The Evolution Theory, Vol. 2 of 2

INDEX

[References to vol. ii have the volume prefixed.]

Accessory idioplasm, 383.
Acræides, immunity of, 100.
Adaptation, in leaf butterflies, ii. 346;
of the sperm-cells to fertilization, 278, 279;
facultative, ii. 278;
functional, 244;
harmonious, ii. 80, 197;
not chance but necessity, ii. 346;
all evolution depends upon, ii. 347.
Affinities, vital, within the 'person,' ii. 36;
within the id, 374.
Agassiz, L., immutability of the species, 16.
Alcoholism, ii. 68.
Aldrovandi, 13.
Amixia, ii. 285, 286.
Ammon, O., the variation-playground, ii. 199, 202.
Amœba 'nests,' ii. 219.
Amphigony, 267;
as a factor in maintaining species, ii. 204.
Amphimixis, general significance of, ii. 192;
antiquity of, ii. 202;
Ammon's playground of variations, ii. 206;
Amœba 'nests' as a preliminary stage, ii. 219;
beginnings of, ii. 213;
parthenogenesis as self-fertilization, ii. 233;
in Coccidium, ii. 214, 216;
chromosomes in Protozoa, ii. 216;
the 'cycle' idea, 326;
increased stability due to, ii. 200;
continued inbreeding, ii. 231;
'formative' stimulus, ii. 229;
Galton's curves of frequency, ii. 206;
in relation to rudimentary organs, ii. 226;
immediate consequences of, ii. 224;
plastogamy as a preliminary stage of, ii. 222;
alters individuality, ii. 192;
and natural death, 335;
direct advantages of, ii. 198;
origin of, ii. 211;
association of, with reproduction, ii. 210;
increases power of adaptation, ii. 223;
preliminary stages of, ii. 213;
not a rejuvenescence in the sense of preserving life, ii. 221.
Ancestral plasm, ids of, ii. 38.
Ants, several kinds of ids in the germ-plasm of, 390;
harmonious adaptation of sterile forms, ii. 89;
degeneration of wings and ovaries in the workers, ii. 90;
transition forms between females and workers, ii. 92;
Wasmann's explanation of these, ii. 93;
Polyergus rufescens, ii. 95;
dimorphism of workers, ii. 96;
number of queens, ii. 98.
Apes, furred, in Tibet, ii. 269.
Arctic animals, sympathetic colouring in, 62.
Aristotle, 10.
Assimilation, ii. 371.
Auerbach, spindle-figure of the dividing cell-nucleus, 289.
Autotomy, self-amputation, ii. 18.
Baer, K. E. von, development of the chick in the egg, 25.
Barfurth, on the segmentation of the egg in the sea-urchin, 408.
Bates, discovery of mimicry, 91;
on the Sauba ant, ii. 96.
Beccari, Amblyornis inornata, 223.
Bees, harmonious adaptation in the workers, ii. 89;
influence of nutrition on the degeneration of the ovaries, ii. 92;
importance of the fact that there is only one queen, ii. 97.
Belt, plants and ants, 171.
Beneden, E. van, fertilization of the ovum of Ascaris, 295;
deutoplasm, 282;
theory of mitotic cell-division, 291.
Bickford, Elizabeth, experiments on regeneration, ii. 90.
Binswanger, on artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. 68.
Biogenetic Law, Fritz Müller's view, ii. 160;
crustacean larvæ, ii. 161;
Haeckel's views, ii. 173;
markings of the caterpillars of the Sphingidæ, ii. 177;
shunting back of the stages in the ontogeny, ii. 177.
Biophors, the smallest vital units, 369;
struggle of the, ii. 52;
spontaneous generation of, 369.
Birds, adaptation in, ii. 315.
Blochmann, on the directive corpuscles in parthenogenetic ova, 304;
on the development of the ovum of the bee, 336;
on chromosomes in unicellulars, ii. 217.
Blumenbach, 'nisus formativus,' 352;
inheritance of mutilations, ii. 66.
Bois-Reymond, doubts as to the inheritance of functional modifications, 242.
Bonnet, preformation theory, 350, 351.
Bordage, regeneration, ii. 20.
Borgert, proof of the splitting of the chromosomes in the division of unicellulars, ii. 216.
Boveri, fertilization of non-nucleated pieces of ovum with nucleus of another species, 341.
Brandes, on the extinction of Machairodus species and the giant armadillos, ii. 358, 359;
on the supposed transformation of the stomach in birds as a result of nutrition, 267.
Brown-Séquard, artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. 67.
Brücke, Ernst, organization of the living substance, 368.
Budding and division, ii. 1.
Bütschli, theories of amphimixis, 330;
discovery of the spindle-figure in nuclear division, 289.
Burdach, inheritance of mutilations, ii. 65.
Buttel-Reepen, Hugo von, on fertilization in the bee ovum, 306.
Butterflies, their enemies, 98;
aggressive colourings, 68, 70;
aberrations due to cold, ii. 274;
transmissibility of these, 275;
endemic species, 285;
polar and Alpine species, 285;
species of the Malay region, 291.
Butterflies, protective coloration in, 74.
Cænogenesis, ii. 173.
Calkins, conjugation of infusorians, 329.
Caterpillars, protective coloration in, 67.
Catocala, adaptive coloration in the various species, ii. 310.
Cell-division, integral and differential, 374;
differential in Ctenophores, 408;
proofs of differential, 377.
Centrospheres, 289, 309.
Ceratium, ii. 326.
Chance, elimination sometimes due to, 44, 47.
Characters, purely morphological, ii. 133.
Child, determination of, at fertilization, ii. 46.
Chromatin, the hereditary substance, 287;
grounds for the belief, 337-43.
Chromosomes, their occurrence in unicellulars, ii. 217;
simple and plurivalent (-idants), 349, 350;
individuality of, 349;
number of, in different species, 291;
indications of complexity of their structure, 292;
reasons for their existence, 303.
Chun, segmentation of the ovum in Ctenophores, 408;
Kerguelen cabbage and rabbits, ii. 362;
deep-sea investigation, ii. 322.
Cirrhipeds, ii. 241.
Climate, influence of, in causing variation, ii. 269.
Climatic varieties, ii. 269, 272.
Coadaptation, ii. 80;
in crustaceans, ii. 81;
in the markings of butterflies, ii. 87;
in the forelegs of the mole-cricket, ii. 86.
Cold aberrations in butterflies, transmissibility of, ii. 275.
Coloration, animal, its biological import, 58;
sympathetic in butterflies, 74;
in moths, 76;
of animals in green surrounding, 64;
of eggs, 60;
of nocturnal animals, of polar animals, 64;
water animals, 63.
Coloration, shunting backwards of, in the ontogeny, 73.
Colour-adaptation, double, 64, 73;
colour change in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and Cephalopoda, ii. 278.
Combinations of determinants, ii. 40.
Conjugation, in Protozoa, 317;
in Paramæcium, 319.
Conklin, on the behaviour of the centrosphere in the ovum of Crepidula, 309, ii. 41.
Connective tissue of vertebrates, 386.
Constancy and variability, periods of, ii. 294, 295;
degree of constancy of a character increases with its age, ii. 200.
Convergence, ii. 323.
Cope, supposed palæontological proofs for the Lamarckian principle, ii. 77.
Copernicus, 13.
Copulation of Coccidium proprium, ii. 217.
Correlation of the parts of the body, 41;
of determinants of the germ-plasm, ii. 153.
Correns on Xenia, ii. 59.
Corsica, endemic butterflies of, ii. 285.
Crampton, segmentation in a marine snail, Ilyanassa, 409.
Crystal animals, sympathetic colouring, 63.
Cultivated plants, asexual reproduction in, ii. 261.
Cuvier, 16;
his dispute with St.-Hilaire, 24.
Dahl, the ants of the Bismarck Archipelago, ii. 101.
Danaides, immune butterflies, 94.
Danais erippus and Limenitis archippus (mimicry), 113, 114.
Darwin, Charles, first appearance of The Origin of Species, 28;
story of his life, 29.
Darwin, Erasmus, theory of evolution, 17.
Darwin and Nägeli, ii. 322.
Darwinian theory, dependence of the frequency of species on enemies, 47;
on external circumstances, 45;
correlation of parts, 41;
races of pigeons, 34;
of domesticated animals, 31;
geometrical ratio of increase, 46;
struggle for existence, 47;
struggle between individuals of the same species, 52;
artificial selection, 39;
natural selection, 42;
affects all parts and stages, 54;
variation, 43;
summary, 55;
origin of flowers, 182;
pangenesis, ii. 62.
Death, natural, 260.
Degeneration of a typical organ not an ontogenetic but a phylogenetic process, ii. 91;
of disused parts, ii. 116.
Delage, the germ-substance, 401;
'a portmanteau theory,' ii. 3;
experiments with sea-urchins, 342.
Desert animals, sympathetic colouring in, 62.
Determinants, active and passive state, 380;
controlling the cells, 381;
proofs of their existence, 361, 371, 408;
in limbs of Arthropods, 361;
liberation of, 382;
size and number, 369.
Determinates, 355.
Deutoplasm, 280.
Dewitz, degeneration of wings in the ontogeny of worker-ants, ii. 90.
Diatoms, ii. 324.
Dimorphism, sexual, its idioplasmatic cause, 388.
Disappearance of disused parts, ii. 135;
unequal rate of, ii. 129.
Dividing apparatus of the ovum, 288, 308.
Division, proof of differential nuclear division (Phylloxera), 377;
multiplication by division, ii. 1.
Dixon, isolation as a condition of species formation, ii. 284.
Döderlein, increase of characters in diluvial forms, ii. 139.
Dog, breeds of, 31;
attachment to man, ii. 73.
Driesch, 'prospective' importance of a cell, 378, 408.
Dzierzon, discovery of parthenogenesis in bees, 303.
Echinoderms, mesoderm cells of, 386, 387.
Ectocarpus, 334.
Egg-cell, form and structure, 280;
its migrations, 281.
Ehrlich, experiments with ricin and abrin, ii. 106.
Eigenmann, on blind cave-salamanders, ii. 347;
on species of Leptocephalus, ii. 133.
Eisig, on symbiosis, 162.
Elimination, ratio of, 47.
Elymnias, a genus of mimetic butterflies, 103.
Emery, on extinction of species, ii. 357;
on Colobopsis truncata, ii. 96;
on germinal selection, ii. 139;
'mixed' forms in ants, ii. 93;
variation of homologous parts, ii. 189.
Empedocles, 9;
ii. 370, 378.
Endemic species, ii. 283.
Endres, 'prospective' significance of the blastomeres of the ovum of the frog, 407.
Epigenesis and evolution, 350.
Epilepsy, artificial, in guinea-pigs, ii. 67.
Equilibrium between species of a region, 49.
Evolution, phyletic, ii. 332;
paths of, ii. 381;
forces of, ii. 381;
mechanism of, 353;
facts of, 406.
Evolution, progressive, attempt of species to extend its range, ii. 383;
unlimited diversity of forms of life, ii. 391;
parable of the traveller, ii. 386.
Evolution theory, general meaning of, 6;
'prospective' import of the cell, 378.
Exner, electric adaptation of the fur of mammals and feathers of birds, ii. 316;
vision of insects, 216.
Eye-spots, 69;
ii. 179.
Falkland Islands, influence of climate on cattle and horses, ii. 268.
Feathers, regarded as an adaptation, ii. 316.
Fertilization, process of, 286;
in lichens, 313;
in Ascaris, 296;
in the sea-urchin ovum, 293;
in Phanerogams, 313;
in higher plants, ii. 251;
importance of the chromatin, 290;
conjugation, 317;
the centrosphere the dividing apparatus of the cell, 289;
chromatin the hereditary substance, 287;
differentiation of individuals among the Protozoa, 322;
number of chromosomes reduced to half, 297;
rôle of the centrosphere, 308;
summary of process of fertilization, 343.
Fischel, segmentation, of the Ctenophore ovum, 408;
regeneration of the lens in Triton, ii. 20.
Fischer, E., experiments with butterfly pupæ in low temperature, ii. 275.
Flowers, origin of, 179;
adaptation to insects, 189;
in Aristolochia, Pinguicula, and Daphne, 186;
colour as an attraction to insects, 195;
collecting apparatus of bee, 193;
cross-fertilization, means for securing, 182;
in Salvia, 183;
lousewort, 184;
flowers adapted to fly-visits, 185;
orchids, 187;
deceptive flowers, Cypripedium, 200;
fertilization of Yucca, 202;
imperfection of adaptation a proof of origin through selection, 204;
mouth-parts of insects, 189;
bee, 172;
butterfly, 193;
cockroach, 191;
wind-pollination, 182.
Forel, Auguste, alarm-signals in ants, ii. 83.
Fraisse, on regeneration, ii. 30.
Function, passively functioning parts in relation to the Lamarckian principle, ii. 77;
harmonious adaptation in these, ii. 81.
Fungi, reproduction of, ii. 267.
Fur of mammals, adaptation to the conditions of life, ii. 269.
Galapagos Islands, fauna of, ii. 283, 292.
Galileo, Galilei, 13.
Galls, plant, 385;
ii. 271.
Gall-wasps, reproduction of, ii. 245.
Galton, Francis, on continuity of the germ-plasm, 411;
on inheritance of talents, ii. 150;
curves of frequency, ii. 206;
doubt of the Lamarckian principle, 242.
Genius, human, ii. 394.
Germ-cells, and somatic cells, 411;
development of, 410;
their mutual attraction, ii. 230.
Germinal infection, ii. 69.
Germinal Selection, ii. 113;
influenced by personal selection, ii. 155;
relation of determinants to determinates, ii. 153;
combination of mental gifts, ii. 150;
influence of amphimixis, ii. 125;
influence of the multiplicity of ids, ii. 124;
objections on the score of smallness of the substance of the germ-plasm, ii. 156;
degeneration of a species through cultivation, ii. 144;
there are only plus and minus variations, ii. 151;
excessive increase of variations, ii. 139;
basis of sexual characters, ii. 135;
its sphere of operation, ii. 127;
small hands and feet in the higher classes, ii. 147;
climatic forms, ii. 134;
bud-variations, ii. 141;
play of forces in the determinant system, ii. 154;
artificial selection, ii. 123;
short-sight, ii. 146;
milk-glands, ii. 147;
deformities, ii. 137;
muscular weakness in the higher classes of men, ii. 147;
positive variation, ii. 122;
regulated by personal selection, ii. 131;
source of purely morphological characters, ii. 132;
disappearance of disused parts, ii. 119, 129;
self-regulation of the germ-plasm, ii. 128;
specific talents, ii. 149;
sport-variations, ii. 140;
spontaneous and induced, ii. 137;
excessive increase of a variation tendency, ii. 130;
preponderance of panmixia, ii. 120;
origin of secondary sexual characters, ii. 143.
Germinal vesicle, 295.
Germ-plasm, conception of, 410;
continuity of, 411;
at once variable and persistent, ii. 220;
disintegration of, in ontogeny, 379;
nutritive variations within the, 379;
structure of the, 373;
variation of, due to environment, ii. 267;
to nutrition, ii. 268.
Germ-plasm theory, 345;
accessory idioplasm, 383;
active and passive state of determinants, 379;
connective tissue-cells, 386;
determinants and determinates, 355;
lithium-larvæ, 383;
ids, conception of, 349;
idants, 349;
male end female ids, 389;
mesoderm cells of sea-urchin, 387;
plant-galls, 385;
polymorphism, 390;
proofs of existence of determinants (Lycæna agestis, insect metamorphosis, &c.), 356;
sexual dimorphism, 388.
Germ-tracks, 411.
Gesner's Book of Animals, 13.
Godelmann, regeneration of Phasmids, ii. 28 n.
Goebel, 269.
Goethe, archetypal animal and plant, 18.
Green animals, 64.
Gruber, A., regeneration experiments on the Protozoa, 340.
Guignard, fertilization of Phanerogams, 315.
Gulick, snails in the Sandwich Islands. ii. 329.
Haase, Erich, on Pharmacopagæ, 101;
on mimicry, 104.
Haberlandt, protection of leaves, ii. 133;
Auxo-spores, ii. 221.
Haeckel, Ernst, fundamental biogenetic law, ii. 173;
monogony and amphigony, 267;
palingenesis and cœnogenesis, ii. 173;
genealogical trees, ii. 388.
Häcker, Valentin, importance of the nucleolus, 287;
separateness of paternal and maternal nuclear substance during development, ii. 42;
process of nuclear division, 291.
Hahnel, observations on the enemies of butterflies, 154;
lizards and birds as enemies of butterflies, 97, 98.
Haller, 267.
Harmony, pre-established, apparently existing in development, ii. 309.
Hartog, views on amphimixis, 334;
ii. 194.
Haycraft, on the equalizing effect of amphigony, ii. 203.
Heidenhain, theory of mitotic division, 291.
Heider, on the intimate processes of segmentation of the ovum, 'regulation' and 'mosaic' ova, 409.
Heliconiidæ, first example of immune butterflies, 91.
Henslow, on purely morphological specific differences, ii. 308.
Herbst, lithium-larvæ, 383;
ii. 277.
Hereditary sequence, alternation of, ii. 50.
Hering, his reasons for assuming the inheritance of functional modifications, ii. 110.
Hermaphroditism in flowers, ii. 250;
in animals, ii. 239;
advantages of, ii. 239.
Herrich-Schäfer, on mimicry, 105.
Hertwig, O., fertilization of sea-urchin eggs, 293;
theory of development, 354;
differential cell-division, 376;
inheritance of functional modifications, ii. 106;
maturation divisions of the sperm-cells, 300.
Hertwig, R., chromosomes in Actinosphærium, ii. 216.
Heterogony, ii. 244.
Heteromorphosis, Loeb on, ii. 7.
Heterostylism, ii. 254.
Heterotopia, 365, 367.
Hirasé, fertilization of Phanerogams, 313.
Histonal selection, 240;
and personal selection, 280.
Hübner, O., experiments on regeneration in Volvox, ii. 4.
Humming-birds, species fixed by isolation, ii. 290.
Hyatt, Alpheus, the snail-strata of Steinheim, ii. 305.
Hybrids, ii. 60;
of pigeons, 34;
plant, ii. 57.
Hydra, regeneration in, ii. 4.
Hydroid polyps, development of germ-cells in, 411.
Idants, 349.
Ids, 349;
male and female, 389;
mimicry a proof of the existence of, 390.
Immortality, potential, of the Protozoa, 260.
Immunity of butterflies, 99.
Imperfection of adaptation, 203.
Inbreeding, evil consequences of, ii. 231.
Infection of the germ, ii. 69.
Infusorians, experiments of Maupas on, 328;
Calkins on, 329;
differentiation of nucleus into macro-and micro-nucleus a means of compelling conjugation, 334.
Inheritance, of acquired characters, ii. 62 (see also Lamarckian principle);
of functional modifications, ii. 64;
of mutilations disproved, ii. 65;
from parent to child, ii. 38;
hereditary substance, 288, 341;
preponderance of one parent, ii. 47;
alternation in ontogeny, ii. 48.
Instinct, 141, ii. 70;
will and, 152.
Instincts, aberrant, 149;
attachment of dog, ii. 73;
change of, in Eristalis, &c., 150;
egg-laying of butterfly, 159;
exercised only once, 155;
ii. 75;
'feigning death,' 145;
imperfectly adapted, 152;
inheritance of, ii. 72;
masking of crabs, 145;
material basis of, 142;
monophagy of caterpillars, 146;
new in domesticated animals, ii. 73;
nutritive, 146;
in Ephemerids and sea-cucumbers, 148;
in predatory fishes, 149;
origin of, ii. 70;
pupation of butterflies, 156;
self-preservation of, 144;
wild animals on lonely islands, ii. 73.
Intra-selection (histonal selection), 240.
Ischikawa, on chromosomes in unicellulars, ii. 216;
on the conjugation of Noctiluca, 317;
ii. 42.
Island faunas, ii. 283.
Isolated regions, ii. 284.
Isolation, favours species-formation, ii. 383;
relative, ii. 350;
snails on the Sandwich Islands, ii. 292.
Jäger, G., on the continuity of the germ-plasm, 411.
Japanese cock, 356.
Kaleidoscope, transformation resembles a, ii. 307.
Kallima, mimicry of leaf, 83, 236, 237.
Karyokinesis, 290.
Kathariner, birds as enemies of butterflies, 97.
Kennel, birds as enemies of butterflies, 97.
Kerner von Marilaun, Alpine plants, 122;
influence of hybridization on the formation of new species, ii. 352.
Knowledge, limits of, ii. 392.
Köhler, on scent-scales in the Lycænidæ, 370.
Koshewnikow, on the influence of royal food on drone-larvæ, ii. 92.
Kükenthal, on the fur of aquatic mammals, ii. 270.
Lamarck, theory of development, 21;
on limits of genera and species, ii. 306.
Lamarckian principle, ii. 62;
Lamarck regarded inheritance of functional modifications as a matter of course, 241;
cleaning apparatus of bees, ii. 84;
claw of crustacean, ii. 85;
Darwin's attitude to, 242;
facts (foreleg of mole, cricket, &c.), ii. 86;
Galton's attitude to, 242;
Hering's view, ii. 109;
O. Hertwig's view, ii. 106;
neuters among ants and bees, ii. 89;
phyletic development, ii. 77;
skeleton of Arthropods, ii. 82;
stridulating organs, ii. 83;
theoretical impossibility of, ii. 107;
variation of passive parts, ii. 77;
venation of butterfly's wing, ii. 87;
Zehnder's defence of, ii. 99.
Lathræa, 135.
Lauterborn, on amphimixis in diatoms, ii. 216.
Leaf-imitation, in Locustidæ, 88;
in moths, 87;
in butterflies, 83, 357-61;
in Anæa species, ii. 310.
Lepus variabilis, 62;
ii. 344, 350.
Leeuwenhoek, first use of the microscope, 14.
Leuckart, Trichosomum crassicauda, with dwarf males, 227;
structure of snails, ii. 301.
Leuckart and von Siebold, 333.
Leydig, regeneration of the lizard's tail, ii. 30.
Liberation of the determinants in ontogeny, 382-6;
quality of nutrition as a liberating stimulus in bees and ants, ii. 92.
Liebig, theory of the origin of life, ii. 365.
Limits of knowledge determined by selection, ii. 394.
Linné, conception of species, 14.
Lloyd Morgan, artificially induced instincts, ii. 72.
Loeb, experiments on regeneration, ii. 6, 7;
the cell-nucleus as an organ for oxidation, ii. 31.
Luminous organs in deep-sea animals, ii. 321.
MacCullock, autotomy, ii. 19.
Machairodus, ii. 358.
Mammals, adaptation to aquatic life, ii. 333.
Maturation divisions, ii. 40;
in plants, 315;
in the ovum, 298;
in the sperm, 301;
influence of, ii. 44.
Maupas, intimate processes of conjugation, 319;
conjugation of Infusorians, 329.
Medium, influence of, ii. 267.
Mendel's Law, ii. 57.
Merogony, fertilization of non-nucleated pieces of ovum, 343.
Merrifield, temperature-experiments with Polyommatus phlæas, ii. 273;
cold experiments with Vanessa, ii. 274.
Meyer, Hermann, architecture of the bone spongiosa, 246.
Mimicry, 91;
in beetles, bees, ants, &c., 116;
in butterflies does not affect caterpillar or pupa, 104;
in both sexes, 96;
in vertebrates, 117;
degree of resemblance to model, 104;
Elymnias undularis, 106;
Papilio merope, 108;
P. turnus, 110;
same effect produced in different ways, 105;
several imitators of one immune species, 101;
species of genera which need protection imitate different immune models, 102;
'rings' of mimetic species, 112;
rarity of mimetic species, 108;
wide divergence of mimetic species from their congeners, 115.
Mitosis, 288.
Möbius, 296.
Monism, 393.
Monogony, 266.
Montgomery, on reduction of the chromosomes, ii. 43.
Morgan, experiments on regeneration, ii. 15.
Morphological characters, dependent on germinal selection, ii. 132;
discussion as to indifferent characters, ii. 132, 309.
Mortality of multicellular organisms, 260;
causes of this, 263.
Morton, Thomas, on degeneration in the children of alcoholics, ii. 69.
Moths, protective coloration in, 80.
Müller, Fritz, scent-scales, 217;
on mimicry, 111;
plants and ants, 171;
relation between ontogeny and phylogeny, ii. 160.
Müller, Johannes, the vision of insects, 216.
Musical sense in man, ii. 148.
Mutation theory of de Vries, ii. 317.
Mutilations, supposed inheritance of, ii. 65.
Mutual sterility, of no great importance in connexion with lasting variation, 349.
Nägeli, Carl von, on the definite directions of variations, ii. 306, 385;
objection to origin of flowers through selection, 198;
on the difference in size between egg and sperm, 337;
his Hieracium experiments, ii. 272;
Nägeli's view and Darwin's reconciled through germinal selection, ii. 334;
number of smallest vital units in a 'moneron,' ii. 368.
Nathusius, inbreeding experiments, ii. 231.
Natural Selection, not directly observable, 58;
under the influence of isolation, ii. 292.
Neo-Lamarckism, 243.
Neotaxis, ii. 40.
Nerve-tracks in relation to instincts, ii. 71.
Normal number of a species, 45.
Notodonta, protective coloration in, 80.
Nuclear division, process of, 289;
integral and differential, 374, 377.
Nussbaum, M., regeneration-experiments in Protozoa, 340;
on the continuity of the germ-cells, 411;
infection of the ovum in Hydra, ii. 68.
Nutrition, influence of, on variation, ii. 267;
relation between nutrition and the number in a species, 45.
Oken's 'Naturphilosophie,' 21.
Omnipotence of selection, ii. 348.
Ontogenesis, relation to phylogenesis, ii. 159;
shunting back of the phyletic stages in embryogenesis, ii. 176;
condensation of phylogeny in ontogeny, ii. 186.
Orchids, fertilization of, ii. 256.
Organs, rudimentary, ii. 226.
Origin of flowers, see Flowers.
Osborn, supposed palæontological proofs for the Lamarckian principle, ii. 77.
Ovaries, 282.
Ovogenic determinants, 388.
Ovum, maturation of, 295.
Packard, disappearance of useless parts, 129.
Palingenesis, ii. 173.
Pandorina, reproduction of, 257, 293.
Pangenesis, ii. 62.
Panmixia, ii. 114.
Papilio meriones, 108, 427;
P. turnus, 110.
Parasites, power of adaptation in, ii. 384.
Parthenogenesis, discovery of, 303;
exceptional and artificial, 307;
facultative in bees, ii. 235;
receptaculum seminis in Cypris-species without males, 326, ii. 234;
advantages of, ii. 243;
its effects compared with those of inbreeding, ii. 233;
alternation of, with bisexual generations (heterogony), ii. 243.
Personal selection, indirect effects of, ii. 200.
Petrunkewitsch, A., maturing divisions in the ovum of the bee, 306, 336.
Pfeffer, rôle of malic acid in the fertilization of ferns, 273.
Pflüger and Born, experiments in hybridization, ii. 232.
Phasmids, regeneration in, ii. 17.
Phylloxera, reproduction in, ii. 249.
Phylogenetic variation of butterfly and caterpillar independent of each other, 362.
Phylogeny, condensation of, in ontogeny, ii. 186.
Physiologus, 11.
Pictet, turban eyes in male Ephemerids, 229.
Pigeons, breeds of, 34.
Plants, fertilization of the higher, ii. 250;
carnivorous, 132;
Aldrovandia, 138;
Dionæa, 138;
Drosera, 136;
Lathræa, 135;
Nepenthes, 134;
Pinguicula, 135;
Utricularia, 133.
Plant-galls, ii. 270.
Plastogamy a preliminary stage to fertilization, ii. 220.
Pliny, 11.
Polar bodies, 294.
Polymorphism, its idioplasmic roots, 390.
Polyommatus phlæas, dimorphism of caterpillars, 363;
climatic varieties, ii. 272.
Postgeneration (Roux), 407.
Pouchet, spontaneous generation, ii. 366.
Poulton, on facultative colour adaptation in caterpillars, ii. 278;
on mimicry, 105.
Prediction on the basis of the evolution theory, 3.
Preformation and Epigenesis, 351.
Primordial males among Cirrhipeds, ii. 242.
Protective arrangements in plants, 119;
Alpine plants, 126;
chemical substances, 128;
ethereal oils, 128;
hairs, 122;
poisons, 120;
Raphides, 129;
'Prigana scrub,' 126;
against small enemies, 127;
Tragacanth, 124.
Protective colouring, rôle of light in, 78;
Kallima, 83;
Notodonta, 80;
Xylina, 82.
Protective marking in caterpillars, 67.
Protozoa, chromosomes in, ii. 216.
Quetelet, amphigony preserves the mean of the species, ii. 204.
Races, development of, depending on adaptation, ii. 335;
dependent on germinal selection, ii. 144.
Radiolarians, skeleton of, ii. 324.
Rand, experiments on regeneration in Hydra, ii. 5.
Rath, O. von, on the influence of royal food on drone-larvæ, ii. 91.
Ray, John, conception of 'species,' 14.
Reactions, primary and secondary, ii. 277.
Reducing divisions, see Maturation divisions.
Regeneration, ii. 1;
atavistic, ii. 30;
autotomy, ii. 16;
in birds, ii. 14;
in Hydra, ii. 4;
in Hydroid polyps, ii. 9;
in plants, ii. 9, 32;
in Planarians, ii. 6, 13;
in starfishes, ii. 30;
in Vertebrates, ii. 10;
of the lens in Triton, ii. 19;
a phenomenon of adaptation, ii. 9;
nuclear substance the first organ of, ii. 31;
phyletic origin of, ii. 23;
disappearance of the power of, ii. 16;
and budding, ii. 31;
relation of, to liability of part to injury, ii. 7;
not always purposive, ii. 25.
Reinke, objections to the 'machine theory' of life, 402;
on regeneration, 32.
Rejuvenescence, theory of, 325-8.
Reproduction, adaptation of the germ-cells, 277;
asexual, ii. 259;
structure of the ovum, 280;
of the bird's egg, 285;
zoosperm, 273;
in Amœbæ, 253;
in Infusorians, 254;
in Pandorina morum, 257, 269;
in fungi, 267;
by means of germ-cells, 266;
differentiation of germ-cells into male and female, 267;
by division, 264;
two kinds of eggs in same species, 282;
nutritive ovum cells, 283;
introduction of death into the living world, 261;
contrast between reproductive and body cells in the Metazoa, 256;
budding and division in the Metazoa, 264;
potential immortality of the Protozoa, 260;
sperm and ovum in Algæ, 272;
in Volvox, 265, 271;
zoosperms of Ostracods, 275;
different kinds of spermatozoa, 278.
Reproductive cells, development of, 410;
in Diptera, 411;
in Hydroid polyps, 413.
Reversion, ii. 53;
in doves, ii. 55;
in the horse, ii. 55.
Riley, fertilization of the Yucca by a moth, 202.
Ritzema Bos, experiments on mice, ii. 65, 66.
Romanes, isolation theory, ii. 284;
physiological selection, ii. 337;
panmixia, ii. 115.
Rosenthal, experiments with mice, ii. 65, 66.
Roux, Wilhelm, Mosaic theory, 379;
struggle of the parts, 244;
postgeneration, 407.
Rückert, the nuclear substances in Copepods, ii. 42.
Rudimentary organs in man, ii. 226.
St.-Hilaire, unity of type, 18.
Samassa, segmentation of the frog's egg, 407.
Sarasin, snails of Celebes, ii. 299.
Saturnia, pupation of, 158.
Schaudinn, fertilization in Coccidia, ii. 214;
maturing division in Sun-animalcule, 318.
Schimper, plants and ants, 171.
Schleiden and Schwann, discovery of the cell, 26.
Schmankewitsch, experiments with Artemia, ii. 277.
Schmidt, Oscar, ii. 324.
Schneider, discovery of the 'spindle-figure' of nuclear division, 289.
Schütt, Diatoms, ii. 325.
Schwarz, Ostracods, 276.
Segmentation-cells in animal ova, their prospective importance, 406.
Seitz, a case of mimicry, 114.
Selection-processes, grades of, ii. 265;
evolution guided by, ii. 298.
Selection, sexual, 210-39;
absence of secondary sexual characters in the lower animals, 231;
adaptations for seizing the females, 229;
choice on the part of the females, 214;
odours and scent-scales, 217;
song of cicadas and birds, 221;
superfluity of males, 213;
weapons for the struggle for mates, 228;
summary, 238.
Selection value, ii. 132, 311.
Self-fertilization in plants, ii. 252;
continued influence of, ii. 257;
alternation of self- with cross-fertilization, ii. 241.
Self-preservation, instinct of, 144.
Sex-cells, mutual attraction of, ii. 228.
Sex, determination of, 377; ii. 44.
Sexual characters, secondary, have their roots in germinal selection, ii. 130, 143, 289-91, 378.
Sexual selection, see Selection, sexual.
Sexual selection through isolation, ii. 289.
Short-sight, ii. 146.
Siedlecky, copulation in Coccidium proprium, ii. 218.
Simroth, ii. 302.
Slevogt, on birds as enemies of butterflies, 97.
Sluiter, on symbiosis, 167.
Smerinthus, markings of the caterpillars, ii. 177, 184.
Snail-strata of Steinheim, ii. 305.
Sommer, on artificial epilepsy in guinea-pigs, ii. 68.
Special investigation, period of, 25.
Species, the, a complex of adaptations and variations, ii. 307.
Species-colonies, ii. 280.
Species, extinction of, ii. 357;
dying out of the large animals of Central Europe, ii. 361;
extinction due to cultivation, ii. 360;
to unlimited variation, ii. 357;
Machairodus, ii. 358;
lower types more capable of adaptation than higher, ii. 359;
extinction of flightless birds, ii. 360.
Species-formation, ii. 299;
favoured by isolation, ii. 284;
snails of Celebes, ii. 219;
without amphigony in lichens, ii. 343;
without isolation in Lepus variabilis, ii. 344;
Peridineæ, ii. 325;
protective coloration in butterflies, ii. 310;
the Steinheim snail-strata, ii. 315;
telescope eyes in deep-sea animals, ii. 323;
typical species, ii. 304;
variation in definite directions, ii. 306;
the bird as a complex of adaptations, ii. 316;
the whale as a complex of adaptations, ii. 313;
mutual fertility between many plant-species, ii. 340.
Species, variable and constant, ii. 286.
Specific type, its occurrence favoured by germinal variation, ii. 333, 334;
by natural selection, ii. 334;
origin of the, ii. 299, 332-5.
Spencer, Herbert, germinal substance composed of homogeneous particles, 355;
on 'units,' the smallest vital particles, 369;
protective adaptations in plants to be referred to selection, ii. 77.
Spermaries, 282.
Spermatozoa, see Zoosperms.
Sperm-cells, 272.
Spermogenic determinants, 388.
Sphingidæ, caterpillars of the, biological value of their markings, 73;
ontogeny and phylogeny of the markings, ii. 177.
Sphinx convolvuli, double adaptation of the caterpillar, 71, 72;
S. euphorbiæ, var. Nicæa, purely local form of caterpillar, 362.
Spontaneous generation, 410;
conditions necessary, ii. 370;
only possible as regards invisible minute organisms, ii. 369;
the 'where' of, ii. 371;
impossibility of proving or disproving it experimentally, ii. 366.
Sprengel, fertilization of flowers, 180.
Standfuss, cold experiments with butterfly pupæ, ii. 275.
Steinheim snail-strata, ii. 305.
Steller's sea-cow (Rhytina stelleri), ii. 74.
Stick-insects, 88.
Strasburger, fertilization of Phanerogams, 314.
Stuhlmann, zoosperms in Ostracods, 276.
Swammerdam, 14.
Symbiosis, candelabra trees and ants, 171;
hermit-crabs and Hydroid polyps, 163;
hermit-crabs and sea-anemones, 162;
origin of symbiosis, 176;
lichens, 173;
fishes and sea-anemones, 167;
green Amœbæ, 170;
green fresh-water polyp (Hydra viridis), 168;
Nostoc and Azolla, 177;
sea-anemones and yellow Algæ, 171;
root-fungi, 175.
Talents, specific, of man referred to germinal selection, ii. 149;
depend on a combination of mental gifts, ii. 150.
Tichomiroff, artificial parthenogenesis, 307, 333.
Thorn-bugs, 89.
Transparent winged butterflies, 106.
Treviranus, as founder of the evolution theory, 18;
on generic differences, ii. 306.
Trimen, observations on the immunity of the Acræidæ, 100.
Tropism in plants, ii. 276.
Twins, identical, ii. 44.
Vanessa, endemic species of, with protective colouring, 75.
Variability, fluctuating, ii. 327.
Variation, all ultimately quantitative, ii. 151;
in a definite direction, ii. 118;
double roots of, ii. 195;
ascending, ii. 122;
sports or saltatory variations, ii. 140;
roots of hereditary, ii. 118.
Variation of individual characters, ii. 336;
not always due to adaptation, ii. 197.
Variation, periods of, ii. 294.
Vital force, ii. 369.
Vitalism, ii. 369.
Virchow, Rudolf, on the inheritance of mutilations, ii. 65.
Vöchting, influence of light on the production of flowers, ii. 276;
on regeneration, ii. 32.
Voigt, Walter, experiments in regeneration, ii. 6;
on Planarians, ii. 25.
Voit, Carl von, influence of nutrition on bodily size, ii. 268.
Volvocineæ, reproduction in, 257.
Vries, de, asymmetrical curves of frequency, ii. 234;
theory of mutations, ii. 317;
Pangen theory, 380.
Wagner, Franz von, regeneration in Lumbriculus, ii. 27.
Wagner, Moriz, on the influence of isolation, ii. 284.
Wahl, Bruno, on the development of Eristalis, 399.
Wallace, on the immunity of Heliconiidæ, 99;
on the causes of the coloration of butterflies, 211.
Wasmann, Erich, on transition forms in ants, ii. 93;
on sounds produced by ants, ii. 83.
Weaver birds, ii. 290.
Whales, their origin through adaptation, ii. 313.
Wheeler, rôle of the centrosphere in the ovum, 309.
Wiedersheim, rudimentary organs in man, ii. 226.
Wiesner, the smallest vital particles, 369.
Wing-primordia in insects, 364.
Winkler, Hans, experiments on artificial parthenogenesis, 307, 333;
on merogony, 343.
Wolff, G., regeneration of the lens in Triton, ii. 19.
Wolff, K. v., the founder of the epigenetic theory of evolution, 352.
Wroughton, Robert, production of sounds by Indian ants, ii. 95.
Würtemberger, form-series of ammonites, ii. 176.
Xenia, ii. 58.
Xylina, protective colouring of, 82.
Yolk of egg, 282.
Zehnder, the living substance made up of fistellæ, ii. 217;
polymorphism in ants, ii. 99;
on the Lamarckian principle, ii. 99-106;
on the skeleton of Arthropods, ii. 103;
effect of amphimixis, ii. 223.
Ziegler, Ernst, on deformities, ii. 138.
Ziegler, H. E., experiments on merogony in sea-urchin ova, 342.
Zoja, experiments with the ova of Medusæ, 407.
Zoosperms, 273, 278, 279.

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