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The Evolution of Man

Chapter 6: HAECKEL’S CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL WORLD
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About This Book

A popular scientific account traces human origins by combining comparative embryology and phylogeny to reconstruct a continuous lineage from single‑celled ancestors through worm‑ and fish‑like stages to primate forebears. It begins with the ovum, cell division and fertilisation, then develops gastræa and coelom theories, vertebrate embryology and the embryonic shield, with extensive cross‑species illustrations and developmental comparisons. Later chapters survey the lancelet and ascidian, estimate lineage durations, and examine the gradual evolution of the nervous, sensory, locomotor, alimentary, vascular and reproductive systems before summarising the conclusions of anthropogeny.

HAECKEL’S CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL WORLD

Unicellular animals (Protozoa)
1. UnnucleatedBacteria
Protamæbæ
Monera
2. Nucleateda. RhizopodaAmœbina
Radiolaria
b. InfusoriaFlagellata
Ciliata
3. Cell-coloniesCatallacta
Blastæada
 



Unicellular animals (Protozoa)
I
Cœlenterata,

or Zoophytes.
Animals without
body-cavity,
blood, or anus.
a. GastræadsGastremaria
Cyemaria
 
b. SpongesProtospongiæ
Metaspongiæ
 
c. Cnidaria
    (stinging animals)
Hydrozoa
Polyps
Medusæ
 
d. Platodes
    (flat-worms)
Platodaria
Turbullaria
Trematoda
Cestoda
 
II
Cœlomaria
or
Bilaterals.
Animals with
body-cavity and
anus, and generally
blood.
a. Vermalia
    (worm-like)
Rotatoria
Strongylaria
Prosopygia
Frontonia
 
b. MolluscsCochlides
Conchades
Teuthodes
 
c. ArticulatesAnnelida
Crustacea
Tracheata
 
d. EchinodermsMonorchonia
Pentorchonia
 
e. TunicatesCopelata
Ascidiæ
Thalidiæ
 
f. Vertebrates I. Acrania-Lancelet
    (without skull)
II. Craniota
     (with skull)
a. Cyclostomes
    (“round-mouthed”)
 
b. FishesSelachii
Ganoids
Teleosts
Dipneusts
c. Amphibia
d. Reptiles
e. Birds
 
f. MammalMonotremes
Marsupials
Placentals:
    Rodents
    Edentates
    Ungulates
    Cetacea
    Sirenia
    Insectivora
    Cheiroptera
    Carnassia
    Primates

(This classification is given for the purpose of explaining Haeckel’s use of terms in this volume. The general reader should bear in mind that it differs very considerably from more recent schemes of classification. He should compare the scheme framed by Professor E. Ray Lankester.)