian), a ford.—Wath-upon-Dearne, Winder-wath, Wades-mills, Wads-ley; Waythe, Biggles-wade, Sands-vath, Waithe.
Wash (Scandinavian), an arm of the sea, a river, ford.—The Wash, Ship-wash, Vis-by, Wash-field, and Was-dale.
Well (Anglo-Saxon), a spring.—Both-well, Wyl-am, Wel-ton, Wil-land; Waedensch-wyl, Walch-wyl, Wyl-au, Hof-wyl, &c.
Wasser (German), Waes (Anglo-Saxon), water.—Wasser-burg, Wasser-trudingen, Waes-ten, Waes-land, Water-loo (water meadow), Weasen-ham, Wassen-bury, &c.
Wac (Anglo-Saxon), soft marshy ground; Wax (Scandinavian).—Wac-ton, Wax-holme, Wax-holm, Wax-ham, Whax-grove, &c.
Wael, Wheel (Provincial), a whirlpool.—Wheel-don, Weel, Weel-ey, Wheel-ton, &c.
Worth (Anglo-Saxon), an island formed by a river, a canal between the two branches of a river, a farm.—Teb-worth, Hems-worth, Tets-worth, Nails-worth, Rush-worth, Til-worth, Clos-worth, Wid-worthy, Tat-worth, Chil-worthy, Dodge-waart, Bols-waard, Holt-wierde, and Schoenen-werth.
Wychen (Anglo-Saxon), springs; Wych (Provincial), a salt spring.—Whix-ley, Wick-en, Middle-wich, Nant-wich, and Ford-wich.
(B) NAMES OF MOUNTAINS, HILLS, &c.
Bac, Beac (Anglo-Saxon), a ridge or back; Bac (Gothic), a woody mountain, an ascent or descent.
Buhel, Puhel, Buhl (German), a hill, rising ground.
Baich (Old English), a “languet of land.”—Saddle-Back, Bac-ton, Bacon’s-field, Hog’s-back, Bainton-Beacon, Inkpen-Beacon, &c.
Cæsar makes mention of a Sylva Bacen-is, which separated the Cherusci from the Suevi; and Ptolemy speaks of a Meli-boc-os, in the north of Germany. There is still a Meli-boc-us in the south of Germany.
The German form (Buhl, Puhel, &c.), occurs in
- Eichen-buhl, the oak ridge;
- Dun-kels-buhl, the ridge of the mountain springs;
- Ross-buhl, the horse’s ridge;
- Lust-buhl, the hill of pleasure.
Breg, Beorg, Beroh (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, a hill, a heap of stones or earth; Berg Pereg (High German), Bairgs (Gothic), Bierg, Bjorg, Borg (Scandinavian).—Ha-berg-ham-caves, Wa-ber-thwaite, Wi-berg-thwaite (holy mountain path), Leg-ber-thwaite (low mountain path), Brown-berg-hill, Lang-baurgh.
Barrow and Barf occur frequently in the north of England. They are probably only slightly altered forms of Berg.—Under-barrow-scar, High-barrow-ridge, &c.; Clee-barf, Barf near (Bassen-thwaite), &c.
The German Berg is found in
- Berg, Berg-en, the mountain region;
- Berge-dorf, the hilly city;
- Berg-heim, the hilly home;
- Adels-berg, the noble’s hill;
- Arns-berg, the eagles’ hill;
- Alten-berg, the ancient hill;
- As-perg, the ash hill;
- Heidel-berg, the heath hill;
- Konigs-berg, the King’s hill;
- Mittel-gebirge, middle range.
The Scandinavian form Borg, appears in
- Borg-loh, the hilly dwelling by the water;
- Borg-holm, the hilly island;
- Borg-holz-hausen, the hilly-wooded dwelling; &c.
Break (Scandinavian), the slope of a mountain, the hollow in a hill.—Mel-break, Cal-break, Lov-brekke, Skards-brekke, Sand-brekke, &c.
Calf (Scandinavian), a smaller mountain near a larger one. It is also applied to islands.—Calva, Calf, Kalva-berg (the “Calf of Man”), Calver-peak, &c.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a rock.—Uugin-Car, Rugh Car, Gol-car, the Carrs.
Cam (Scandinavian), a summit, top.—Cam-fell, Cachede-cam, &c.
Clife, Clif, Cliffe, Clee, Clou, Clough (Anglo-Saxon), a rock.—Cleve, Old Cleeve-hill, Cleve-land, Claver-don, Cleve-don, Claver-ley, Clippes-by, Clip-stone, Clop-hill, Klop-stock, Clop-ton, Clop-ham, Cliffe, Cliff-ton, Top-cliffe, Shorne-cliffe, Swil-low-clift, Cliffe-end; Clee-thorpes, Cle-hanger, Clee-hills, Clee-barf, Cleever, Claw-ton, Cleo-bury, Clough-ton, Buc-cleugh, Cleves, Kloppen-burg.
Clump (Provincial), a heap.—Chariot-clump, Heaver-clump.
Clud, Clent (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of rock.—Pen-ket-cloud, Temple-cloud, Cloud-end, Clent-hill, Clin-ton.
Cnol (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground, a small round hill.—Falkland Knoll, Brent-knoll, Mays-knoll, Knowl-bury, Windy-knowl.
Cop (Anglo-Saxon), a top, summit.—Mold-cop, Wyle-cop, Mow-cop, War-cop, Schnee-koppe (snow top).
Dodd (Scandinavian), a mountain with a rounded summit.—Harts-op-dodd, Skiddaw-dodd.
Dun, Don, Down (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, sometimes applied to dwelling-places on hills.—The Downs, Downe, Down-ton, Leigh-down, Hunting-don, Ham-don, Snow-don, Dun-fell, Dun-mallet, Down-holm, Down-head, Duns-by, Dun-score, Duns-fold, Dun-stan.
Edge (Anglo-Saxon, Ecg), high moor-lands, the sharp ridge of a mountain.—Edge-hill, Swirrell-edge, Strathon-edge, Land-egge.
Fell, Fjeld (Scandinavian), a rock-hill, mountain chain.—Dovre-fjeld, Hardanger-fjeld (the mountains of hunger and poverty), Rute Fielle, Fal-aise, Oxen-fell, Hart-fell, Shap-fell, Bow-fell, Campsie-fells, Snae-fell, Mickle-fell.
Gare, Gore, Gor (Anglo-Saxon), a triangular piece of ground, a narrow slip of ground, generally dirty or marshy.—Water-gore, the Gore, Haven-gore-marsh.
Ha (Scandinavian), high.—Ha-wick, Ha-warden, Ha-worth, Hea-ley, Hea-laugh, Hea-ton, Hey-don, Hey-thorpe, Hey-shot, Pool-croft-hea, Hirne-ha.
Hammer (Scandinavian), a rock.—Hammer-scar, Hammer-end, Hammer-fest, Hammer-stein, Stor-hammer, Lille-hammer.
Hart, Hard (Gothic), high.—Harder-wyk, Harden-burg, the Hardt mountains.
Hawes, Haw (Scandinavian), a rock, an oblong mountain, a prospect.—Esk Haws, Buttermere Haws, Haws-water.
We find Aas (pronounced Aws), the Norwegian form, in Aas-fjeld, Aas-vand, &c.
Haugh, Houg, How, Ho, Hoo, Hov, Hoe, Hoy, &c. (Scandinavian), a hill, sepulchral mound, promontory.—Bothwell-haugh, Haugh-am, Haugh-ton, Haugh-ley, Haugh-mond-hill; Alders-haugh, Hogh-ton, Bar-haugh, Hough-ton-le-spring, Green-ough, Bere-hough, Hew-by, Kew (Kay-hough, Kay-howe); the Haugh, Haigh-ton, Scale-how, Hund-how, Red-how, Grimes-hoo, the Hoo, Haux-ley, Hax-ley, Hox-ay (the isle of the promontory), Haugs-eid (the isthmus of the hillock), Haux-ton, &c.; Loose-hoo, Iving-hoe, Stapl-oe, Hoy-land, Al-sta-haug, La Hogue, Jord-heue, Le-hou, Ne-hou, Cape Hoc, Heve, Hogues d’Isigny, Hogues de Baucy, Hoy-a, Hoy-holm.
Haus (Old Norsk), top, summit.—Herd-house, Lad-house, Husa-fell, &c.
Hang (Anglo-Saxon), a heel.—East and West Hang, Hangle-ton, Hanke-low.
Hook, Hawk, Hack, and Hoch have a similar signification.—Hace-by, Hacker-sall, Hack-ford, Hack-thorne, Hack-ness, Hack-don, Hoc-kliffe, &c.; Hawk-moor, Hook, Hooker-ton, Hook-nor-ton, Hack-sted, Hack-low.
Hohe, Hoch (German), height, high.—Hohe-geiss, Hohen-stein, Hohen-linden, Hohen-as-perg, &c.; Hoch-heim, Hoch-kirch, Hoch-wald, &c.; Hoog-veen, Hoog-meide.
Heigh, High (Anglo-Saxon), elevated.—Heigh-am, Heigh-ley, Heigh-ton, High-bray, High-ley, High-week, &c.
Heaford (Anglo-Saxon), head-top, upper.—Head-lam, Head-ley, Head-worth, Hed-don, Hed-hope, Heed-ley.
Hean (Anglo-Saxon), high.—Hean-or, Hean-wood, Hainton, Hent-land, Haun-ton.
Hope, Op, Ope (Scandinavian), the side of a hill, a sheltered spot on the side of a hill.—Hop-town, Harts-op, Harr-op, Wool-hope, Oxen-hope.
Hob (Scandinavian), a rising eminence; Heap (English).—Hob-linch, Hob-knap; Heap, Heap-ey, Heap-ham, &c.
Hul, Hyl (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, elevation in general.—Tintin-hull, Soli-hull, Mag-hull, Hil-ton, Hil-bury, Hil-gay, Hill-am, Hillers-don, Hil-per-ton, and Hill-side.
Hofved, Hoved (Scandinavian), a head, promontory.—
- Skov-hoved, wood head;
- Vorms-hofved, worm’s head.
Head, when it occurs in the names of capes, promontories, &c., in England, is of Scandinavian origin.
Horn, Hurne, Hyrne, Herne (Anglo-Saxon), an angle or corner-land projecting into the sea or river, a peak.—Hirne-ha, Cold-irne, Guy-hirne, Horn-castle, Horn-sea, Horn-um, Stor-horn, Breit-horn, Tenfels-horn, Wild-horn, and Rinder-horn.
Knot (Scandinavian), a round heap.—Hard-knot, Scald-knot, School-knot, Whim-bury-knots, Knots-low.
Knaep (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground.—Mister-ton Knap, Hob-knap, &c.
Knab, the Scandinavian form, occurs in Knab-scar, the Knab, &c.; Knipe-scar, Knipen-berg.
Low, Lewe, Loe, Law (Anglo-Saxon), a small round hill.—Broad-low, Had-low, Tax-low, Mar-low, Wins-low, Hal-low, Doller-law, Bug-law-ton, Hag-loe, Lev (Scandinavian), Orms-lev, and Ors-lov.
Loppe, Hlype (Anglo-Saxon), an uneven place, a leap.—Hind-lip, Lop-ham, Lax-leip, Hous-lip-burn, Deer-leep-hill, &c.
Lynch, Link (Anglo-Saxon), ploughed ground on the side of a hill, high ground.—Stock-linch, Moor-lynch, &c.
Loft (Scandinavian), a mound.—Carl-lofts, Lof-sta, Lofta-hammar, Loft-house, Lofts-ome, &c.
Lad (Scandinavian), a pile or heap.—Lost-lad, Lad-cragg.
Klint (Scandinavian), sea rocks.—Spoel-klint, Stevens-klinte, Steyns-klint.
Mor, Moor (Anglo-Saxon), a common, highlands covered with heath; Moor (English).—Nort-moor, Backe-moor, Mor-peth.
Nap (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, peak, point, top of a hill; Neb (Scandinavian).—Nap-ton-on-the-hill, Nap Farm, Nep-ton, Nep-cote, Whinney Neb, White Nab, Con-mer Nab, the Nabs, Nabs Buts.
Ness, Naze, Nose (Scandinavian), damp, humid land stretching out into the sea, a promontory, a projecting portion of land.—Lowestoft-ness, Foul-ness, Dunge-ness, Sheer-ness, Skeg-ness, Strom-ness, Bow-ness, Scar-ness, Fur-ness, Skeg-nas, Sand-noes, the Naze.
In France, Ness takes the form of Nez.
Pike, Peak, Pig (Scandinavian), a point.—Kid-sty-pike, Dufton-pikes, Mur-ton-pikes, the Peak, Pig-don, Knock-pikes, Pick-mere, Jolly Waggon Pike, Pike-law, West-pike.
Rigg (Scandinavian), a ridge, an oblong hill; Hrigg (Anglo-Saxon), a back.
- Lough-rigg-fell;
- Ask-rigg, ash-ridge;
- Lat-rigg, the dwelling on the ridge;
- Long-rigg, long-ridge;
- Ewan-rigg, yew ridge.
The German form, Ruck, occurs in
- Ziegen-ruck, the kid’s ridge;
- Hunds-ruck, the hound’s ridge.
Rise (Anglo-Saxon), Raise (Scandinavian), a mound, hill-top, a high wood, &c.—Clap-ham Rise, Rise-ley, Raise-gill, Rise-holm, Rise-brough.
Scar, Scarth, Scarf, Scor, Scree, Skrid (Scandinavian), a rock, sharp, steep, or precipitous.—Scar-borough, Scar-overton, Black Hope-scars, Scars-dale, Ul-sker, Skerry, Ul-scarth, Gate-scarth, Balder-scarth, Scarf-gap, the Screes, Scree-scar, Scrax, Skar-a, Skiel-skior, Skaa-up, Skier-um, Sten-bids-skaar, Scar-stad, Scar-ild, Ska-tunge, Einer-sker, Svart-sker, Cher-bourg, Evar-skard, Haka-scard, Skarven-Fjeld, Maastjern-skarv, Skard, Skrid, Ref-skrid, Skrids-hol, Scarthin-cliffs, Scor-burgh, Scor-ton.
Scug (Scandinavian), a declivity.—Scugger, Skugg, Skeg-ness.
Sty (Scandinavian), an ascending path.—Kid-sty-pike, Sty-head, An-sty, Hubber-sty, Stee.
The Anglo-Saxon forms are Steele, Steigle, Stege.—Ham-steel, High-stile, Long-stile, Stile, Steel Fell.
The German Steig, a path.—Occurs in Alten-steig, Stege, Steiger-wald.
Steap (Anglo-Saxon), steep.—Steep-holm, Stoupe-brow, Steep.
Shelf, Skelf (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), a crag, rock, steep places.—Shelf-anger, Shel-don, Tib-shelf, Self-stones, Ra-skelfe, &c.
Stack, Stake, Stickle (Scandinavian), a rock, peak.—Stawkers, Stack, Hay-stacks, the Stake, Harrison Stickle, Pike o’Stickle, Stickle-stad, &c.
Stert (Anglo-Saxon), a tail.—Start-point, Stert-island, &c.
Stones (Provincial), hills, heights.—Blake-low-stones, Ox-stones, Dane Head Stones, &c.
Top (Anglo-Saxon), head, summit.—Top-cliffe, Tops-ham, Lewis-top, Pon-top Pike, Tip-ton, Top-croft, &c.
Tunga (Scandinavian), a promontory, headland, applied to rocks and mountains.—Tonge-with-Haulgh, Middle Tongue, Tong-fell, Tunge-fiord, Ska-tunge, Tang-fjeld, Tungn-fell.
Weald, Wald, Wold, Wealt, Would, Wild, Welt (Anglo-Saxon), a forest, a high woodland district.—The Wealds of Kent, the Wolds of Yorkshire, Moncton-weald, Glen-whelt, Walt-ham, Cots-wold, Wold-brow, Wald-au, Wald-bach, Wald-burg, Wald-eck, Wait-by, Wald-heim, Wald-kirch, Wald-see, Ost-wolde, Wold, and Woude.
Winch, Wink (Scandinavian), a corner.—Winch-combe, Wink-field, Wink-leigh, Winchel-sea, Finkle-bridge, Winkel-seth, Rose-Winkel, Ruh-winkel, &c.
Warn, Wharn (Anglo-Saxon), steep.—Wharn-side, Wharn-cliffe, Wharn-ham.
Yoke (Scandinavian), a hill, chain.—Yoke-thwaite, Yoke-cliffe.
(C) NAMES OF VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &c.
Acre, Aker (Anglo-Saxon), a field.—West-acre, Kint-aker.
Bearw, Bearo, Bern (Anglo-Saxon), a fruitful productive wood, from Beran, to yield; Bar, Bur, a bower, knoll; Byras, woods, plots of woody ground.—Brown-ber-hill, Bram-ber, Tod-bere, Green-ber-field, Bur-ton, and Bar-ton, Sheb-beare (sheep-wood), Kentis-beare, Beer (near Seaton), Bier-low, Baum-ber (tree-wood), Bear-stead, Bears-ton, Bear-ley, Ber-don, Bur-combe, Bur-land, Burs-lem, Bur-stall, Bur-marsh, Bur-wash, Bar-ham, Bar-ford, and Bar-well.
Bearne (Provincial), a wood.—Barn-by, Barn-ey, Barn-well, Barn-ham, Barn-brough, &c.
Bit (Anglo-Saxon), a pasture.—Cow-bit, Nes-bit, &c.
Bus, Bush (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood.—Busch (German), Bosc (Scandinavian).—Bush-ey, Bos-ham, Bus-by, Bus-cot, Bush-bury, Buss of Newham, Buss of Werdie; Col-bosc, Mille-bosc, Rom-bosc, Boschen-ried, and Dicke-busch.
Bent (Provincial), a plain, field, a common.—Bent-ham, Bent-ley, Hayton’s Bent, Bent-hall, Bent-worth, Chow-bent, &c.
Botm (Anglo-Saxon), Bottom (English), a dale.—Gunner-kild-bottom, Houn-dene-bottom, Shuffle-bottom (Shaw-field-bottom), Owler-bottom, and Brook-bottom.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a plain.—Car-ham, Car-stairs.
Chin, Chine (Anglo-Saxon), a cleft, hollow.—Chin-ley-churn, Crow-chine, &c.
Cup (Anglo-Saxon), a hollow.—Bu-cup, Cub-ley, &c.
Croft (Scandinavian), a small field.—Craw-ton, Wey-croft, Croft Farm, Sander-croft, Haver-croft, Crof-ton, Cox-croft, and Wivels-croft. In France the same root is found under the form Crottes.
Comb (Anglo-Saxon), a valley or low piece of ground, a space between two hills.—Combe, Brans-combe, Bor-combe, Clo-combe, Gat-combe, Sted-combe, Comp-ton.
Dal (Scandinavian), a valley (from Dala, to depress); Thal (German).—Scar-dale, Ken-dal, Arun-dell, Dal-wood, Dingley-dell, Co-dale, Gris-dale, Ul-dale, Dul-wich, Dul-ver-ton, Schön-thal, Rein-thal, Dussel-thal, Dal-hem, Dals-land, Dal-bye, Dal-heim, Dal-river, &c.; Dane-tal, Darne-tal, Delle du Bog, Delle du Fosse.
Deonu, Dionu, Denu, Den, Dean (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, pasture, valley, hollow, ravine, &c.—Taunton Dean, Forest of Dean, Deb-den, Cob-den, Hammer-den, Bals-dean, O-dean, Dib-den, Den-by, Den-bigh, &c.
Field, Feld (Anglo-Saxon), detached localities partly open, an open height, a plain.—Heath-field, Spring-field, Neither-field, Lang-field, &c.
The German form, Feld, occurs in Feld-berg, Feld-kirch, Lingen-feld, Hume-feld, Alten-feld, Lichter-velde, Basse-velde, &c.
Fold, Fol, Fald (Scandinavian), land district, enclosure for sheep, &c.—Nettle-ford, Ox-fold, Had-fold, Ex-fold, Ash-fold, Frith-fold, Duns-fold, &c.
Gap (Scandinavian), an opening between hills.—Raise Gap, Whin-latter-Gap, Yap-ton.
Grafe (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood, a grove.—No-bottle-grove, Bo-grove, By-grave, Graf-ton, Cot-Grave, Red-grave, and Chal-grove.
Hag, Hay, Hedge, Edge (Anglo-Saxon), a limit boundary, fence, any enclosure, a single field, a plot of ground fenced in and surrounded by an hedge; Haga (Scandinavian), Hag (Gothic), enclosed pasturage, a cultivated copse or woodland.—Hag-borne, Hag-ley, Hag-loe, Hedger-ley, Hay-don, Hay-dock, Hay, West-hay, Cut-hayes, Wil-hay, Child-hayes, Hay-ton, Hayes, Comb-hay, Hag-a, Hagen, the Hague, Hagen-au, Dorls-hagen, Falken-hagen.
Hanger, Hangra, Anger (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow near a wood, surrounded by a furrow.—Fisher-ton-anger, Clay-hanger, Anger-ton, Cle-hanger, Oke-hanger-mere.
Hat, Had, Heath (Anglo-Saxon), field; Heide, (German).—Hat-field, Hat-cliffe, Hather-leigh, Hath-ern, Hather-op, Hat-ton, Heden-ham, Had-ley, Hether-set, Hethers-gill, Het-ton, Hide, Hadden-ham, Had-don, Had-leigh, Had-low, Had-nall-ease, Had-stock, Pook-hyde, Hoath-ley, Heidel-berg, Heiden-heim, Heide.
Hayne, a cleared spot fenced in, is perhaps connected with the German Hain, small grove, wood, though it is generally considered another form of Hag, Hay, &c.—Wil-hayne, Hoober-hayne, Cown-hayne, Down-hayne, Blanken-hayn, Balken-hayn, Burg-haun, and Hain-ault.
Hese, Hyse (Anglo-Saxon), a grove, wilderness.—Hes-wall, Hes-ton, Hes-ley-Hurst, Hess-ay, His-ton, His-ket, Has-combe, Has-field, Hase-ley, Has-guard, Has-land, and Haye.
Holt, Hot, Hod (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, copse; Holz (German).—The Holts, Spars-holt, Hoddes-don, Hots-pur, Boc-holt, Borck-holt, Holz-minden, Holt-land, Holt-rup, Ter-houlde.
Hunt (Anglo-Saxon), a chase.—Fox-hunt, Ches-hunt.
Hurst, Herst, Hest, Est (Anglo-Saxon), Horst (German), Hriostr (Old Norsk), woods which produce fodder for cattle, thicket, a clump of forest trees which have not attained their full growth, or masses of standing corn.—Ew-hurst, Pens-hurst, As-hurst, Wad-hurst, Sell-hurst, Ex-hurst, Hurst-ley, Worst-ley, Fing-est, Made-hurst, Hurst, Hors-mar, Baren-horst.
Ing (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow.—Ing-birch-worth, Inger-thorpe, Ingle-by, Ing-ham, Ing-oe, Read-ing. Bark-ing, Martins-ing, Earl’s-ing-Lee.
Leagh, Lah, Leh, Lay, Lea, Ley, Leigh (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow, field, thicket, a woodland district, enclosure, place favourable to growth of grass; Loh (German); Lo, Loo (Dutch),—Had-leigh, Hor-leigh, Hoo-leigh, Pash-leigh, Mor-leigh, Bing-ley, Leigh-ton, Wark-leigh, Lay-sters, Leigh-down; Ven-lo, Water-loo, Kafer-loh, and Sapel-loh.
Lease, Laes (Anglo-Saxon), pasture land.—Lewes, Lewes-ham, Oxen-lease, Cow-leaze.
Leben (German), ground cleared of wood.—Als-leben, Aschers-leben, Eis-leben.
Ling (Anglo-Saxon), heath.—Ash-ling, Bir-ling.
Lum (Provincial), a wooded valley.—Lum-ley, Burs-lem.
Lund (Scandinavian), a wood, forest.—Lund, Laund-booth, Lund-ditch, Laun-ton, Hoff-lund, Hanging-lund.
Maed, Mead (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow.—Hot-mead, Mad-ley, Made-ley, Meth-wold, Bass-mead.
Maestene (Anglo-Saxon), a forest, grove of oak.—Sel-meston, West-meston, Mis-ter-ton.
Mearc (Anglo-Saxon), a woodland district, meadowland; Mork (Scandinavian), a wood.—Mercia, Mark (Lincoln and Somerset), Mark-ham, Mark-by, Marks-hall.
Peece, Pacce (Anglo-Saxon), dirty, watery land.—Pash-ley, Patch-am, Patch-way, Pax-ton, Pas-ton, Pax-ford.
Plas, in Plas-ket, Plass-ey, Plax-tol, has a similar signification.
Plumbe (Anglo-Saxon), a woody place.—Plum-ley, Plump-ton, Plum-stead.
Paeth (Anglo-Saxon), a way, path, entrance, road.—Mor-peth (moor-path), Pad-field, Pad-worth, Pad-bury, Pate-ly.
Rake (Provincial), a mine.—Land-rake.
Rayne (Provincial), limit, bound.—Rain-hill, Rain-ham.
Riothr, Raith (Scandinavian), a clear place, an open field; Ryde, to clear away.—Reith-by, Raith-by, Rath-mill.
Rode (German), Rode, Rod, Royd (English), land cleared or grubbed up.—Ruthyn, Rut-land, Martin-royd, Hol-royd, Hunt-royd, Orme-rod, Ack-royd, Werni-gerode, Elbin-gerode, Rod-ach, Mount Ruti, Ruthi, Oste-rode.
Skogr, Scow, Scaw, Skov, Shaw, Shoe (Scandinavian), a wood.—Scaw-ton, Scof-ton, Scow-garth, Fla-scow, We-scow, Bri-sco, Ever-saw, Auden-shaw, Skovs-hoved.
In France we find Bois d’Escoves.
Shot (Anglo-Saxon), a wood.—Scot-by, Scot-ton, Shot-ton, Alder-shot (alder-wood), Bag-shot (badger’s-wood).
Snadas, Snaed, Snad (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of land with well-defined limits without enclosures, public woods, or pasture grounds.—Snaith, Sned, Snettis-ham, Whip-snade, Snod-land.
Stock (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, enclosure.—Stock-land, Stock-linch, Taw-stock, Hal-stock, Chard-stock, Stock-holm.
Smeth, Smid, Smith (Anglo-Saxon), smooth, level ground.—Smea-ton, Smes-towe, Smith-field, Smeeth, Smeeth-cote.
Spring (Anglo-Saxon), a grove.—Spring-thorpe.
Stob, Stub, Stobbe (Anglo-Saxon), a stump.—Stobs-wood, El-stub, Stepn-ey (Steben-heath), Stub-croft, Stub-land, Stubbe-rup.
Toll (Anglo-Saxon), a small grove of lofty trees.—Toll-piddle, Tol-ton, Tel-ton, Toller-ton, Tol-land, Tole-thorpe.
Toft (Scandinavian), a field, the border of the house and homestead.—Lowes-toft, Knocking-tofts, Toft.
In France we find Hau-tot, Crique-tot, Ec-tot, Sasse-tot, Anse-tot, Ebel-toft, Enges-tofte.
Tot (Anglo-Saxon), a small grove.—Totn-ore, Tot-ham, Totten-ham, Tut-bury, Tot-land Bay, Tet-bury, Dod-pits, Tot-lets, Tot-ern-hoe.
Telgr (Scandinavian), a tract of land.—Soder-telge, Soder-telje, Norr-telge.
Tved, Thwaite (Scandinavian), a path, an isolated piece of ground, ground cleared of wood.—Lock-thwaite, Stanger-thwaite, Hall-thwaite, Line-thwaite, Tvede, Om-thvett, Skis-ved.
Wan, Wing, Wang (Anglo-Saxon), a large indefinite tract of land, a meadow.—Wang-ford, Wing-field, Wan-stead, Tongs-winge, Wanger-oog, Wang, El-wangen.
Waste (Provincial), a level.—Waste-water, Thorn-waste.
Wride (Anglo-Saxon), an intertwining, luxuriant thicket.—Wrays-bury, Writtle, Ease-writh, Wret-ham, Wret-ton, Ting-rith (Tyn-grave).
With (Scandinavian), a wood.—Ask-with, Bram-with, Wither-by, &c.
Wood (English), Weide (German), pasture ground.—Weid-au, Wid-au, Wed-more, Wid-combe, Woot-ton, Widde-combe, &c.
Wiese (German), a meadow.—Wies-baden, Wiesen-thied, &c.