The filtration of public water-supplies / Third edition, revised and enlarged.

Chapter 94: CAPACITY OF FILTERS.

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About This Book

This book presents a practical, engineering-focused treatment of water filtration for municipal supplies, combining historical perspective, design principles, and operational guidance. It explains types of filters, construction of beds and underdrains, selection and grading of sands and gravels, rates of filtration, head loss, and mechanisms for regulating flow. Procedures for cleaning, sand-washing, and intermittent operation are described alongside theoretical and bacteriological considerations that bear on efficiency. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity and color, the effects of suspended mud, coagulation practices, and numerous design examples and appendices illustrate how to plan, build, and maintain effective filtration works.

CAPACITY OF FILTERS.

Estimating the total additional area of sand filters for which figures are not available at 100 acres, and the maximum capacity of sand filters at three million gallons per acre daily, and of mechanical filters at three million gallons per thousand square feet of filtering area, the total filtering capacity of all the filters in the world used for public water supplies in 1899 is nearly 1600 million gallons daily, of which 15 per cent is represented by mechanical filters and 85 per cent by sand filters. In the United States, including Wilmington, the total filtering capacity is nearly 300 million gallons daily, of which 18 per cent is represented by sand filters, 79 per cent by mechanical filters, and 3 per cent by a special type of filters.