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The five republics of Central America

Chapter 16: FOOTNOTES:
By Dana Gardner Munro
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History - AmericanHistory - Modern (1750+)Politics

About This Book

The author surveys the historical, political, and economic development of five Central American republics from colonial times to the early twentieth century, emphasizing how colonial legacies, social composition, and weak institutions produced chronic instability and recurrent revolutions. It analyzes constitutional structures, party politics, presidential power, and patronage across each republic, and assesses economic conditions and social divisions, including the marginalization of indigenous populations. The study also examines external influence, especially from the United States, and argues that informed foreign policy and domestic reform are crucial to promoting stable governance and economic progress; methodological limits of sources and the author's on-the-ground observations are noted.

FOOTNOTES:

[23] See L. Fernández, Historia de Costa Rica durante la Dominación Española.

[24] Quoted by Fernández, op. cit. p. 316.

[25] Costa Rica, Colección de Leyes, VI, 133; IX, 453.

[26] For these figures, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Manuel Aragón, formerly director of the Costa Rican statistical office.

[27] In the election of 1913, 64,056 votes were cast. The total population in that year was estimated at 410,981.

[28] In this Costa Rica differs from the other republics, where the alcalde and the local representative of the central government are two distinct persons, theoretically independent of one another.

[29] Costa Rica, Anuario Estadístico, 1915.

[30] Bancroft, History of Central America, Vol. III, p. 653.

[31] Costa Rica, Anuario Estadístico, 1913, p. xxxvii.

[32] The annual exports of coffee averaged 13,478,941 kilos, valued at 8,835,726 colones for the ten years 1891-1900; and 14,478,605 kilos, valued at 6,709,767 colones for the ten years 1901-1910. (Costa Rica, Resúmenes Estadísticos, 1883-1910.)

The exportations in the years 1912-1915, according to the Anuario Estadístico for 1913 and for 1915, were as follows:

Year.Kilos.Value in colones.
191212,237,875 7,623,561
191313,019,0597,752,750
1914 17,717,06810,028,731
191512,206,3578,022,166

It should be noted that the value of the colon in 1915, and during a part of 1914, was approximately 20 per cent less than under normal conditions.