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The Fight for the Republic in China

Chapter 207: U
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About This Book

The book traces the fall of the Manchu dynasty and the tumultuous establishment of a republic in China, examining Yuan Shih-kai's rise, his authoritarian turn, and the monarchist plots that challenged republicanism. It analyzes Japanese pressure, notably the Twenty-One Demands, alongside competing domestic factions, using contemporary memoranda, pamphlets, and correspondence to contrast Japanese and Chinese political mindsets. The narrative combines political history, reportage of revolts and foreign interactions, and reproduced documents and appendices to illuminate misunderstandings by foreign observers and to survey the republic's struggles and institutional evolution through the period covered.

M

Mahommedan rebellions, 3

Manchu conquest, the,

of XVIIth Century, 3, 4;

dynasty, governmental system of, 6;

plots against, 1;

Imperial Family annuity, 32;

people, number and distribution, 2 n

Manchuria,

Chinese domination of, 72;

Japan's intrigues in, 221-223

Manchurian policy of the Twenty-One

Demands, 72

Mandate of Cancellation,

the, 191;

Yuan Shih-kai's last, 196

Manifesto of Gen. Tuan Chi-jui, 169

Marco Polo, 3

Marriage, immunity of Chinese women,

with Manchus, 5 n

Meiji, Japanese Emperor, 58

Memorandum,

of Dr. Goodnow, 129-136;

of policy of the Black Dragon Society, 95-97, 98-103;

on Tariff Revision, draft of, 348

Militarism in Japan, 58

Military Governors,

independence of, 35;

attempt to coerce Parliament, 252;

leave Pekin, 253;

assemble in rebellion at Tientsin, 254;

party opposition to New Republic, 207

Mining privileges demanded by Japan, 79, 82

Ministerial irresponsibility, 210

Modern commercialism, invasion of, 10

Monarchial movement,

Yang Tu's defence of, 113-227;

Dr. Goodnow's defence of, 129-136

Monarchy adopts a new calendar, 174

Monarchy vs. Republicanism, memorandum

by Dr. Goodnow, 129-136

Monetary confusion in the new Republic, 31

Money the bond of Chinese union, 9

Mongol conquest, the, of XIIIth Century, 3

Mongolian policy of the Twenty-one Demands, 71

N

Nanking, 28

Conference, the, 194;

Delegates, 32;

Provisional Constitution, 32, 38, 207

National debt, consolidation of, 277;

Salvation Fund, 109

Nationalists, the (Kuomingtang), 206

New calendar adopted, 174

New Republic,

organization of, 206;

opposition of the Military party, 208

Neutrality position of China, 236

Ni Shih-chung, Gen., 195, 257

Nineteen Articles, the, text of, 293-298

Fundamental Articles, the, 28

O

Oath of office, presidential, 33

Outer Mongolia question, 35;

autonomy conceded to, 43

P

"Palace of Generals," 50

Pamphlet of Yang Tu, 113-127

Parliament,

composition of, 37 n;

provides for election of President, 42;

Radical members unseated, 42;

session of 1916, 206-214;

dissensions over dissolution, 256;

is dissolved, 258

Parliamentary,

change by the "Constitutional Compact," 49;

struggles, 40

Peace note, President Wilson's, China's

reply to, 232

Peace of Portsmouth, 279

Pekin, distances from, 6

Peking System vs. Manchu Dynasty, 14

Permanent Constitution, 208, 252;

draft of, 335

Pinghsiang collieries, 74

Presidential,

Election Law of 1913, 304;

oath of office, 33;

Succession Law, the, 50;

text of, 311

Progressives, the (Chinputang), 206

Provincial capitals, influence and power of, 8

financial system, 11;

system of government, 8, 208

Provisional Constitution of 1912,

text of, 299

Nanking Constitution, the, 32, 36

R

Railway concessions demanded by Japan, 68, 77

construction, progress of, under Yuan Shih-kai, 52

Rebellion of 1813, 41

Referendum arranged for by Senate, 160

Reform Edicts of 1898, 21

Religious provisions of "The Constitutional Compact," 48

Reorganization loan, the, 38

Republic proclaimed, 28

recognition of by the Powers, 39

Republic's anniversary, non-observance of, 165

review of in Goodnow Memorandum, 131

Republican-Imperialist Conflict of 1917, 268-272

Restoration Edict of Hsuan Tung, 263

Revolt of February, 1912, 32

Revolution of 1911, 14;

effect on Japan, 62

Revolutionary base at Hankow, Hanyang and Wuchang, 26

Party and the Europe and Asia Trading Co. agreement, 107

Rioting in Pekin, 251

Russia demands participation in loan, 34;

recognizes the independence of Tibet, 36;

agrees to autonomy of Outer Mongolia, 43

Russian loan, the, 279

Russia's Chinese policy, 278

rôle in the Far East, 60

status after the war, 96, 102

Russo-Chinese Agreement of 1913, text of, 314

Declaration, the, 279

-Mongolian tripartite agreement of 1915, text of, 316

S

Salt Administration, the, 39, 216

Santuao harbour, 75

Secret society plots, 2

Sectional dispute, 32

Senate, rules of, 211

Shanghai, specie hoarded at, 46

Shansi Bankers, 11

Shantung and the Twenty-One Demands, 72

province, Yuan Shih-kai appointed governor, 22

Shasi, open port, 74

Shogunate, establishment of, in Japan, 57

Six-Power group, the, 34, 38

Socialism in Japan, 58

Society for the Preservation of Peace (Chou An Hui), 111

Soochow, open port, 74

South Manchurian railway, 68, 78, 82

Southern Confederacy formed, 194;

dissolution of, 33

Rebellion, the, 40

Special Constitutional Drafting Committee, 41

Specie payment suspended in Pekin, 194

Submarine war question, 233

Sun Yat Sen, Dr., 30, 36, 52;

his alleged secret agreement with Japan, 105-107

Sung Chiao-jen, assassination of, 37

Sungari River, 221

Szechuan province revolts against Yuan Shih-kai, 194

T

Taiping rebellion, 3, 9

Tanaka, Gen., 261

Taonanfu administration, 217

Tariff reformation, 277

Tax collection, 11

Tayeh iron mines, 74

Tibet, independence of recognized by Russia, 36

Tieh Liang, 24

Tientsin rebellion of the Military Governors, 254

Tong Kwan Palace, the battle at, 19

Tong Shao-yi, 28

Treaty of Shimonoseki, 279

Treaty-ports, economical effects of, 14

Tsao-ao, Gen., 178-181

Tsao Ju-lin, 197

Tsan Cheng Yuan, passes a "king-making" bill, 160

Tseng Kuo-fan, Marquis, 21

Tsung She Tang, the, 35

Tuan Chi-jui, Gen., 45, 163, 197, 200, 203, 248, 249, 252, 253, 267

Tung Fu-hsiang, 22

Twenty-Four Demands,

Japan's revised, 77-81;

China's reply to, 85-88

Twenty-One Demands of Japan, 68-70;

Japan forced to revise, 76;

the psychology of, 94;

China's reply to, 81-85

Tzu-Hsi, Empress, 21, 45

U

United States, Goodnow's review of, 131, 138

V

Viceroy's, prerogatives of in Chinese government, 7

W

Wai Chiao Pu conference, 82

Wakamatsu, Japanese government foundry at, 74

Wang Yi-tang, 197

War memorandums, 244, 247

"White Wolfs," insurrection of, 47

Wilson, President, 38 n, 231

Wu, C.C., Dr., 351

Wu Chang-ching, Gen., 18

Wu Ting-fang, Dr., 253, 256, 257

Y

Yang Tu,

champion of neo-imperialists, 111;

publisher famous pamphlet, 111;

the pamphlet, 113-127

Yangtsze Valley, Japanese activities in, 73

Yuan Shih-kai, 15;

the bailiff of the Powers, 16;

his early life, 17;

first emerges into public view, 18;

in Seoul, 18;

appointed Imperial Resident at Seoul, 19;

leaves Korea, 20;

in command of Hsaiochan camp, 20;

refuses to depose Empress Tzu-Hsi, 21;

appointed Governor of Shantung, 23;

defeats the Boxers, 23;

made Viceroy of Chihli, 33;

reorganizes the army, 24;

made Grand Councillor and President of

the Board of Foreign Affairs, 24;

made "Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent," 25;

dismissed from Pekin, 25;

appointed Viceroy of Hupeh and Hunan, 26;

appointed President of Grand Council, 26;

schemes for the abdication of the Manchu Dynasty, 26-28;

attempted, assassination of, 29;

commissioned to organize the Republic, 29;

elected Provisional President, 30;

takes oath of office, 33;

negotiates the Reorganization loan, 38;

negotiates and controls the great foreign loan, 38-40;

suppresses the Southern rebellion, 41;

elected full President, 42;

unseats Radical members of Parliament, 42;

entices Vice-President to Pekin, 45;

position strengthened by death of

Empress Lun Yi, 46;

ruthless suppression of opposition, 47;

brings out the Constitutional Compact, 47;

promulgates the Presidential Succession law, 50;

creates a "Palace of Generals," 50;

negotiates with Germany, 54;

animosity of Japan, 63;

his démenti of, 1913, 64;

bribes the Japanese press, 65;

his Dictatorship recognized by Japan, 66;

the précis of Japanese Minister's coercive conversation, 94;

reviewed in Black Dragon Society's Memorandum, 99;

intrigues of his family, 109;

he yields to advocates of monarchy, 110;

invokes services of Yang-tu, 111;

his interview with Gen. Feng Kuo-chang, 137 n;

his accusation by Liang Chi-chao, 142-158;

throws responsibility on the Senate, 159;

his Mandate for a referendum, 161;

elected Emperor, 162;

substitutes title of Emperor for President, 168;

refuses, then accepts the throne, 169;

the revolt of Yunnan, 174-183;

he rehearses court ceremonies, 178;

his position weakens, 185;

the communication from Liang Ch'i-chao, 185-188;

attempts to placate Japan, 189;

distributes patents of nobility, 189;

financial troubles, 190;

issues the Mandate of Cancellation, 191;

his retirement sought, 193;

he offers to resign, 194;

his death, 196;

his last mandate, 196;

his funeral, 203;

his policy towards the European War, 229-231

Yunnan revolt of 1916, 174-183