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The evolution of climate cover

The evolution of climate

Chapter 43: INDEX
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About This Book

The work surveys geological and meteorological evidence for major past climate changes, reviews paleoclimatology methods and problems of zonal interpretation, examines ice ages and warm intervals, and criticizes the tendency to generalize from limited fossil-correlated horizons. It brings together geology, anthropology, and atmospheric science to propose that changes in land–sea distribution and in land elevation can drive long-term climatic shifts, presents supporting observations and mathematical exposition, and evaluates competing explanations while emphasizing the limitations of the available data and the resulting uncertainties.

INDEX

  • A.
  • Acheulian, 52
  • Aciphylla, 125
  • Africa, 103, 133, 142
  • Aftonian, 87
  • Ahlmann, 51, 61
  • Alaska, 43, 124
  • Algonquin, Lake, 123
  • Alps, dry period, 122
  • glaciation, 29, 52, 56
  • retreat stadia, 119
  • Altai Mountains, 77
  • Anau, ruins, 163
  • Ancylus, 120, 127
  • Andersson, 118, 121
  • Andes, 98
  • Antarctica, 114, 133
  • Anticyclonic circulation, 55
  • Antipodes Is., 112
  • Aral Sea, 83
  • Argentine, 100
  • Arizona, 94, 150
  • Arrhenius, 19
  • Artesian water (Australia), 110
  • Aryans, 164
  • Asia, 76, 125, 139, 143, 153
  • Astronomical theory, 17
  • Atlantic Stage, 126
  • Atlas Mountains, 69
  • Australia, 109, 125, 155
  • B.
  • Balearic Is., 70
  • Balkans, 69
  • Baltic Interstadial, 64
  • Banded clays, 49, 93
  • Baraba steppes, 121
  • Barkans, 65
  • Barrell, 159
  • Beddard, 115
  • Belfast, 130
  • Biloculina, 133
  • Blytt, 127
  • Bonneville, Lake, 93
  • Brazil, 101
  • British Isles, 57, 62, 64, 136
  • Brögger, 129
  • Bronze Age, 138
  • Brückner, 49, 57, 154
  • Buenos Aires, sand-dunes, 125
  • Bühlstadium, 119
  • C.
  • Calabrian, 68
  • Cambrian, 33
  • Campbell Is., 102
  • Canada, post-glacial, 132
  • Cape Colony, raised beaches, 133
  • Carbon dioxide, 19
  • Carboniferous, 34
  • Caspian, 83, 143, 153
  • Chamberlin, 19
  • Champlain Stage, 123
  • Chellean, 51
  • Cherry, 160
  • Chile, rainfall fluctuations, 157
  • China, 81, 139
  • Chronology, 48, 92
  • Chudeau, 106
  • Classical Rainfall Maximum, 140
  • Climatic Record, 132
  • Coleman, 92
  • Colorado, 94
  • Continentality, 25
  • Continental Phase, 120
  • Continents, movement of, 21
  • Cordilleran glaciation, 87
  • Corsica, 69
  • Craig, 72
  • Cretaceous, 37
  • Crete, Neolithic, 163
  • Croll, 18
  • Cro-Magnards, 161
  • Cyrenaica, desiccation, 142
  • D.
  • Daun-stadium, 119
  • David, 110
  • Dead ice, 132
  • Denmark, continental phase, 122
  • Depressions, path of, 47, 60, 71, 122, 139
  • Devonian, 34
  • Diluvium, 48
  • Don Valley, 91
  • Douglass, 143
  • Drakensberg Mountains, 103
  • Drought in Forest Period, 139
  • Drumkelin Bog, 137
  • Dunes, fossil, 65
  • Frisian, 140
  • E.
  • Early Iron Age, 141
  • Earth’s Orbit, eccentricity of, 18
  • Earthworms, 115
  • East Anglia, 47, 57
  • Eccentricity of Earth’s Orbit, 18
  • Ecuador, 99
  • Egypt, 72
  • Eoanthropus, 161
  • Eocene glaciation, 37
  • Etosha Pan, 107
  • Europe, 49, 55, 118, 127, 136, 154
  • Evans, 163
  • Evolution of Man, 155
  • F.
  • Fairgrieve, 138
  • Falkland Is., 97
  • Fennoscandian Pause, 119
  • Finiglacial, 118
  • Finland, post-glacial, 120, 128
  • Florida, 95
  • Forest bed, 47, 51
  • period, 122, 136
  • Forests, submerged, 137
  • Formby and Leasowe Beds, 130
  • Fossil ice, 59, 78
  • Franz Josef Land, 130
  • Frech, 20
  • Freydenberg, 106
  • Frisian dunes, 140
  • Fucino, Lago di, 154
  • Fucus in Spitzbergen, 130
  • G.
  • Gable Island, 98
  • Galaxiidæ, 115
  • Geer, G. de, 49, 93, 118
  • Geikie, J., 51, 81
  • Geographical theory, 22
  • Geological formations, 31
  • rhythms, 38
  • Gibbon, 140
  • Gibraltar, 69, 70
  • Gila conglomerate, 95
  • Glacial anticyclone, 55
  • stages, 48
  • Globigerina, 133
  • Glossopteris, 35
  • Gondwanaland, 34, 35
  • Gotiglacial, 118
  • Graham Land, glaciation, 114
  • Great Basin, America, 89, 93, 124
  • Great Lakes, history, 123
  • Great Salt Lake, 93
  • Greece, Heroic Age, 164
  • Greenland, 131, 156
  • Gregory, 104
  • Grimaldi Race, 161
  • Gschnitz Stadium, 119
  • Gunz Glaciation, 56
  • Gunz-Mindel Interglacial, 50, 51, 56
  • H.
  • Haplochitonidæ, 115
  • Hazel, post-glacial extension, 122
  • Hedley, 116
  • Heidelberg Man, 161
  • Height and temperature, 26
  • Hildebrandsson, 157
  • Himalayas, 81
  • Hobley, 105, 107
  • Hohokam, 150
  • Hume, 72
  • Humphreys, 20
  • Huntington, 141, 144, 150, 153, 162
  • I.
  • Ice on Danish coasts, 155
  • Iceland, 125, 156
  • Illinoian glaciation, 90
  • Ingo Is., forests, 122
  • Iowan Glaciation, 90
  • Ireland, glaciation, 57, 62, 64
  • Heroic Age, 138
  • Iroquois, Lake, 123
  • Isohalines, 127
  • J.
  • Japan, 81
  • Jurassic, 37
  • K.
  • Kalahari, 107
  • Kamchatka, 80
  • Kansan, 88
  • Karst flora, 121
  • Kashmir, 143, 153
  • Keewatin, 88, 91
  • Keidel, 99
  • Kenya, 103
  • Kilimanjaro, 103
  • Kioga, Lake, 104
  • Kitchen-midden, 125
  • Kosciusko, 109
  • Kreichgauer, 20
  • Kupffer, 121
  • L.
  • Labradorean Glaciation, 87, 89, 90
  • Lahontan, Lake, 93
  • Lena Valley, 78
  • Leverett, 91, 92
  • Limestone Agglomerate, 70
  • Littorina, 128
  • Loess, 52, 83, 91, 112
  • Lofoten Islands, 61
  • Lop-Nor, 83, 153
  • M.
  • Mackenna, 157
  • Maglemose culture, 125
  • Malta, 69
  • Mammoths, frozen, 79
  • Marsupials, 115
  • Mathew, 160
  • Maumee, Lake, 123
  • Maya ruins, 151
  • Mediæval Rainfall Maximum, 164
  • Medicine Bow Range, 94
  • Mediterranean, 68, 142
  • Mesopotamia, Empires, 139
  • Mexico, culture, 151
  • Meyer, 99
  • Micmac Stage, 124
  • Mindelian Glaciation, 49, 69
  • Mindel-Riss Interglacial, 50
  • Miocene, 44
  • Mombasa, 105
  • Mono Basin, 94
  • Montelius, 163
  • Mousterian Man, 63
  • Munthe, 118
  • Murgoci, 66
  • Murman coast, 130
  • N.
  • Najas, 129
  • Neanderthal Man, 161
  • Negro, 142
  • Neolithic, 122, 131, 136, 163
  • migration, 125, 163
  • Neudeckian, 51
  • Neuhauss, 111
  • Newfoundland, 87, 90
  • New Guinea, 111
  • New Siberian Islands, 78
  • New South Wales, 125
  • New Zealand, 111, 125, 133
  • Ngami, Lake, 107
  • Niagara, 93, 132
  • Nile, 72, 119
  • Nordenskjold, 117
  • Nordic Race, 125
  • Norfolkian, 51
  • North America, 86, 122, 132, 141, 149
  • North Sea, 56, 61
  • Norway, 51, 55, 129
  • O.
  • Obliquity of Ecliptic, 16, 120
  • Old Red Sandstone, 34
  • Optimum of Climate, 127
  • Ordovician, 33
  • P.
  • Pajaritan, 150
  • Palmyra, 142
  • Pamirs, 77
  • Pampean, 100, 125
  • Patagonia, post-glacial, 133
  • Patom Highlands, 78
  • Peat-bog Period, 140
  • Penck, 49, 51
  • Pendulation Theory, 20
  • Peorian, 91
  • Permian, 35
  • Persia, 84, 142
  • Peru, 99
  • Pettersson, 134, 145
  • Piedmont ice-sheets, 57, 109
  • Piltdown Man, 161
  • Pithecanthropus, 160
  • Pliocene, 47
  • Pluvial periods, 71, 140
  • Poles, motion of, 20, 40
  • Pre-Cambrian Glaciation, 33
  • Proterozoic Glaciation, 32
  • Pueblo ruins, 150
  • Pulse of Asia, 153
  • Pumpelly, 84, 163
  • Pyrenees, 57
  • Q.
  • Quaternary Ice Age, 47
  • R.
  • Ragunda, Lake, 49
  • moraines, 121
  • Reid, 138
  • Retreat of the Ice, 49
  • Riss Glaciation, 49, 61
  • Riss-Wurm Interglacial, 50, 53
  • Rixdorf, 62
  • Rodgers, 133
  • Romania, 66
  • Ruwenzori, 103
  • S.
  • Sagas, 141, 146
  • Sahara, 74, 105
  • Sangamon, 90
  • Scania, 49
  • Schmidt, 53
  • Scotland, 57, 61, 64
  • Scrobicularia Zone, 130
  • Selsey, 58
  • Sequoia, 143
  • Shell-banks, 47, 56
  • Siberia, 78
  • Sicilian, 70
  • Sierra Nevada, 93, 94
  • Sievers, 99
  • Silurian, 33
  • Skærumhede, 63
  • Slugs, 115
  • Smith, Elliott, 159
  • Solar radiation, 15
  • South America, 97, 125, 132, 157
  • South Georgia, 97
  • South Orkneys, 114
  • Spitaler, 18
  • Spitzbergen, 80, 130
  • Stanovoi Mountains, 79
  • Steppe climate, 53
  • Stone rivers, 98
  • Submerged forests, 137
  • Suess, Lake, 104
  • Sunspots, 145
  • Susa, Neolithic, 163
  • Sven Hedin, 84
  • Sweden, 49, 56, 118
  • Syria, 72
  • T.
  • Tapes, 129
  • Tasmania, 109
  • Tchad, 106
  • Tertiary, 42, 116
  • Thracia Zone, 131
  • Tian-Shan Mountains, 77
  • Tibet, 82
  • Tidal friction, 39
  • Tide-generating force, 134, 145
  • Tierra del Fuego, 97, 133
  • Tillite, 32
  • Titicaca, Lake, 101
  • Toronto Stage, 91
  • Trapa, 129
  • Trasimeno, Lake, 154
  • Tree-rings and rainfall, 143
  • Turbarian, 140
  • Triassic, 37
  • Tyndall, 19
  • U.
  • Uinta Mountains, 94
  • Unio in Niagara, 132
  • Ural Mountains, 57
  • V.
  • Venezuela, 100
  • Verkhoiansk Mountains, 79
  • Victoria Nyanza, 104
  • Vikings, 164
  • Volcanic dust, 16, 20
  • Vollossovitsch, 79
  • W.
  • Wales, 57, 64
  • Warren, Lake, 123
  • Wasatch Mountains, 93, 94
  • Wayland, 104
  • Wegener, 20, 34
  • Wernert, 53
  • White Sea, 130
  • Wine harvest, 155
  • Winters, severe, 155
  • Wisconsin Glaciation, 91, 92
  • Wolf, 145
  • Wurm Glaciation, 48
  • Y.
  • Yarmouth Stage, 88
  • Yoldia Sea, 50, 124
  • Yucatan, 151
  • Yukon, 124

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