The filtration of public water-supplies / Third edition, revised and enlarged.

Chapter 100: THE USE OF UNFILTERED SURFACE-WATERS.

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About This Book

This book presents a practical, engineering-focused treatment of water filtration for municipal supplies, combining historical perspective, design principles, and operational guidance. It explains types of filters, construction of beds and underdrains, selection and grading of sands and gravels, rates of filtration, head loss, and mechanisms for regulating flow. Procedures for cleaning, sand-washing, and intermittent operation are described alongside theoretical and bacteriological considerations that bear on efficiency. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity and color, the effects of suspended mud, coagulation practices, and numerous design examples and appendices illustrate how to plan, build, and maintain effective filtration works.

THE USE OF UNFILTERED SURFACE-WATERS.

The use of surface-water without filtration in Europe is comparatively limited. In Germany this use is now prohibited by the Imperial Board of Health. In Great Britain, Glasgow draws its supply unfiltered from Loch Katrine; and Manchester and some other towns use unfiltered waters from lakes or impounding reservoirs the watersheds of which are entirely free from population. The best English practice, however, as in Germany, requires the filtration of such waters even if they are not known to receive sewage, and the unpolluted supplies of Liverpool, Bradford, Dublin, and many other cities are filtered before use.