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The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family

Chapter 70: FOOTNOTES:
By Ch. Letourneau
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The author surveys the biological and social origins of marriage and the family, beginning with animal reproduction and mating behavior and proceeding through cross-cultural forms of sexual association. The study examines alleged promiscuity, hetaïrism, polyandry, marriage by capture, purchase and servitude, polygamy, primitive and civilized monogamy, prostitution and concubinage, adultery, repudiation and divorce, widowhood and the levirate. Drawing on ethnographic examples and comparative analysis, it traces how sexual customs, property relations, and evolving moral sentiments shape family arrangements across different societies.

FOOTNOTES:

[560] Exodus, xxi. 8-10.

[561] Genesis, ii. 24.

[562] Deut., ch. xxii., ver. 13-21.

[563] Hovelacque, L’Avesta, p. 396.

[564] Code of Manu, book ix. pp. 5-17.

[565] Code of Manu, v. pp. 147, 148.

[566] Ibid.

[567] Ibid. ix. p. 90.

[568] Ibid. p. 93.

[569] Ibid. p. 94.

[570] Ibid. iii. pp. 51, 53.

[571] Ibid. book iii.

[572] Ibid. book iii. pp. 171, 172.

[573] Ibid. pp. 14, 15.

[574] Code of Manu, book iii. p. 19.

[575] Ibid. p. 17.

[576] Ibid. pp. 4-10.

[577] Ibid. ix. pp. 46, 47.

[578] Somerset, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxxi. p. 352.

[579] Id., ibid. p. 341.

[580] Id., ibid. p. 350.

[581] Id., ibid. p. 350.—Lettres édifiantes, t. x. p. 23.

[582] Iliad, ii., vii., viii.

[583] Goguet, Orig. des Lois, t. ii. p. 60.

[584] Odyssey, xiv.

[585] Ibid. i.

[586] Cavallotti, La Sposa di Menecle (notes), p. 246.

[587] Id., ibid. p. 239.

[588] Lycurgus, xxvi.

[589] Plutarch, Apophthegms of the Lacedemonians.—Demandes Romaines, lxv.

[590] Solon, xxxviii.

[591] Lycurgus, xxxvii.

[592] Demosthenes, cf. Step. ii.; in Cavallotti, loc. cit.

[593] Isaeus, Heritage of Menecles, §§ 5-9.

[594] Demosthenes, Against Aphobus.

[595] Id., For Phormion.

[596] Isaeus, Succession of Pyrrhus.

[597] Nic. Ethics, viii. 14.—Econom., i. p. 4.

[598] Solon, xxxvii.

[599] Isaeus, Succession of Pyrrhus.

[600] Mysogyne, Fr. 3.

[601] Menander, The Necklace.

[602] Cavallotti, La Sposa di Menecle, p. 158.

[603] Friedländer, Mœurs romaines, etc., t. Ier. pp. 251-254.

[604] Id., ibid. t. xxiii. pp. 1-14.—Avis de Molestion.

[605] Friedländer, loc. cit. p. 351.

[606] Plutarch, Lycurgus and Numa compared, 4, 2.

[607] Friedländer, loc. cit. p. 356.

[608] Suetonius, Octavius, lxiv.

[609] Plutarch, Numa Pompilius, xvii.

[610] Plautus, Stichus.

[611] L’Italie ancienne, par MM. Duruy, Filon, etc. (passim).

[612] Saint Augustine, Confessions, book ix. ch. ix.

[613] R. Cubain, Lois civiles de Rome, p. 179.

[614] Plutarch, Cato of Utica, xxxvi. lxviii.

[615] Domenget, Institutes de Gaius, i. 64.

[616] Asinaria, v. 70-72.

[617] Seneca, De matrim.—Saint Jerome, Letters, 54, 13, 79, 9.

[618] Friedländer, Mœurs, etc., t. Ier. p. 360.

[619] Plutarch, On Herodotus, xxi.

[620] Germania, xviii.

[621] Laboulaye, Hist. de la succes. des femmes.

[622] Summa Cardinalis Hostiensis, lib. v., De Adulteris.

[623] Wake, Evolution of Morality, vol. i. p. 381.

[624] Code Theod., lib. vi., tit. Ier..