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The First Book of Farming

Chapter 133: INDEX
By C. L. Goodrich
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About This Book

The book presents fundamental principles of practical agriculture, beginning with plant biology—root structure, seeds, leaves, stems, and flowers—and their relationship to soil properties such as texture, water, temperature, and ventilation. It explains soil formation and classification, sources and forms of soil water, and factors affecting soil fertility. The second part considers farm practice: tillage, planting depth, cultivation, manures and green-crop husbandry, commercial fertilizers and mixing, crop rotation, and after-cultivation techniques, with simple experiments and observational exercises intended to guide farmers, students, and teachers toward practices that conserve moisture, maintain fertility, and promote healthy plant growth.






INDEX


  • Acid phosphates, 196.
  • Adobe soils, 30.
  • After-cultivation, 158, 164.
  • Agencies active in making soils, 32.
  • Agents, with which farmer works, 5.
    • most important, 6.
  • Agriculture, foundation facts and principles of, 22.
  • Air, and the farmer, 5.
    • in relation to germination, 72.
    • necessary for root growth, 20.
    • work of, in making soils, 36.
  • Albuminoids in plants, 64, 66.
  • Alfalfa or lucern, 68.
    • roots, 13.
    • soils, 29.
  • Ammonia in fertilizers, 204, 205.
    • in barn manures, 175.
    • lost by fermentation, 175.
    • sulphate of, 194.
  • Analysis of plants, 163-166.
    • of fertilizers, 203.
  • Animals, 5.
    • and the farmer, 5.
    • dependent on plants, 6.
    • work of, in making soils, 37.
  • Annual plants, 125.
  • Anthers, 129.
  • Aphis, 116.
  • Apple, flower of, 129, 130.
  • Ash in plants, 65, 66.
  • Ashes, a source of potash, 199.
    • cotton hull, 199.
  • Bacteria, 68, 143.
    • and the farmer, 5, 144.
    • denitrifying, 144.
    • in manures, 174.
    • in the roots of legumes, 68.
    • in the soil, 68, 143.
    • nitrifying, 144.
    • nitrogen-fixing, 144.
  • Bare fallow, 100.
    • when advisable, 100.
  • Barn manures, 171.
    • application of, 177.
    • condition of, 179.
    • effect of on soil texture, 172.
    • loss of value of, 173.
    • meaning of term, 173.
  • Beet, 6.
  • Beets, 4.
    • nitrogen for, 214.
  • Biological properties of a fertile soil, 143.
  • Biology, 143.
  • Blood, dried, 194.
    • as a fertilizer, 194.
    • nitrogen in, 194.
  • Bokhara clover, 190.
  • Bone, dissolved, 197.
  • Bone fertilizers, 197.
  • Bone black, 197.
    • dissolved, 198.
  • Bones, 195, 197.
  • Bordeaux mixture, 118.
  • Breaking out the middles, 97.
  • Brick, 30.
  • Brush harrow, 102, 105.
  • Buds, 120.
  • Buildings, 5.
    • and the farmer, 5.
  • Bureau of soils, United States, 28.
    • Department of Agriculture, 28.
  • Buttercup, flower of, 129, 130.
  • Cabbage, fertilizer for, 211.
  • Cabbages, 4.
  • Calcium in plants, 66, 67.
    • in soils, 68.
  • Calyx, 129.
    • function of, 132.
  • Cambium, 126.
  • Canadian field pea, 189.
  • Canteloupe soil, 28.
  • Capillary force, 49.
    • meaning of term, 49.
    • tubes, 49.
    • water, 153.
  • Carbon in plants, 66.
  • Carbonic acid in soil, 37.
  • Carrots, 4, 6.
  • Cauliflower soil, 28.
  • Celery, 4.
  • Cellulose in plants, 63, 66.
  • Chain harrow, 102, 105.
  • Chemical properties of a fertile soil, 147.
  • Cherry flower, 129, 130.
  • Chlorophyl in leaves, 113.
  • Classification of soils, 26.
  • Clay, 27, 38.
    • and lime, 42.
    • loams, 29.
    • power to absorb water, 41, 42.
    • relation to water, 25, 41, 43.
    • soils, 29.
    • soils injured by working when wet, 45.
    • to improve texture of, 42.
    • water-holding power, 44.
  • Clevis, 93.
  • Climbing plants, 121.
  • Clover, 68.
  • Clovers, as green manure-crops, 188.
    • as nitrogen gatherers, 184.
    • nodules on roots of, 184.
  • Commercial fertilizers, 171, 192.
    • amount to buy, 212.
    • home mixing, 211.
    • kind to buy, 212.
    • raw materials, 192.
    • (See also Fertilizers.)
  • Composts, 171, 181.
  • Conditions necessary for root growth, 20.
  • Corn, a humus waster, 226.
    • depth of root growth of, 13.
    • flower of, 132.
    • germination of, 78, 79.
    • in rotation, 226, 229, 234.
    • plant, 6.
    • pollination of, 133.
    • rapid growth of roots of, 13.
    • roots cut by plow, 14.
    • soils, 28, 29, 30, 161.
    • structure of seed, 78.
    • water used by, 40.
  • Corolla, 129.
    • function of, 132.
  • Cotton, 5, 161.
  • Cotton hull ashes, 199.
  • Cotton-seed meal, 194.
  • Cotyledons, 77.
    • use of, 79.
  • Coulter of plow, 94.
  • Coulter-toothed harrow, 102, 104.
  • Cow manure, 178.
    • losses by exposure, 178.
  • Cowpeas, 68, 186.
    • for green manuring, 186.
    • plant food in, 187.
    • root growth of, 12.
    • soils for, 187.
  • Cropping and soil water, 159, 160.
  • Crops, cleansing, 232.
  • Cucumber flower, 133.
  • Cultivation.
    • (See After-cultivation.)
  • Denitrification, 147.
    • conditions favoring, 147.
  • Denitrifying germs, 144, 147.
  • Draft ring of plow, 93.
  • Draining, need of, 235.
  • Drains, 235-239.
    • and capillary water, 237.
    • covered, 237.
  • Drains, effect on film water, 237.
    • effect on plant food, 238.
    • effect on soil temperature, 238.
    • effect on soil water, 237.
    • grade of, 239.
    • lateral, 239.
    • location of, 238.
    • main, 239.
    • open ditch, 237.
    • surface, 237.
    • tile, 239.
  • Dried blood, 194.
    • as a fertilizer, 194.
    • nitrogen in, 194.
  • Early crops, soils for, 27, 28.
  • Egg experiments to show osmose, 18, 19.
  • Egg plant, soil for, 28.
  • Elements in plants, 66.
  • Elm tree leaf beetle, 117.
  • Endosperm, 78.
    • use of, 79.
  • Epicotyl, 78.
  • Essential organs of flowers, 131.
  • Evaporation, loss of water by, 54.
    • loss of heat by, 59.
  • Excursion,
    • to examine soils, 24.
    • to see plow cutting roots, 14.
    • to study roots, 11.
    • to study leaves, 108.
    • to study stems, 120.
    • to visit farm, 4.
  • Experiment to show,
    • air necessary for germination, 73.
    • amount of transpiration, 110.
    • capillarity, 49.
    • capacity of soils for film water, 51.
    • checking loss of water by evaporation, 55.
    • chlorophyl necessary for starch making, 113.
    • effect of soil mulch, 55.
    • depth of planting seeds, 81.
    • effect of lime on clay soil, 42.
    • effect of working soil when wet, 26, 45.
    • exclusion of oxygen by leaf, 113.
    • film water, 50.
    • growth in length of roots, 16.
    • heat necessary for germination, 73.
    • how food and water get into the root, 18, 19.
    • how soils are warmed, 58.
    • how soils lose heat, 59.
    • importance of roots, 7.
    • moisture necessary for germination, 71.
    • no starch formed in dark, 112.
    • osmose, 18, 19.
    • plants contain albuminoids, 64.
    • plants contain ashes, 65.
    • plants contain cellulose, 63.
    • plants contain gum, 64.
    • plants contain oil, 64.
    • plants contain starch, 64.
    • plants contain sugar, 64.
    • plants contain water, 65.
    • power of soils to absorb rain, 40.
    • power of soils to hold water, 44, 45.
    • power of soils to pump water, 43.
    • roots absorb moisture, 9.
    • roots take food from soil, 9.
    • roots produce new plants, 10.
    • roots need air, 21.
    • soil characteristics, 24, 25.
    • soil temperature, 57, 60.
    • starch in leaf, 111.
    • stems carry sap, 122.
    • stems store food, 124.
    • transpiration, the fact, 109.
    • transpiration, amount, 111.
    • use of cotyledons, 79.
    • what becomes of water taken by roots, 39.
  • Fallow, bare, 100.
  • Fall plowing, 99.
  • Families of plants, 86.
  • Farm drainage, 235.
  • Farm manures, 171, 183.
    • classification of, 171.
    • importance of, 172.
  • Farmer deals with agents, laws and forces, 5.
  • Fat in plants, 64.
  • Fermentation of manures, 174.
  • Fertile soil, a, 141.
    • biological properties of, 142, 143.
    • chemical properties of, 142, 147.
    • most important properties of, 150.
    • physical properties of, 142.
  • Fertility of the soil, 150.
    • economizing the, 150.
    • maintaining the, 150.
  • Fertilizers, commercial, 68, 192.
  • Filament of stamen, 129.
  • Film water, 50.
  • Fish scrap as a fertilizer, 194.
  • Flower,
  • Flowers, 8, 128.
    • essential parts of, 131.
    • functions of, 130.
  • Food of plants, 63.
  • Forces of nature and the farmer, 5.
  • Forest soils, 29.
  • Foundation facts and principles of agriculture, 22.
  • Free water in the soil, 48, 153.
    • injurious to roots, 153.
    • source of capillary and film water, 153.
  • Fresno sand, 28.
  • Fruit, 8, 136.
  • Fruit soils, 29.
  • Fruits, 27.
  • Furrow slice, 96.
  • Gas lime, 201.
  • Geranium, 6.
  • Germinating seeds,
    • need air, 73.
    • need heat, 73.
    • need water, 71.
  • Germs, 143.
  • Goosefoot family, 86.
  • Gourd family, 86.
  • Grafting, 136.
  • Grain crops humus wasters, 224.
  • Grain soils, 28.
  • Grass, 5.
  • Gravel, 26.
  • Gravelly loams, 29.
  • Green-crop manures, 171, 183.
    • benefits from, 185.
    • best plants for, 185.
  • Green manure-crops, 186.
    • clovers as, 188.
    • cowpeas as, 186.
    • legumes as, 186.
    • non-leguminous, 191.
    • soy-bean as, 189.
    • time for growing, 186.
  • Gum in plants, 64, 66.
  • Gypsum, 201.
  • Habit of growth of roots, 11.
  • Handles of plow, 93.
  • Harrowing, 101, 158.
    • objects of, 101.
    • time for, 101.
  • Harrows, 4, 102.
  • Hay soils, 29, 30.
  • Heat and the farmer, 5.
  • Heat necessary for germination, 73.
  • Hilling the crop, 169.
  • Hilum, 77.
  • Hoeing and soil water, 158.
  • Hoes, 4.
  • Horn shavings as fertilizer, 195.
  • Horse manure, 176.
    • losses when piled, 176.
  • House plants, watering of, 51.
  • How the bean gets up, 78.
  • How the corn gets up, 79.
  • Humus, 27, 38.
    • influence on soil texture, 62.
    • nitrogen in, 67.
    • a source of nitrogen, 67.
    • water-absorbing power of, 41.
    • water-holding power of, 44.
    • water-pumping power of, 43.
  • Hydrogen in plants, 66.
  • Hypocotyl, 78.
  • Ice, work of, in making soils, 35.
  • Insects, chewing, 117.
  • Insect pollination, 131.
  • Inter-tillage, 164.
  • Iodine, test for starch, 64.
  • Iron in plants, 66.
  • Jointer of plow, 95.
    • value as a pulverizer, 95.
  • Kainite, 199.
  • Knowledge of flowers, value of, 134.
  • Land plaster, 200.
  • Laws of nature, 5.
  • Leaf work, conditions necessary for, 114.
  • Leather as a fertilizer, 195.
  • Leaves, 8, 108.
    • digest food, 114.
    • facts about, 108.
    • functions of, 109.
    • manufacture starch, 112.
    • transpire water, 110.
  • Legume family, 86.
  • Legumes, definition of, 68.
    • nitrogen fixers, 68, 186, 144.
    • value as green manure plants, 144, 185.
  • Leguminous plants, 68.
  • Light necessary for leaf work, 114.
  • Lily family, 86.
  • Lime, 200.
  • Lime stone soluble in water, 31.
  • Loam, 28.
  • Loamy soils, 28.
  • London purple, 117.
  • Loss of soil water, 53, 155.
  • Lucern, 13.
    • roots, 13.
  • Magnesium in plants, 66.
  • Maintenance of fertility, 150.
  • Materials composing soils, 26.
  • Mallow family, 86.
  • Manures, barn, 171, 173.
    • application of, 177.
    • care of, 173.
    • checking losses from, 176.
    • effect on soil texture, 172.
    • effect on soil water, 159.
    • functions of, 171.
    • losses from leaching, 173.
    • losses from heating, 174.
  • Many things the farmer deals with, 5.
  • Marigold, 6.
  • Marl, 201.
  • Melon flower, 133.
  • Miami sand, 28.
  • Microscopic organisms, 5.
  • Mixed fertilizers, 202.
    • inflating the guarantee, 204.
    • low grade, 204, 207.
    • many brands, 202.
    • valuation of, 205.
  • Morning-glory, 129.
  • Most important factor in the raising of crops, 151.
  • Mould board of plow, 94.
  • Muck, swamp, 30.
  • Mulch, soil, 56.
    • how made, 56.
    • to save water, 56.
  • Muriate of potash, 199.
  • Mustard, family, 86.
  • Muskmelon soils, 161.
  • Night shade family, 86.
  • Nitrates, what they are, 146.
    • availability of, 146, 193.
    • solubility of, 146.
  • Nitrate of soda, 193.
    • nitrogen, 193.
  • Nitric acid in soil, 146.
  • Nitrification, 146.
    • aided by plowing, 146.
    • aided by lime, 146.
    • conditions favorable to, 146.
  • Nitrifying germs, 144, 145.
  • Nitrogen, 66.
    • added to the soil by legumes, 68.
    • grown on the farm, 68.
    • in humus, 167.
    • in soils, 67, 148.
    • in plants, 66, 67.
    • in fertilizers, 192.
    • loss of, 67.
    • sources of, 171.
  • Nitrogen-fixing germs, 144.
  • Non-leguminous green manure-crops, 191.
  • Norfolk sand, 28.
  • Oats, soil for, 29.
  • Object of this book, 3.
  • Odorless phosphate, 198.
  • Oil in plants, 64, 66.
  • One-crop system, 221.
    • effect on fertility, 221.
  • Onion, 6.
  • Organic matter,
  • Osmose, 18.
  • Ovary of flower, 130.
  • Ovules, 130.
  • Oxygen in plants, 66.
  • Paris green to destroy chewing insects, 117.
  • Parsley family, 86.
  • Parsnip root, depth of growth, 13.
  • Parsnips, 4.
  • Pasture, soils for, 30.
  • Pea family, 86.
    • soils, 28.
  • Peach borer, 127.
  • Peanuts, 5.
  • Peat, 30.
  • Peppers, soil for, 28.
  • Percolation of water, 41.
  • Petals, 129.
  • Petunia, 129.
  • Pigweeds, 5, 6.
  • Pistil, 130.
    • function of, 131.
  • Phosphate, odorless, 198.
  • Phosphoric acid, 195.
  • Phosphorus in plants, 66, 67.
    • in soils, 68.
  • Plank harrow, 102, 105.
  • Plant, analysis of, 63.
    • most important part of to plant itself, 7.
    • most important part of to plant grower, 7.
  • Plant diseases, 118.
  • Plant food, 63.
    • and the farmer, 5.
  • Plant food, in soil, 63.
  • Planting,
    • corn, 84.
    • grass seed, 84.
    • grain seed, 84.
    • method of, 83.
    • seeds, 81.
    • vegetable seeds, 84.
  • Plants, 5.
    • and the farmer, 5.
    • conditions for growth, 6.
    • composition of food of, 63.
    • for study, 6.
    • living, growing things, 6.
    • parts of, 6.
    • resemble one another, 6.
    • why raised, 6.
    • work of in making soils, 36.
  • Plow beam, 93.
    • coulter, 94.
    • characteristics of, 95.
    • clevis, 93.
    • cutting roots, 15.
    • draft ring, 93.
    • handles, 93.
    • jointer, 95.
    • landside, 94.
    • mouldboard, 94.
    • parts of, 92.
    • shackle, 93.
    • share, 93.
    • standard, 92.
    • truck, 95.
  • Plowing, 90.
    • depth of, 96.
    • effect on soil water, 156.
    • favors root growth, 14.
    • in fall, 99, 157.
    • in spring, 98, 157.
    • importance of deep, 15, 17.
    • objects of, 91, 92.
    • to save water, 92.
    • time for, 98.
  • Plows, 4.
  • Plumule, 78.
  • Pollen, 130.
  • Pollination, 131, 132, 135.
  • Potash, 199.
    • in fertilizers, 199.
    • in soils, 149.
    • sources of, 171.
  • Potassium, in plants, 66, 67.
    • in soils, 68.
  • Potato, 6.
  • Potato, sweet,
  • Properties of a fertile soil, 141.
  • Pruning, 137.
  • Quitch-grass, 121.
    • underground stem of, 121.
  • Radicle, 78.
  • Radish, shrunken root of, 10.
  • Ragweed, 5.
  • Rain, work of in making soils, 33.
    • on clay soils, 41.
    • on sandy soils, 41.
  • Rake, 101.
  • Rakes, 4.
  • Raking and soil water, 158.
  • Red spider, 117.
  • Rhubarb soil, 28.
  • Ridging the soil, 98, 158, 169.
  • Rock salt, 31.
  • Rollers, 107.
  • Rolling, 101, 106, 158.
    • autumn-sown grain, 106.
    • light soils, 106.
    • reason for, 106.
    • spring-sown grain, 106.
  • Rolling cutter harrows, 102.
  • Root, 8.
    • how it takes moisture, 18.
    • most important part of plant, 7.
  • Root hairs, 17, 18.
  • Roots,
    • absorb water, 9, 11, 17.
    • absorb plant food, 10, 11.
    • alfalfa, 13.
    • and fertilizers, 15.
    • growth of in length, 16.
    • conditions necessary for growth of, 8, 20, 141, 220.
    • corn, 13.
    • cowpea, 12.
    • depth of growth of, 12.
    • extent of growth of, 12.
    • habit of growth of, 11, 15.
    • hold plant in place, 9, 11, 15, 16.
    • important lessons from, 13, 15.
    • location of, 12, 13.
    • need firm soil, 20, 22, 23.
    • need mellow soil, 20, 22, 23.
    • need moist soil, 20, 22, 23.
    • need plant food in soil, 20, 22, 23.
    • need warm soil, 20, 22, 23.
    • need air in soil, 21, 22, 23.
    • produce new plants, 10, 11.
    • rapidity of growth of, 15.
    • soy-bean, 12.
    • store food, 10, 11.
    • sweet potato, 13.
    • tree, 13.
    • uses of, 9, 10, 11, 15.
    • work of, 9, 10, 15.
  • Rotation of crops, 219.
  • Sampling soils, 163.
  • Sand, 26, 38.
    • Fresno, 28.
    • grades of, 26.
    • Miami, 28.
    • Norfolk, 28.
    • power to absorb water, 41, 43.
  • Sandy soils, 27.
    • adapted to early truck, 27.
    • effect of humus on, 43, 44, 220.
    • improving, 43.
    • water-holding power of, 44.
  • Sandy loam, 28.
  • Sapwood, 126.
  • Scythes, 4.
  • Seed leaves, 77.
  • Seed, 130.
    • classification of, 85.
    • crab,
    • drills, 4, 84.
    • planting, 81, 83.
  • Seeds, 8.
    • depth to plant, 81.
    • how they come up, 77.
    • how to test, 75.
    • which germinate at a temperature of 45 degrees, 74.
    • which germinate at a temperature of 60 degrees, 74.
  • Seeds to germinate,
  • Sepals, 129.
  • Shallow cultivation, 14, 15, 167, 169.
  • Share of plow, 93.
  • Shackle of plow, 93.
  • Silt, 27, 38.
  • Silt loam, 29.
  • Small fruit soils, 20.
  • Soil,
    • a fertile, 141.
    • definition of, 23.
    • formation of, 30, 237.
    • material composing, 147, 26.
    • mulch, 56.
    • temperature, 57, 60.
    • testing, 162, 215.
    • texture, 37, 142.
    • texture important, 142, 143.
    • ventilation, 68, 142.
    • warmed by sun, 58.
    • warmed by conduction, 58.
    • water, 40, 151.
  • Soils, 5, 23.
  • Soil water, 150, 151.
    • amount of used by plants, 40.
    • and farm operations, 156.
    • control of, 53.
    • form of, 48, 153.
    • greatest factor in growth of crop, 46.
    • importance of, 39, 151.
    • loss of, 53, 155, 157, 164.
    • loss of by evaporation, 54.
    • loss of by weeds, 54, 165.
    • loss of by surface wash, 53.
    • necessity for, 151.
    • not enough, 154.
    • saving, 165.
    • sources of, 40, 153.
    • too much, 154.
  • Soil water influenced,
  • Sorghum soils, 162.
  • Soy-bean, as a green manure crop, 189.
    • growth of roots, 12.
  • Spade, 90.
  • Spading, 90.
  • Spading-fork, 90.
  • Spike-toothed harrows, 102, 104.
  • Spraying, 118.
  • Spring plowing, 98.
  • Spring-toothed harrows, 102, 103.
  • Squash flowers, 133.
  • Stable manure, 171, 173.
  • Stamen, 129.
  • Staminate flowers, 133.
  • Starch in plants, 64, 66.
    • iodine test for, 64.
  • Stems, 8, 120.
    • distinguished from roots, 120.
    • habit of growth of, 121.
    • structure of, 125.
    • underground, 121.
    • uses of, 120.
    • work of checked, 126.
  • Stigma, 130.
  • Stomata, 110.
  • Stones, 26, 31.
  • Stony loam, 29.
  • Strawberry flowers, 134.
    • perfect, 135.
    • pistillate, 135.
  • Study of plants begun, 6.
  • Style, 130.
  • Sugar cane, 5.
  • Sugar in plants, 64, 66.
  • Sulphate of ammonia, 194.
  • Sulphate of potash, 199.
  • Sulphur in plants, 66.
  • Sun, work of in making soils, 32, 34.
  • Sunlight, and the farmer, 5.
  • Superphosphates, 198.
  • Swamp muck, 30.
  • Sweet clover, 190.
  • Sweet potato roots, 13.
  • Sweet potatoes, 5.
  • Sylvinite, 199.
  • Systems of cropping, 119.
  • Tankage, 194.
    • as fertilizer, 194.
    • nitrogen in, 194.
    • phosphoric acid in, 194.
  • Temperature of soil, 57.
  • Tendrils, plants climb by, 122.
  • Testing seeds, 75.
  • Testing soils for water, 162.
    • for plant food, 215.
  • Texture of soils, 37, 143, 150.
  • Thinning fruit, 137.
  • Thistle, 6.
  • Thistle family, 86.
  • Thomas slag, 198.
    • as fertilizer, 198.
    • phosphoric acid in, 198.
  • Tillage and plant food, 67.
    • and fertility, 150.
  • Time to begin this study, 3.
  • Time to plow, 98.
  • Tobacco soils, 27.
  • Tomato soils, 161.
  • Tools, 5.
    • and the farmer, 5.
  • Transpiration, the fact, 110.
    • amount of, 111.
  • Transplanting, 87.
    • machines, 89.
  • Truck of plow, 95.
  • Truck soils, 27, 28, 29, 161.
  • Tubercles on roots of legumes, 68, 144.
  • Turnip, 6.
  • Type soils, 26.
  • Under drains, 237.
    • advantage of, 237.
  • Underground stems, 121.
  • Value of knowledge of flowers, 134.
  • Vegetables,
  • Ventilation of soils, 68, 142.
  • Water, absorption of by soil, 40, 43, 46, 142.
    • amount used by plants, 40.
    • capillary, 49, 153.
    • evaporation of, 54, 155.
    • free, 48, 153.
    • film, 50.
    • ground, 48.
    • importance of to plants, 39.
    • percolation of, 41.
    • relation of soils to, 39.
    • standing, 48.
    • work of in making soils, 33, 35.
  • Water and the farmer, 5.
  • Water in plants, 65.
  • Watering house plants, 51.
  • Watermelon soils, 28, 161.
  • Weeders, 167.
  • Weeds, 54.
    • how they injure crops, 54, 92.
    • how to kill, 119.
    • waste soil water, 54.
  • Wheat soils, 29, 30.
    • water used by, 40.
  • Wheel hoes, 168.
  • White hellebore, 117.
  • Wind pollination, 132.
  • Work of roots, 9, 10, 15.
  • Work of sun in making soils, 32, 34.
    • air in making soils, 36.
    • animals in making soils, 37.
    • moving ice in making soils, 35.
    • moving water in making soils, 33, 35.
    • plants in making soils, 36.
    • rain in making soils, 33.
  • Wood ashes, 199.
  • Wool waste as fertilizer, 195.