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The Fight for the Republic in China

Chapter 192: E
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About This Book

The book traces the fall of the Manchu dynasty and the tumultuous establishment of a republic in China, examining Yuan Shih-kai's rise, his authoritarian turn, and the monarchist plots that challenged republicanism. It analyzes Japanese pressure, notably the Twenty-One Demands, alongside competing domestic factions, using contemporary memoranda, pamphlets, and correspondence to contrast Japanese and Chinese political mindsets. The narrative combines political history, reportage of revolts and foreign interactions, and reproduced documents and appendices to illuminate misunderstandings by foreign observers and to survey the republic's struggles and institutional evolution through the period covered.

A

Abdication Edict of 1912, text of, 294

Absolutism, the myth of, 3

Agreement between the Revolutionary Party and Europe and Asia Trading Co., 107

America drops out of the Six-Power group, 38

American press agents, 51

treaty opening Korea, 60

America's Chinese policy, 233

Anglo-Japanese treaty, 81

Annuity of Manchu Imperial Family, 32

Antung-Mukden railway, 78, 82

Ariga, Dr., 261

Army Reorganization Council, 24

"Articles of Favourable Treatment for the Manchus," 28, 31;

text of, 294

B

Babachapu, 217

Bannerman families, 215

Belgian loan, the, 15 n

Syndicate, 34

Black Dragon Society, the, 94;

memorandum of, 95-103

Black Dragon Society's review of European war issues, 95-97

Boycott on Japanese commerce, 109

Boxer Indemnities postponed, 247

rebellion, the, 13;

and European intervention, 23

British policies in China, 52

position towards the Yuan Shih-kai régime, 64

C

Cambaluc of Marco Polo, the, 3

Canton province, 9

Cassini Convention, the, 94

Catholic, Roman, controversies, 4

Central Government, organization of, 31-33

Chang Cheng-wu, Gen., 45;

execution of, 36

Chang Chih-tung, 204

Chang Hsun, Gen., 41, 51, 195, 207, 253, 254, 269, 270

Chang Kuo-kan, 197

Chang Tso-lin, Gen., 217, 222

Chang, Tsung-hsiang, 197

Chang Yao Ching and the Europe

and Asia Trading Co., 107

Chen Yi, Gen., 194

Chengchiatun incident, the, 216-224

Chekiang revolts against Yuan Shih-kai, 193

Chia Ching, emperor, 2

Chiang Chao-tsung, Gen., 257

Chiang Chun, the, 48

Ch'ien Lung, emperor, 2

Chih Fa Chu, or Military Court, at Pekin, 47

Chihli province, 8

China,

and her foreign residents, 227;

and the Foreign Powers, outstanding

cases between, 351;

and the German submarine war, 233;

considers war with Germany, 244-251;

declares war against Germany, 272;

China's,

break with Germany, causes leading to, 237-241;

economics, weakness of, 14;

financial reorganization, 280;

future in Manchuria, 72;

Imperial Government, negativeness

disguised, 6;

indignation at Japan's ultimatum, 109;

note to Germany severing relations, 243;

neutrality position, 235;

new régime, 273;

passivity, 276;

polity, principles of, 7 n;

protest against submarine war, 234;

reception of Wilson's Peace note, 231-233;

reply to Demands of Japan, 82-88;

reply to Japan's ultimatum, 92;

reply to President Wilson, 232;

tariff question, 277

Chinese army,

German trained, 230;

boycott of the French, 226;

intrigues in Korea, 18;

Ching, Prince, 26

Chino-Japanese,

relations, 59-62;

secret alliance proposed, 98;

treaties of 1915, text of, 320

Chinputang, the (Progressives), 206

Chou An Hui (Society for the Preservation of Peace), 111

Chow Tzu-chi, 197

Chu Chi-chun's telegram devising plans for electing Yuan Shih-kai as Emperor, 167, 168

Ch'un, Prince Regent, 28

Chungking, open port, 74

Clausewitz, war-principle of, 61

Conference of Governors on the war question, 248

Confucian worship re-established by Yuan Shih-kai, 48

Conquest,

Manchu, of XVIIth Century, 3, 4

Mongol, of XIIIth Century, 3

Consolidating national debt, 277

Constitution,

first granted in Japan, 58;

Permanent, work on, 208

"Constitutional Compact",

of Yuan Shih-kai, 47;

text of, 305;

monarchy planned, 110

Continental quadrilateral, the, of Japan, 221

Coup d'état, the, of Sept., 1898, 22

Coup d'état, the parliamentary of 1913, 43

Crisp, Birch, attempts to float loan, 35

D

Dane, Sir Richard, 216

Death of Empress Lun Yi, 46

Decree cancelling the Empire, 191

Defence of the monarchial movement,

by Yang Tu, 113-127;

by Dr. Goodnow, 129-136

Dementi, 1913, of Yuan Shih-kai, 64

Diet of Japan, first summoned, 58

Diplomatic relations with China broken, 237-244

Distance in China, philosophy of, 6

E

Eastern Asia, contestants for land-power in, 60

Election,

of 1913, 37;

of Yuan Shih-kai as emperor, machinery of, 163-169;

the, of 1915, 162-170;

records ordered burnt, 172

Electoral College, provision for, 50

Emperor,

analysis of powers of, 4-6;

Chia Ching, 2;

Ch'ien Lung, 2;

Hsiaouri, 49;

Hsuan Tung, 28, 256;

K'ang-hsi, 2, 4;

Kwanghsu, 21, 24, 28, 45

Emperors, immurement of in Forbidden City, 2

Empire, the dissolution of, 196

Empress,

Lun Yi, death of, 46;

Tsu Hsi, 45

Europe and Asia Trading Co., the, 107

European War,

the, its effect in China, 54, 229-232;

China's predilection for Teutonism, 230;

consideration of war-partnership with the Allies, 230;

Japan's opposition, 231;

German propaganda, 230;

Pres. Wilson's Peace Note, 231;

China's reply, 232;

the submarine question, 233;

note to Germany, 234;

reply to America, 25;

Chinese diplomacy enters a new field, 237;

Japan's policies, 239;

China considers breaking diplomatic relations with Germany, 241;

Parliament's action, 241;

Germany's reply to China's note, 241;

diplomatic relations severed, 243;

German Minister leaves Pekin, 243;

Liang Ch'i-chao's Memorandum, 244;

Kang Yu-wei's Memorandum, 246;

Cabinet decides on war, 249;

interpellation to the Government, 250;

Parliament mobbed, 251;

Cabinet resigns, 252;

Japan's subterranean activities, 252, 261;

note of the United States, 255;

war against Germany declared, 272

Europeans failed to recognize true state of Chinese government, 5

F

Feng Kuo-chang, Gen., 41, 137 n, 181, 194, 240, 255, 267, 272

Fengtien, Manchurian province, 8

Feudal organization of Japan, 57

Finance,

between the provinces, 11;

the binding chain between provincial

and metropolitan China, 7-9

Financial troubles, 31, 34, 46, 190, 216

Foochow arsenal, 75

Forbidden City, immurement of emperors in, 2

Foreign Debt Commission, 38;

intervention threatened, 37

loan, the first, 12

loans, 34

Foreigners in China, position of, 227

Four-Power group, the, 34

France's status after the war, 96

Franco-Belgian Syndicate, 34

French,

diplomacy in China, 226

Republic, Goodnow review of, 132, 139

the, and the Lao-hsi-kai dispute, 225;

the, Chinese boycott of, 226;

Fuhkien province, 9

G

German,

Boxer indemnity, 237;

diplomatic relations broken, 237-244;

minister leaves Pekin, 243;

negotiations with Yuan Shih-kai, 54;

propaganda in China, 230;

reply to China's protest, 241;

war declaration considered, 243;

Germany, war against declared, 272

Germany's status after the war, 95

Goodnow, Dr., 48, 50 n;

legal adviser of Yuan Shih-kai, 128;

memorandum of, 129-136

Gordon, General, 21

Government, the Central, definition of, 31-33

Governmental system of the Manchu dynasty, 4

Great Britain's status after the war, 96, 105

H

Hankow editor flogged to death, 47

Hangchow, open port, 74

Hanyang arsenal, 74

Hanyehping Company, the, 69, 74 n, 80, 83, 84, 87

Heilungchiang, Manchurian province, 8

Hioki, Dr., Japanese Minister, 66, 68, 81

Hsianfu flight, the, 2, 7

Hsaiochan camp, the, 20

Division, the, 21

Hsiaowu, emperor, 49

Hsuan Tung,

boy emperor, 28, 256;

enthroned, 262

Huai Chun, the, 20

Huang Hsin, 40

Hutuktu, the Living Buddha of Urga, 35

I

Imperial Clan Society, 35

Imperialist-Republican conflict of 1917, 268-272

Inner Mongolia, political unrest in, 52

Insurrection of the "White Wolfs," 47

International Debt Commission, 34

financial contests, 34

Interpellation to the government on

the question of war with Germany, 250

Ito, Prince, 19

J

Japan,

and Korea, 285-287;

and the Kiaochow campaign, 63;

demands participation in loan, 34;

demands the Kiaochow territory from Germany, 54;

feudal organization of, 57;

first Diet summoned, 58;

forced to revise the Twenty-one Demands, 76;

forecasts result of European War, 95-103;

formation of the Shogunate in, 57;

inquires as to the monarchial movement, 161;

militarism in, 57;

receives fugitive President Li Yuan-hung, 266;

recognizes Yuan Shih-kai as Dictator, 65;

socialism in, 58;

the new Far Eastern policy after Russian war, 61;

Japan-China secret alliance proposed, 98

Japanese,

Constitution first granted, 58;

driven from Tong Kwan Palace, 19;

incident at Chengchiatun, 216-224;

intrigues, 35;

Liberalism vs. Imperialism, 58;

merchants and Lun Yat Sen, alleged secret agreement, 105-107;

war indemnity, 12 n;

war of 1894, 12;

Japan's,

activities in the Yangtsze Valley, 73;

account of the Chengchiatun incident, 218;

alarm at the Chinese revolution, 62;

animosity towards Yuan Shih-kai, 63;

attitude toward Yuan Shih-kai, 52;

Chinese policy, 54-64, 221;

"Continental quadrilateral," 221;

Doctrine of Maximum Pressure, 61;

Far East activities, 281-284;

German policy, 284 n;

government foundry at Wakamatsu, 74;

influence in China on European war question, 234;

influence on the monarchial election, 168;

influence over China's war measures, 241;

original Twenty-one Demands, 68-70;

Pekin Expeditionary Force, 60;

police rights in Manchuria, 223;

political history, 56-59;

pressure on Yuan Shih-kai, 93;

subterranean activities in China in 1916, 252, 261;

ultimatum to China, 88-91; China's reply, 92;

ultimatum, China's indignation at, 109;

Twenty-four Demands, 77-80;

Jehol, mountain palaces of, 2;

Jung Lu, viceroy of Chihli, 22

K

Kameio Nishihara, 249

Kang Yu Wei, 21, 141, 246

K'ang-hsi, emperor, 2, 4

Kato, Japanese Viscount, 72, 104

Kawasaki Kulanoske, 107

Kiaochow campaign,

unpopularity of, in Japan, 63;

demanded by Japan, 54

Kirin, Manchurian province, 8

Kirin-Changchun railway, 69, 79

Kiushiu, island of, 74

Ko-lao-hui, the, origin of, 1

Korea, the opening of, 17, 60

Korean question, the, 285

Kowshing, British steamer, sinking of, 20

Kublai Khan, 3

Kueichow province, revolt of, 183, 190

Kuomingtang, the, 37, 42, 206

Kuo-ti,

the question of, 142

Kwanghsu, emperor, 22, 24, 25, 28, 46

Kwangsi province, revolt of, 183, 190

Kwangtung revolts against Yuan Shih-kai, 193

L

Lansdowne, Lord, 285

Lao-hsi-kai dispute, the, 225

Legations in Pekin,

their attitude towards Yuan Shih-kai, 52;

inquire as to the monarchial movement, 162

Li Hung Chang, 18, 19

Li Lieh-chun, Gen., 40

Li Yuan-hung, 44;

elected President, 194;

assumes the office, 200;

first presidential acts, 201;

monarchists plot against him, 202;

his early life and career, 204-206;

his position as to breaking diplomatic relations with Germany, 241;

he dissolves Parliament, 256;

escapes from Pekin, 266;

his important telegrams, 267, 268

Liang Ch'i-chao,

resigns from Ministry of Justice, 111;

his accusation of Yuan Shih-kai, 141-158;

his address to Yuan Shih-kai, 185-188;

opposes the movement, 179;

directs the Yunnan revolt, 206;

writes note to Germany on the submarine war, 234;

his Memorandum on the war question, 244;

upholds the Republic, 268

Liang Shih-yi, political power of, 160, 195

Likin taxation, introduction of, 10

Liu-Kuan-hsiung, 197

Loan Agreement,

details of, 39

first foreign, 12

foreign, struggles over, 34

Local Government Law, draft of, 345

Lu Yun Ting, Gen., 183

Lun Yi, empress, death of, 46

Lung Chi-Kwang, Gen., 41;

created Prince, 189

Lung Yu, Empress, 26