The work surveys geological and meteorological evidence for major past climate changes, reviews paleoclimatology methods and problems of zonal interpretation, examines ice ages and warm intervals, and criticizes the tendency to generalize from limited fossil-correlated horizons. It brings together geology, anthropology, and atmospheric science to propose that changes in land–sea distribution and in land elevation can drive long-term climatic shifts, presents supporting observations and mathematical exposition, and evaluates competing explanations while emphasizing the limitations of the available data and the resulting uncertainties.