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The fauna of the deep sea

Chapter 12: INDEX
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About This Book

A concise account of early scientific inquiries into deep-sea life describes how exploration and sampling expanded knowledge of the ocean floor, summarizes the physical conditions of the abyss such as darkness, high pressure, and low temperature, and examines hypotheses about the origin and distribution of its fauna. It outlines recurring morphological traits and adaptations — for example specialized visual organs, distinctive coloration, bioluminescence, and modified appendages — and surveys major groups from protozoans through worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and fishes. Illustrations support the text while the author emphasizes remaining uncertainties about behavior and functional interpretation.

INDEX

  • Actiniaria, 36, 93
  • —— two remarkable genera of, 15
  • Aegir, 15
  • Agassiz, A.,
  • —— on colour of Cœlentera, 65
  • —— on Echinoidea, 101, 103
  • Agassiz, L., on board the ‘Hassler,’ 12
  • ‘Albatross,’ American vessel, 15
  • Alcyonaria, 95
  • —— phosphorescence of, 81
  • Amphipoda, 124
  • Anemones
  • —— of deep water, 36, 92
  • —— two remarkable genera of, 15
  • Annelida, 117
  • Ascidia compositæ, 146
  • —— salpiformes, 147
  • —— simplices, 142
  • Asteroidea, 104
  • Barriers of temperature, 32
  • Bathynomus, 129
  • Beddard, F. E., on Isopoda, 127
  • Benthos, 53
  • Berycidæ, 154
  • ‘Blake,’ American vessel, 12
  • Blue mud, 42
  • Brachiopoda, 115
  • Brachyura, 138
  • Brisinga, 9, 105
  • Buchanan’s experiment, 19
  • Carpenter, P. H., on Crinoidea, 100
  • Cephalodiscus, 113
  • Cephalopoda, 120
  • ‘Challenger,’ H.M.S., voyage of, 12
  • Cirripedia, 130
  • Cœlentera,
  • —— colour of, 65
  • —— of deep sea, 91
  • Colour
  • —— of the deep-sea fauna, 59, 66
  • —— of the deep-sea fish, 60
  • Copepoda, 124
  • Corals, 94
  • Crinoidea, 99
  • Crustacea, 123
  • —— colour of, 63
  • Darkness of the abyss, 22
  • Diatom ooze, 39
  • Dipnoi, 149
  • Echinoderma, 99
  • —— colour of, 64
  • Echinoidea, 101
  • Eels, 165
  • Elasipoda, 106
  • Elasmobranchii, 148, 153
  • Eryonidæ, 135
  • Eyes of abysmal animals, 67
  • —— of deep-sea crustacea, 72
  • —— of deep-sea fish, 69
  • —— of deep-sea mollusca, 71
  • —— of Genityllis, 118
  • —— of Neobythites, 69
  • —— of Serolis, 73
  • Fenja, 15
  • ‘Fish Hawk,’ American vessel, 12
  • Fol and Sarasin’s experiments, 25
  • Foraminifera, 90
  • Forbes, on the probable existence of a deep-sea fauna, 2
  • —— on zones of distribution, 49
  • Ganoidei, 149
  • Gasteropoda, 119
  • Gephyrea, 116
  • Gills of deep-sea fish, 151
  • Globerigina ooze, discovery of, 5
  • —— distribution and composition of, 37
  • Green mud, 42
  • Gunn, Dr., on the eyes of Genityllis, 118
  • Günther, Dr., on deep-sea fish, 150
  • Hall, Marshall, 12
  • Halosauridæ, 164
  • ‘Hassler,’ American ship, 12
  • Herdman, on Ascidians, 143, 146
  • Hermit crabs, 139
  • Hoek, Dr., on Cirripedia, 132
  • —— on Pycnogonida, 140
  • Holothuridea, 106
  • Hoyle, on Cephalopoda, 120
  • Hydroids, 92
  • ‘Investigator,’ H.M.S., 16
  • Ipnops Murrayi, colour of, 60, 61
  • Ipnops Murrayi, phosphorescent organs of, 160
  • Isopoda, 127
  • Katantic sub-zone, 50
  • ‘Knight Errant,’ H.M.S., 12
  • Lamellibranchia, 119
  • ‘Lightning,’ H.M.S., 8, 9
  • Lime, scarcity of, in bones of bathybial fish, 83
  • —— in shells of mollusca, 83
  • Littoral sub-zone, 49
  • Lycodidæ, 155
  • Macrura, 135
  • Macruridæ, 156
  • Madreporaria, 94
  • Medusæ, 91
  • Mollusca, 119
  • —— colour of, 62
  • Moore, Capt., 94
  • Moseley, H. N., on colour of Cœlentera, 65
  • —— on phosphorescent organs of Ipnops, 160
  • —— on the darkness of the abyss, 22
  • —— on the phosphorescence of Alcyonarians, 25
  • Murray, on Bathypterois, 159
  • Nekton, 53
  • Neritic zone, 48
  • ‘Norma,’ Mr. Hall’s yacht, 12
  • Norske Nord-havns expedition, 7, 15
  • Ophidiidæ, 156
  • Ostracoda, 123
  • Packard, on the illumination of the abyss, 23
  • Pediculati, 155
  • Pelagic zone, 47
  • Pennatulidæ, 96
  • Phoronis, 111
  • Phosphorescence of Alcyonarians, 81
  • — of deep-sea Crustacea, 80
  • — of Echinoderma, 81
  • Phosphorescent light in the abyss, 24
  • — organs of deep-sea fish, 77
  • Pigment in mucous membranes of deep-sea fish, 84, 152
  • Plankton, 52
  • Pleuronectidæ, 157
  • Polar currents, 30, 33
  • Polychæta, 118
  • ‘Porcupine,’ H.M.S., 8, 9
  • Porifera, 91
  • Pourtales, Count, 10
  • Pressure in the abyss, 19
  • Protozoa, 88
  • Pteropod ooze, 39
  • Pycnogonida, 139
  • Radiolaria, 89
  • Radiolarian ooze, 39
  • Red mud, 37
  • — — off the Brazilian coasts, 42
  • Rhabdopleura, 111
  • Ross, Sir James, on the fauna of the deep sea, 3
  • Salmonidæ, 163
  • Sargasso sub-zone, 48
  • Sars, 6, 9,
  • — on Amphipoda, 125
  • — on Brisinga, 105
  • Schizopoda, 133
  • Scopelidæ, 158
  • Serolis, 127
  • Siphonophora, 92
  • Size of deep-sea animals, 85
  • — of fish, 153
  • Smith, Mr., on Lamellibranchia, 119
  • Spatangoids, 101
  • Sponges, 91
  • Stebbing, Rev. T. R., on Amphipoda, 125
  • Sternoptychidæ, 158
  • Stomatopoda, 133
  • Stomiatidæ, 162
  • ‘Talisman,’ French vessel, 12
  • Teleostei, 149, 154
  • Temperature of the abyss, 28
  • Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Pourtalesia, 10
  • — on Thaumastocheles, 137
  • — on the darkness of the abyss, 22
  • — on the phosphorescence of the sea, 26
  • Thoracostraca, 133
  • ‘Travailleur,’ French vessel, 12
  • ‘Triton,’ H.M.S., 12
  • Tunicata, 140
  • Vegetable life, absence of, 42
  • Verrill, on the illumination of the abyss, 23
  • ‘Vittor Pessani,’ Italian vessel, 12
  • ‘Vöringin,’ Norwegian vessel, 14