The filtration of public water-supplies / Third edition, revised and enlarged.

Chapter 106: RESULTS OF OPERATION.

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About This Book

This book presents a practical, engineering-focused treatment of water filtration for municipal supplies, combining historical perspective, design principles, and operational guidance. It explains types of filters, construction of beds and underdrains, selection and grading of sands and gravels, rates of filtration, head loss, and mechanisms for regulating flow. Procedures for cleaning, sand-washing, and intermittent operation are described alongside theoretical and bacteriological considerations that bear on efficiency. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity and color, the effects of suspended mud, coagulation practices, and numerous design examples and appendices illustrate how to plan, build, and maintain effective filtration works.

RESULTS OF OPERATION.

The filters were designed to remove from the water the bacteria which cause disease. They have already reached a bacterial efficiency of over 99 per cent, and it is expected that their use will result in a great reduction in the death-rate from water-borne diseases in the city. They also remove a part of the color and all of the suspended matters and turbidity, so that the water is satisfactory in its physical properties.

The filters have reached with perfect ease their rated capacity, and on several occasions have been operated to deliver one third more than this amount; that is to say, at a rate of 4,000,000 gallons per acre, daily.