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The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family

Chapter 89: FOOTNOTES:
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The author surveys the biological and social origins of marriage and the family, beginning with animal reproduction and mating behavior and proceeding through cross-cultural forms of sexual association. The study examines alleged promiscuity, hetaïrism, polyandry, marriage by capture, purchase and servitude, polygamy, primitive and civilized monogamy, prostitution and concubinage, adultery, repudiation and divorce, widowhood and the levirate. Drawing on ethnographic examples and comparative analysis, it traces how sexual customs, property relations, and evolving moral sentiments shape family arrangements across different societies.

FOOTNOTES:

[719] Moncelon, Réponses au Questionnaire de Sociologie, in Bull. de la Soc. d’anthrop., 1886.

[720] Campbell, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxix. p. 343.

[721] Burchell, ibid. t. xxvi. p. 479.

[722] Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, vol. ii. p. 27.

[723] Laing, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxviii. p. 107.

[724] Brodie Cruikshank, The Gold Coast.

[725] Bowdich, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxviii. p. 425.

[726] M. Radiguet, Derniers Sauvages, p. 179.

[727] Revue de l’Orient, 1844.

[728] Moerenhout, Voy. aux îles, etc., t. ii. p. 62.

[729] Freycinet, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xviii. p. 82.

[730] Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i. p. 81.

[731] Beniouski, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxxi. p. 410.

[732] J. O. Dorsey, Omaha Sociology, Smithsonian Institution, 1885.

[733] L. Morgan, Ancient Societies.

[734] Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i. p. 412.

[735] Id., ibid. p. 512.

[736] Id., ibid. vol. ii. p. 672.

[737] A. d’Orbigny, L’homme Américain, t. ii. p. 211.

[738] Id., Voy. pittor., etc., p. 511.

[739] Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i. p. 117.

[740] Id., ibid. vol. i. p. 241.

[741] Id., ibid. vol. ii. p. 261.

[742] Id., ibid. vol. i. p. 511.

[743] Voy. à la Terre-ferme, etc., t. Ier. p. 304.

[744] Dobritzhoffer, An Account of the Abipones of Paraguay, vol. ii. p. 97.

[745] Bruce, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxiii. p. 365.

[746] D’Abbadie, Douze ans dans la haute Éthiopie, pp. 100, 128.

[747] Annie Besant, Marriage, as it was, as it is, and as it should be.

[748] Dupré, Trois Mois à Madagascar, p. 153.

[749] D. Cuny, Journal de Voyage à Siout et à El-Obéid, en 1857-58.

[750] Burckhardt, loc. cit.

[751] Duveyrier, loc. cit. p. 429.

[752] Raffenel, Voy. au pays des Nègres, t. Ier. p. 355.

[753] Hanoteau et Letourneux, Kabylie, t. ii. p. 164.

[754] Hanoteau et Letourneux, Kabylie, t. ii. p. 178.

[755] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 177.

[756] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 177.

[757] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 179.

[758] Hanoteau et Letourneux, Kabylie, t. ii. p. 181.

[759] Id., ibid.. t. ii. p. 184.

[760] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 159.

[761] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 180.

[762] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 173.

[763] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 180.

[764] Hanoteau et Letourneux, Kabylie, t. ii. p. 182.

[765] Id., ibid.

[766] Id., ibid. t. ii. p. 180.

[767] Koran, ii. 229, 230.

[768] Koran, ii. 229.

[769] Ibid. ii. 226, 242.

[770] Ibid. ii. 233.

[771] Ibid. ii. 228.

[772] Ibid. iv. 127.

[773] Meynier, Études sur l’Islamisme, pp. 168, 169.

[774] Id., ibid. p. 178.

[775] Id., ibid. p. 174.

[776] Meynier, Études sur l’Islamisme.

[777] Id., ibid. p. 174.

[778] Niebuhr, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxxi. p. 330.

[779] Prescott, Conquest of Peru.

[780] Id., Conquest of Mexico, vol. i. p. 28.

[781] Turner, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xxxi. p. 437.

[782] Huc, Voy. dans la Tartarie, t. Ier. p. 301.

[783] Pauthier, Chine Moderne, p. 239.

[784] Id., ibid.

[785] Code of Manu, ix. pp. 80, 81.

[786] Ibid. p. 77.

[787] Ibid. p. 83.

[788] Ibid.

[789] Deuteronomy, ch. xxiv. ver. 1, 2.

[790] Mischnah (third part).

[791] A. Weil, La Femme juive, passim.

[792] Goguet, Orig. des Lois, t. ii. p. 61.

[793] Demosthenes, Against Aphobus.

[794] Id., Against Neera.

[795] Euripides, Melanippus, Fr. 31 (quoted by Cavallotti).

[796] Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, etc., vol. ii. p. 287.

[797] Romulus, xxxv.

[798] Plutarch, Demandes Romaines, xiv.

[799] Italie ancienne (Univers pittoresque), p. 487.

[800] Ibid. p. 488.

[801] Italie ancienne, p. 488.

[802] R. Cubain, Lois Civiles de Rome, p. 183.

[803] Italie ancienne, p. 487.

[804] Lecky, loc. cit., p. 352.

[805] Id., ibid.

[806] Session xxiv., can. 17.

[807] Rambaud, Hist. de la Civil. Franç., t. Ier. p. 107.

[808] D’Arbois de Jubainville, Preface to Hist. inst. primit. of Sir H. Maine.

[809] Klaproth et Gamba, Hist. Univ. des Voy., t. xlv. p. 435.

[810] M. Block, Europe Politique et Sociale, p. 216.