Participial adjectives, see Adjectives, Participial.
Participial or verbal noun, defined,
—how distinguished from the participle.
—Participial noun and participle, the distinction between, ill
preserved by MURR. and his amenders.
—Participial noun, distinc. of VOICE in, sometimes disregarded,
("The day of my BURYING,")
—with INFIN. following, strictures on MURR., LENN., and BULL.,
with respect to examples of.
PARTICIPLES, Etymol. of. —Participle, defined. —Participles, whether they ought to be called verbs, —appropriate naming of the kinds of, —often become adjectives, —become adjectives by composition with something not belonging to the verb, —number of, simp. and comp., —imply time, but do not divide it, —retain the essential meaning of their verbs, but differ from them in the formal, —in Eng., from what derived, —H. TOOKE'S view of the time of; with whom BROWN differs. —Participles, Classes of, named and defined, —(See Imperfect Participle and Perfect Part.) —Participles, grammarians differ in their opinion with respect to the time and voice of, —how have been called and treated by some, —explanation of the different, —how distinguished from particip. nouns, —elegantly taken as plur. nouns, ("All his REDEEMED,") —appar. used for adverbs, —some become prepositions. —Participle and ADJUNCTS, as forming "one name," and as such, governing the poss., whence the doctrine; PRIESTL. criticised; MURR. et al. adopt PRIESTL. doctrine, which they badly sustain; teachers of do. disagree among themselves, —governm. of possessives by, how BROWN generally disposes of; how determines with respect to such governm. —Participles, Synt. of, —regular synt. of, twofold; nature of the two constructions; OTHER less regular constructions; which two constructions of all, are legitimate uses of the participle; which constructions are of doubtf. propriety. —Participles, to what RELATE, or in what state GOVERNED. —Participle, as relating to a phrase or sentence, —taken abstractly, —irregularly used in Eng. as substitute for infin. mood, —in irreg. and mixed construc. —Participle, transitive, what case governs, —nom. absol. with, to what equivalent, —each requires its appropriate FORM, —questionable uses of, admitted by MURR. et al.; why BROWN is disposed to condemn these irregularities. —Participle and particip. noun, distinction between, with respect to governm. —Participle in ing, multiplied uses of, lawful and forced, illustrated, —equivalence of do. to infin. mood, instances of, —every mixed construc. of, how regarded by BROWN, —the "double nature" of, CROMB. on; his views, how accord with those of MURR. et al., HILEY'S treatment of; BROWN'S strictures on do. —Participles, place of: —active, governm. of. —Participle, trans., converted to a noun: —converted, when the expression should be changed: —followed by an adj., its conversion into a noun appar. improper: —comp. converted, how managed: —not to be used for infin., or other more appropriate term: —use of, for a nominative after be, is, was, &c., faulty: —following a verb of preventing, how to be managed. —Participles, converted, disposal of their adverbs: —must be construed with a regard to the leading word in sense: —should have a clear reference to their subjects: —needless use of, for nouns, to be avoided: —punct. of: —derivation of: —poet. peculiarities in the use of.
Parts of speech, meaning of the term:
—Parts of speech, named and defined:
—what explanations may aid learners to distinguish the different:
—why needful that learners be early taught to make for themselves the
prop. distribution of:
—WILS. on the distribution of:
—the preferable number with respect to; the office of, specifically
stated.
—The parts of speech, passage exemplifying all.
—Examples of a partic. part of speech accumulated in a sentence.
—Etymol. and Synt. of the different parts of speech, see Article,
Noun, Adjective, &c.
Passions of the mind, by what tones to be expressed.
Passive verb, defined.
—Pass. verbs contrasted with active-trans, verbs, in respect to the
object or the agent of the action; their compos, and construc.:
—their FORM in Eng.
—Pass. verb BE LOVED, conjug. affirmatively.
—Pass. verbs, how distinguished from neuters of the same form:
—having active forms nearly equivalent to them, (is rejoiced,
rejoices; am resolved, know, &c.,):
—erroneously allowed by some to govern the obj. case in Eng.; CROMB.
in this category, cited, canon, pseudo-canons.
—Pass. verb, what should always take for its subj. or nom.:
—takes the same case after as before it, when both words refer to the
same thing:
—between two nominatives, with which should be made to agree,
("Words ARE wind,"). See Unco-Passive, &c.
Passive form of an active-intrans. verb followed by a prep. and its objective, ("He WAS LAUGHED AT,"). Passive sense of the act. form of the verb, ("The books continue SELLING,").
Past for future, see Prophecy.
Pauses, term defined. —Pauses, kinds of, named and explained: —the distinctive, duration of: —after what manner should be formed: —forced, unintentional, their effect: —emphatic or rhetorical, applicat. and office of: —harmonic, kinds of; these, essential to verse. —Pauses, abrupt, punct.: —emphatic, do.
Pedantic and sense-dimming style of charlatans &c., as offending against purity.
Pentameter line, iambic, examples of:
—is the regular Eng. HEROIC; its quality and adaptation:
—embraces the elegiac stanza:
—trochaic, example of, said by MURR. et al. to be very uncommon;
was unknown to DR. JOH. and other old prosodists:
—the two examples of. in sundry grammars, whence came; a couplet of
these scanned absurdly by HIL.; HART mistakes the metre of do.:
—dactylic, example of, ("Salutation to America,").
Perfect, adj., whether admits of comparison; why its comparis. by adverbs not wholly inadmissible.
Perfect definition, what.
Perfect participle, or second part., defined:
—its form:
—how has been variously called:
—its character and name as distinguished from the imperf. part:
—why sometimes called the passive part.; why this name liable to
objection:
—how may be distinguished from the preterit of the same form:
—should not be made to govern an objective term. ("The characters
MADE USE OF," MURR.,):
—not to be used for the pret., nor confounded with the pres.:
—what care necessary in the employment of; when to be distinguished
from the preterits of their verbs.
Perfect tense, defined. —Perf. tense of indic., as referring to time relatively fut.
Period, or full stop, its pause. —Period, or circuit, nature of. —Period, probably the oldest of the points; how first used: —how used in Hebrew: —what used to mark: —Rules for the use of: —not required when short sentences are rehearsed as examples: —whether to be applied to letters written for numbers: —with other points set after it: —whether proper after Arabic figures used as ordinals. —Period of abbreviation, whether always supersedes other points.
Permanent propositions, to be expressed in the pres. tense.
Permitting, &c., verbs of, see Commanding.
Personal pronoun, defined.
—Personal pronouns, simple, numb, and specificat. of:
—declension of:
—often used in a reciprocal sense, ("Wash YOU," &c.,).
—(See also It.)
—Personal pronouns, compound, numb. and specificat. of. 298:
—explanat. and declension of:
—CHURCH. account of:
—of the first and second persons, placed before nouns to distinguish
their persons.
Personification, defined,
—MURR. definition of, blamed,
—what constitutes the purest kind of,
—change of the gend. of inanimate objects by,
—whether it always changes the gender of anteced. term,
—agreem. of pronouns with their antecedents in cases of,
—Rule for capitals in do.,
—comp.,
—Personifications, CHURCH, on the determination of gender in,
—Personified objects, names of, put in the second pers., and why,
—how pronouns agree with,
Persons, term defined,
—Persons, named and defined,
—the distinction of, on what founded,
—Persons, numbers, &c., character of BROWN'S definitions of,
—Persons, in gram., nature of; absurd teachings of some
grammar-makers concerning,
—distinctions of, in written lang.,
—Person and number of a verb, what,
—Persons, second and third, of a verb, distinctive formations of,
—do., in Lat., shown,
—Person, nouns of the second, in Eng., in how many ways can be
employed,
—the third, put with the pron. I, by vulgarism, ("THINKS I to
myself,")
—the first, place of,
—Persons, whether the imperat. mood may have three,
—connected antecedents of different, agreem. of pron. with,
—connected nominatives of different, agreem. of verb with,
Perspicuity, as a quality of style, in what consists, —is essential in composition; BLAIR quoted, —the excellence of, —Precepts aiming at offences against,
Perversions of Eng. grammar, the design, in part, of BROWN'S code of synt, is to make intelligent judges of, —Perversions, literary, Crit. N. concerning,
Phonetics, phonography, phonotopy, BROWN'S estimate of; DR. JOH. cited,
—account of,
—TRENCH'S views of,
—Phonographic system of stenography, its practical value;
phonotopy, to what may be advantageously applied,
Phrase, defined,
—Phrase made the subject of a verb, how to be taken,
—Phrases, distinct, conjunctively connected, agreem. of verb with,
—distinct, disjunctively connected, do.,
—unconnected, do.,
—BAD phrases, examples of, from authors,
—do., corrected,
—Phrases or clauses, ellips. of, shown,
—Adverbial phrase, (so termed by some,) see Adverb.
Place or position of the different parts of speech, see Article, Noun, Adjective, &c.
Pleonasm, defined,
—Pleonasm, when allowable with respect to a pron.,
—in what instances impressive and elegant; when, the vice of ill
writing,
—occurs sundry times in the Bible,
Pluperfect tense, defined,
—Pluperf. tense, what implies when used conditionally; what, in the
negative form of supposition,
—how formed in the indic. mood; do. in the potential,
—indic. form of, put by enall. for pluperf. of the pot.,
—PLUPERFECT, signif. of the term; several innovators (as BULL., BUTL.,
et al.) have been fain to discard it,
Plural number, of nouns, how formed,
—of most nouns in Eng., is simple and regular,
—of nouns ending in a vowel preceded by a vowel,
—of do. in y preceded by a consonant,
—of do. in o preceded by a consonant,
—construc. of, when several persons of the same name are spoken of
("The Stuarts,")
—of prop. names, its formation,
—of nouns in i, o, u, or y, preceded by a consonant,
—when name and title are to be used together, ("The Miss
Bells,")
—of nouns in f,
—of nouns not formed in s or es,
—of compounds,
—of certain compound terms, ("Ave-Maries," &c.,)
—wanting to some nouns,
—of nouns of multitude,
—Plural, nouns made so by nature or art,
—of foreign nouns, 253,
—improperly formed by adding apostrophic s,
—of mere characters, how denoted,
Plurality, the idea of; see Unity, &c.
Poetic feet, treated, —(See Iambus, Trochee, &c.) —Poetic foot, of what consists, —Poet. feet, number to be recognized in Eng., —principal Eng., named and defined, —kinds of, which form ORDERS OF VERSE, —what combinations of, severally form dimeter, trimeter, &c., —(See Dimeter, Trimeter, &c.) —Poetic collocation of words, in prose, as offending against perspicuity, PREC. respecting, —Poetic diction, treated, —in what abounds, —Poetical Peculiarities,
Poetry, as defined by BLAIR, —character of its style, —aim and end of, —exterior distinction of, —why difficult, by a definition, to be distinguished from prose, —inept directions of some grammatists respecting the parsing of, —Poetry, every line in, should begin with a capital,
Points, or stops, the principal, named, and their forms shown,
—the purpose of,
—length of pauses denoted by,
—often variously used in different editions of the same work,
—origin of, See Punctuation.
Points of the compass, adjectives for; modes of varying them,
Possession, relation of, see Property.
Possessive case, defined, —Poss. case, how formed —disputes of the earlier grammarians respecting, —CARD. et al. attempt to revive exploded error concerning, —form of, —origin of, in Eng., —odd notions of some grammarians concerning the regular formation of —exceptions or irregularities in the formation of —Poss. case, PEI. on, criticised —ASH and PRIESTL. on the plur. —use of the two forms of, in pers. pronouns —of the simp. pers. pronouns, grammarians differ with respect to; should not be considered mere adjectives —are pronom. adjectives, according to DR. LOWTH and his followers, —whose doctrine BROWN canvasses, also, WEBSTER'S, WILSON'S, MURRAY'S —Poss. case, its equivalence to of and the objective, not a sameness of case, (in oppos. to Nix.) —of pronouns, not to be written with apostrophe —of nouns in appos., application of the possessive sign to —by what governed —whether the rule for, has true exceptions —appos. of one with an other, ("For DAVID my SERVANT'S sake,") the construc. examined —appar. in abstract construc., ("All MINE are THINE,") —as governed by a part, the construc. examined; COROL. —why the governm. of, should be limited to nouns only —whether before a real part., denotes the possession of something —Possessive sign, omission oL not a true ellips. —always implies a governing word, —how taken by compounds —liable to be added to adjunct of the former noun —whether it can be rightly added to separate adjectives, ("The GUILTY'S prayer,") —which noun of connected possessives takes —Poss. case, place and order of —generally equivalent to prep. of and the objective, —governed by something not expressed, ("St. Paul's,") —Possessives, connected, how to be taken, —Poss. singular, with s omitted, ("For CONSCIENCE' sake") —Poss. case of nouns sing, in ss, false teaching of KIRKH. et al., respecting the formation of —MURR. rule for the construc. of, why objectionable, —compounds embracing, lack uniformity in writing, —peculiarity of, with respect to correlatives, ("Father's son,") —Possessive relation between a portion of time and its correlative action, ("THREE YEARS' hard work" or, "Three years OF HARD WORK,") —Poss. case, appropriate form of, to be observed, —plural, with a noun in forced agreem., ("For OUR PARTS,") ib., N. iv: —needless use of, before a participle, ("In THEIR pronouncing the Greek,") —Possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, &c., how often should be inserted, or repeated
Potential mood, defined
—Potential mood, why so called; by what signs distinguished,
—may, like the indic., be used in asking questions; why by some
included in the subj.
—in what tenses used; nature of the imperf. tense
—formation and inflection of its tenses, shown in the verb LOVE,
conjugated,
Power of a letter, the powers of the letters, what meant by, when
spoken of,
—The power of a letter is not its sound, as MURR. et al incorrectly
teach
—The simple powers of the letters, many irreconcileable doctrines
have been advanced thereon; GARDINER'S notions concerning, stated in
brief,
—RUSH'S explanations of, his pretentious scheme of the alphab. how
estimated by BROWN
—The just powers of the letters, what, and how are to be learned,
—Powers of the letters, variable; how become so; WALK, cited
Praxis, defined; lit. signif. of the word, as from the Gr.
Precision, as a quality of style, in what consists, —Precepts aiming at offences against —conciseness, or brevity, as opposed to
Prefixes, their management in syllabication, R.:
—Explanation of
—import and character of the particles used as, in Eng.; the roots
to which prefixed, not always proper Eng. words
—Prefixes, ENG. or ANGLO-SAX.,
—Prefixes, poet, usage with respect to,
Preperfect participle, defined
—Preperf. part., its form
—its nature and name,
PREPOSITIONS, Etymol. of
—Preposition defined
—importance of a right use, and a right explan. of
—HARR. explanation of, as cited by LOWTH, stricture on HARR.
—its simplicity among the parts of speech; how should be explained in
parsing,
—no sufficient RULE for the synt. of, in most of the Eng. grammars,
Prepositions and their objects, as preceding the words on which
they depend, ("Of man's first disobedience, &c., Sing" MILC.,)
—Prepositions, what it is, to find the terms of relations of;
disput. text cited in illustration
—the special adaptation of; example of misuse by MURR., remarked on
—HARR., on the purpose for which almost all prepositions were orig.
formed, and on the nature of their relations; his views controverted
by BROWN,
—Prepositions and their governed objects, the true determination of;
examples of joint objects, and of joint antecedents, wrong views of
MURR. and his followers concerning this matter.
—Prepositions, two connected, for what different purposes used
—two coming together, ("FROM AMONG the just,")
—Prepositions complex, what their character, and how may be
resolved; are occasionally compounded by the hyphen
—Prepositions, how might be divided into classes; the inutility in
parsing of the division into "separable and inseparable;"
HALL'S absurd idea of a divis., noticed
—whether "two in immediate succession require a noun to be understood
between them," (NUTT.)
—words commonly reckoned, (in, on, of, &c.,) used after infinitives
or participles, in adverbial construc., ("Houses to eat and drink
IN")
—Prepositions, List of
—grammarians differ considerably in their tables of; do. concerning
the characteristics of; what BROWN supposes, in oppos. to the
assertion that "Every prep. requires an obj. case after it"
—LENN. and BULL. on "prepositions becoming adverbs," criticised
—MURR. on "prepositions appearing to be adverbs," criticised
—Preposition, whether it can be justly said to take a sent. for its
object
—Prepositions, words in the list of, sometimes used as other parts
of speech
—extension of the list of
—examples of the less usual, a, and others beginning with a
—do. of unusual ones beginning with b, c, or d
—unusual, quotations illustrating further the list of
—Preposition, RULE of synt. for the word governed by
—Prepositions, in Eng., govern no other case than the obj.; most,
may take the imperf. part. for their obj.
—The brief assertion, that "Prepositions govern the obj. case,"
wherein is exceptionable as the sole rule for both terms
—Prepositions, ellipt. construc. of, with adjectives, (in vain, in
secret, &c.)
—sometimes appar. govern adverbs
—Preposition, appar. governing a perf. part., ("To give it up FOR
LOST")
—Prepositions, Synt. of
—do., in what consists
—what RELATIONS, show; (see To and For)
—the parsing of; why tolerable writers are liable to err most in their
use of
—Preposition, the true terms of the relat. of, how may be discovered
—when beginning or ending a sent. or clause, what the construc.
—the terms of relation of, what may be; both usually expressed
—position of, with respect to the governed word
—Prepositions, several, dependent on one anteced. term, ("A
declaration FOR virtue and AGAINST vice," BUTL.)
—two coming together between the same terms of relat.; do. in the same
construc.; erron. remark of PRIESTL., MURR., et al., concerning the
latter
—Preposition, the separating of, from its noun, false doctrine of
LOWTH, MURR., et al., concerning
—Prepositions, prop, choice of
—do., with respect to the allowable uses of
—as adapted in meaning to two objects, or to more
—Preposition, ellips. or omiss. of, where ineleg.
—insertion of, when do.
—Prep. and its object, position of, in respect to other words
—do., punc. of
—Prep., ellips. of, shown
—Prepositions, derivation of
—poet. usage with respect to
Present tense, defined
—Pres. tense, described
—of the indic., used to express general truths
—deceased authors spoken of in, and why
—for the past, by Grecism; in animated narrative, for do., by enall.
—of the indic. and the subj., when preceded by as soon as, &c., to
what time, refers
—of the infin., what time is expressed by; expedients used to express
fut. time by
—of the INFINITIVE, the ROOT, or RADICAL VERB
—of the subj., its use, and how considered by some
—Pres. tense, sometimes improp. with the conjunc. that, ("Others
said, THAT it is Elias")
Preter, preterimperfect, &c., disused terms for past, imperfect, &c.
—Preter, prefix, its meaning
Preterit, defined
—Preterit, described
—its form and variations
—present tendency to a reg. orthog. of, to be encouraged
—groundless rule of some, for forming second pers. of, when the pres.
and the pret. are alike
—not to be used in forming the comp. tenses of a verb
Preventing, verbs of, with part., in stead of infin.
—what construc. is proper for
Primitive word, defined
—Primitive words regarded as such in Eng., may generally be traced
to ulterior sources
Principal parts, of a verb, (see Chief Terms)
—of a sent., how many, and what
Priscian, ancient grammarian, delivers the names of most of the Lat. letters
Progressive form of a verb, see Compound &c.
Pronominal adjectives, see Adjectives, Pronominal
PRONOUNS, Etymol. of
—Pronoun, definition of
—Pronouns in Eng., number of, and their variations
—nature of the representation by; are put substantively, relatively,
or adjectively; difference in these three modes of substitution
—Classes of, named, and defined; (see Personal Pronoun, Relative
Pron., and Interrogative Pron.)
—Pronouns, compound, constructional peculiarities of
—Pronouns, faultiness and discordance of most Eng. grammars, with
respect to the classification and treatment of; specification of
different modes of distribution by diff. authors
—Modifications of, named; these properties how distinguished in the
personal pronouns; do. how ascertained in the relat. and interrog.
pronouns
—Declension of; simp. personals declined; comp. personals do.; comp.
relatives do.
—appar. used for adverbs
—Pronouns, Synt. of
—Pronoun, agreem. of, with its anteced.
—do., with anteced. indefinite
—plur., put by enall. for the sing., agreem. of
—sometimes disagreeing with the anteced. in one sense, because taking
it in an other
—what the main point with respect to; what application of the rule of
agreem., in parsing
—Pronouns, agreem. of, with their antecedents, as affected by the
figures of rhetoric
—place of
—Pronoun, as representing a phrase or sentence
—under what circumstances can agree with either of two antecedents
—the parsing of, commonly requiring the application of two rules
—with suppressed anteced.
—needless introduction of, ("PALLAS, HER glass," BACON)
—with change of numb. in the second pers., or promisc. use of ye and
you
—must present the same idea as the anteced., and never confound the
name with the thing signified
—employment of the same, with respect to connected relative clauses
—in what instances the noun must be repeated, or inserted in stead
of
—should never be used to represent an adj., ("Be ATTENTIVE;
without WHICH," &c.)
—change of anteced. to accord with
—agreem. with collective nouns
—do. with joint antecedents
—do. with connected antecedents in apposition
—do. with connected antecedents emphat. distinguished
—do. with connected antecedents preceded by each, every, or no
—do. with connected antecedents of different persons
—agreeing with implied nominatives
—agreem. with disjunct antecedents
—what agreem. with disjunct. antecedents of different persons,
numbers, and genders
—do. with antecedents taken affirmatively and negatively
—do. with two antecedents connected by as well as, &c.
—ellips. of, shown
—punct. of, without pause
—Pronouns, derivation of, from Sax.
—poet. peculiarities of
Pronunciation, importance of an early habit of distinct
—how best taught to children
—Pronunc., as distinguished from elocution, what; how differs from
articulation
—Pronunc. of the Eng. lang., what knowledge requires; its
difficulties; whether we have any system of, worthy to be accounted a
STANDARD
Proof-texts, not to be perverted in the quotation, Crit. N.
—not quoted, but invented, by some, in their false illustrations
of gram.
Proper names begin with capitals —Comm. and proper name associated, how written —Prop. names, derivatives from, do. —(Names of Deity, see Deity.) —Prop. names, application of rule concerning; distinc. between do. and common appellatives —of places, comparative difficulty of writing them —modern compound, sparing use of hyphen in —Prop. names, what their relative importance in lang. —structure and signif. of; how should be written —of plur. form, preceded by def. art. —Prop. name, with def. art., acquires the import of a comm. —Proper, from a comm. noun personified —Prop. names of individuals, strictly used as such, have no plur.; prop. name, how made plur., and how then considered —when they form a plur., how form it —of persons, generally designate their sex —Prop. name, in appos. with an appellative —represented by which, ("Herod —WHICH is," &c.) —Prop. name and title, when taken together in a plur. sense, in what form to be written
Property, the relation of, how may be otherwise expressed than by the poss. case
Prophecy, the past tenses substituted for the fut., in the lang. of
Propositions, permanent, in what tense should be expressed
Propriety, as a quality of style, in what consists —its oppos., impropriety, what embraces —Precepts aiming at offences against
Prose and verse, in the composition of lang., how differ
PROSODY
—Prosody, of what subjects treats
—etymol. and signif. of the word
—Prosody, meagrely and immethodically treated in the works of many
grammarians
—undetermined usage as to what things belong to; how treated by some
of the old prosodists; account of SMETIUS'S treatise of; do.
GENUENSIS'S
Prosthesis, explained
Proverbs, their elliptical character
Provincial expressions, use of, as opposed to purity
PUNCTUATION, arranged under the head of Prosody
—Punct., what
—principal marks of, named and shown; what they severally denote
—RULES of: for Comma; for Semicolon; for Colon; for Period; for
Dash; for Eroteme; for Ecphoneme; for Curves
—description of the other marks of
—(See Comma, Semicolon, &c.)
—Punct., the present system of, in Eng., common to many languages
—why often found diverse, in diff. editions and diff. versions of the
same work
—duty of writers in respect to, and of publishers in reproducing
ancient books
—some account of the orig. and prog. of
—"improvement" in, which is no improvement
—confused and discordant explanations, by some, of certain of the
marks of
Purity, as a quality of style, in what consists
—Precepts aiming at offences against
Pyrrhic, defined
Q.
Q, its name and plur. numb. —has no sound peculiar to itself; its power —is always followed by u
Quakers, or Friends, their style of address, see Friends
Qualities of style, treated —See Style Quantity, or time in pronunciation, explained —as defined by the lexicographers —its effect in the prolation of sounds —WALKER'S views of, unsatisfac. to BROWN —as regulated by emphasis, MURR. —Quant. of a syll., how commonly explained —by what marks may be indicated —Quantities poetic, how denominated, and how proportioned —What quantity coincides with accent or emphasis —Quantity, on what depends —where variable, and where fixed, in Eng. —Crit. observations on accent and quantity —Quantity, its distinction from accent —Accent and quantity, differing views of authors relative to —Quantity, impropriety of affirming it to be the same as accent —DR. JOH. identification of accent with; such, also, that of others; (not so HARRIS;) NOEHD. rightly defines; so FISK, (in Eschenb. Man. Class. Lit.,) et al. —our grammarians seem not to have understood the distinc. of long and short, e. g., FISHER; so SHERID., WALK., MURR., et al. —CHAND. absurd and confused scheme of, noticed —suggestion of WEBST. on, approved
Questions, can be asked only in the indic. or the pot. mood
—direct, to be marked by the eroteme
—united, how to be marked
—indirect, do.
—a series of, how may be united and marked
—exclamatory, how to be marked
—Question, mentioned in due form, how marked
—declaratively put, how uttered and marked
—in Spanish, doubly marked, ("¿Quien llama?";) in Greek, how
Quite, with art. and adj., construc. how differs according to position of art.
Quotation, direct, first word of, written with capital —Quotations of proof-texts, &c., should be literally given —dependent, separated from say, &c., by comma —indep., preceded by colon —Quotat. within a quotat., how usually marked
Quoth and quod, signif. and use of, in ludicrous lang. or in the old writers
R.
R, name and plur. numb. —of the class liquids —sound of; do., how can be varied in utterance —what faults to be avoided in do. —DR. JOH. account of; WALK. do.
Radicals, separable and inseparable, what are so called in Eng. derivation
Rath, adv., used only in the compar. deg. —Rather, with the exclusive term of comparis. introduced by than —derivation of
Reading, to read, in gram., what the signif. of
—READ, verb, CONJUGATED affirmatively in Comp. Form
Reciprocal terms, reciprocals, what pronom. adjectives may be so termed
—Reciprocals, EACH OTHER, ONE AN OTHER, their nature and import
—misapplicat. of, frequent in books; WEBST. errs in the signif. and
applicat. of other. See also Other
Reciprocal or reflected verbs, constructions in imitation of the French
Recurrence of a word in different senses, a fault opposed to propriety
Redundant verb, defined
—Redund. verbs, why made a separate class
—treated
—List of
Reference, marks of, ASTERISK, OBELISK, &c., shown; in what order are
introduced
—what other signs of, may be used. Reference, doubtful, Crit. N.
concerning
Reformers of the Eng. alphabet and orthog., some account of
Rejoice, resolve, incline, &c., import of, in the pass. form
Relations of things, their infinitude and diversity; the nature of
RELATION
—Relation of words, what
—is diff. from agreem., but may coincide with it
—Relation according to the sense, an important principle in Eng.
synt.; what rules of relation commonly found in the grammars
—Simple relation, what parts of speech have no other syntact.
property than; what simp. relations there are in Eng.
—Relation, with respect to a prep., anteced. term, what may be;
subseq., do.
—Relation, do., terms of, to be named in parsing a prep.; how the
terms may be ascertained by a learner
—terms of, to a prep., may be transposed; are very various; both
usually expressed
Relative pronouns, defined
—Relative pronouns, and their compounds, named; declined
—chief constructional peculiarities of
—two faulty special rules given by the grammarians, for construc. of,
noticed
—construc. of, with respect to CASE
—ellips. of, in famil. lang., ("The man I trust;") do., poet.
—Relative and prep. governing it, when should not be omitted
—Relative pron., place of
—clauses, connected, employment of, with same pron. in each
—Rel. pronouns, exclude conjunctions
—derivat. of, from Sax.
—poet, peculiarities with respect to. See also Who, Which, &c.
Repetition, of a noun or pronoun, what construc. it produces —of words, emphatic, punct. —of words, through paucity of lang.; against propriety —of do., as demanded by precision —Repetitions, see Pleonasm
Restrictive and resumptive senses of the rel. pronouns, distinc.
between, expl.
—Restrictive, relation, most approp. expressed by the pron. THAT
—admits not a comma before the relative
—adj., admits not a comma before it
—part., do.
Rhetoric, figure of, defined
—Figures of rhetoric, see Figures
Rhetorical pauses, see Pauses
Rhode Island, the name how acquired; peculiarity of its application
Rhyme, defined —Rhyming syllables, their nature and quality
Rhythm, of verse, defined
—Fancifully explained by E. A. POE, (who without intelligence derives
the term from [Greek: hurithmos])
—sense and signif. of the word
Roman letters, some account of
Rules, of RELATION, what, commonly found in grammars
—of SYNT., those common in grammars ill adapted to their purpose;
examples of such
—of do., exposition of the faulty charac. of those in Eng. grammars
—Rules of grammar, advantage of, in the written language
Rush, Dr. J., his new doctrine of the vowels and consonants, in oppos. to
the old, how estimated by BROWN
—his doctrine of a duplicity of the vocal elements, perstringed
—his strange division of the vowels "into two parts," and conversion
of most of them into diphthongs; his enumeration and specification of
the alphabetic elements
S.
S, its name and plur. numb.
—final, in monosyllables, spell.
—of the poss. case, occas. dropping of; the elis. how to be regarded,
and when to be allowed
—its sounds
—in what words silent
—Ss, sound of
S or es, verbal termin., DR. LOWTH'S account of
Sans, from Fr., signif., and where read
Sabaoth, see Deity
Same cases, construc. of —do., on what founded —what position of the words, admitted by the construc. —Same case, after what verbs, except those which are pass., taken —Same cases, notice of the faulty rules given by LOWTH, MURR., et al., for the construc. of
Sameness of signif., what should be that of the nom. following a verb or part. —Sameness of words, see Identity
Sapphic, verse, described
—stanza, composition of; examp. from HOR.
—Sapphic verse, difficulty of; Eng. Sapphics few; scansion of; "The
Widow," of SOUTHEY, scanned
—Eng. Sapphic, DR. WATTS'S ode, (in part.) "The Day of Judgement,"
"attempted in"
—HUMPH. on, cited
—Sapphics, burlesque, examples of
Save, saving, as denoting exception, class and construc. of
—Save, derivation of
Saxon, alphabet, some account of
—lang., its form about the year 450; do. subsequently
Scanning, or scansion, explained
—Why, in scanning, the principal feet are to be preferred to the
secondary
—The poetry of the earliest Eng. poets, not easy of scansion
Script letters, the alphabet exhibited in
—the forms of, their adaptation to the pen
Scripture names, many discrepancies in, found in different editions of the Bible. Scriptures, see Bible
Section, mark, uses of
SEE, verb, irreg., act., CONJUGATED affirmatively —takes infin. without prep. TO —its construc. with infin. without to
Seeing and provided, as connectives, their class
Seldom, adv., its comparison; use of, as an adj.
Self, in the format, of the comp. pers. pronouns —CHURCH. explan. of —signif. and use of —as an Eng. prefix —after a noun poss., in poet. diction
Self-contradiction, Crit. N. respecting
Self-naming letters
Semicolon, point —for what purpose used —from what takes its name —when adopted in England —is useful and necessary, though discarded by some late grammarians —Rules for the use of
Semivowel, defined
—Semivowels named; nature of w and y; sound of certain, as
aspirates
Sense and construc. to be considered, in joining together or writing separately words otherw. liable to be misunderstood —Sense or meaning, necessary to be observed in parsing
Senseless jumbling, Crit. N. concerning
Sentence, defined
—Sentence, its parts, principal and subordinate
—Sentences, the two kinds of, named and defined
—whether a tripartite distribut. of is expedient
—Simple sent., false notions amongst grammarians of what constitutes
one; the parsing of words not affected thereby
—Sentences, simp. and comp., DR. WILS. explanation of
—component parts of, what these are
—whether all, can be divided into clauses
—in what FIVE WAYS, can be analyzed
—Sentences, simp., punct.
of,
—distinct, do.,
—allied, do.,
—short, rehearsed in close succession, how pointed.
Series, of terms, proper use of the articles in, —of words, how to be commaed.
Set and sit, signif. and employment of.
Sex, to what persons ascribed; why a young child may be spoken of without
distinc. of,
—whether animals may be represented as of no,
—inanimate objects fig. represented as having.
—Sexes, distinction of, by words, in diff. ways,
—denoted by terminat. of words,
—designated by proper names.
Shall, verb, how varied, —original signif. of, —explet. use of. —Shall and will, discriminative application of, in the fut. indic.
Sheridan, T., actor and orthoëpist, his literary reputation; the worth of his writings.
Side, noun, peculiarities of usage in regard to.
Silent, or mute, when a letter is said to be.
Silliness, literary, Crit. N. concerning.
Simile, explained.
Since, improp. use of, for ago, —derivation of, from Anglo-Sax.
Sit and set, use and signif. of.
So, as expressing the sense of a preced. word or phrase,
—derivation of, from Sax.
—So
—as, as
—so, correspondents.
Soever or soe'er, whether a word or only a part of an other word; how explained by WEBST.
Solemn style, as distinguished from the familiar, —should not be displaced from the paradigms in a grammar, —is not adapted to familiar discourse, —pres. and pret. terminations of, what, and how uttered, —examp. of, second pers. sing., negat., throughout the verb LOVE, conjugated.
Some, classed,
—vulg. used for somewhat, or in some degree, ("SOME longer,"
SANB.). Somehow or other, somewhere or other, what the
construc. Somewhere, nowhere, anywhere, &c., their class, and how
should be written.
Sort, see Kind.
Sound, of a letter, commonly called its power,
—elementary, of the voice, defined.
—Sounds, simp. or primary, numb. in Eng.,
—elementary, what meant by; are few in numb.; their combinations may
be innumerable.
—Vowel sounds, or vocal elements, how produced, and where heard;
what those in Eng., and how may be modified in the format. of
syllables; do., how may be written, and how uttered.
—Consonant sounds, simp., in Eng., how many, and what; by what
letters marked; in what words heard.
—Sounds, long and short, SIGNS used to denote them.
—Sounds, a knowledge of, how acquired,
—importance of being early taught to pronounce those of one's native
lang.
—Passage exemplifying all the letters, and all the SOUNDS, in Eng.
—Sounds of the Letters, treated.
Speak, to speak, what is meant by.
Speaker, why often speaks of himself in the third pers.,
—represents himself and others by we,
—in Eng., should mention himself last.
—The elegant speaker, by what distinguished.
Species and figure of words, what so called,
—unsettled usage of the lang. with regard to what relates to the
latter. Species and genus of things, how admits limitation by the
article.
SPELLING, defined.
—Spelling, how to be acquired,
—cause of the difficulty of its acquisition,
—Rules for,
—usage, as a law of,
—uniformity and consistency in, how only can be attained.
—The right spelling of a word, what, PHILOLOG. Mus.
—Oral spelling, how should be conducted.
—Charac. of BROWN'S rules for spelling.
Spondee, defined.
St, unsyllab. suffix, whether, wherever found, is a modem contrac. of the syllable est.
Standards of English orthog., the books proposed as such, abound in
errors and inconsistencies.
—Whether we have a system of Eng. ORTHOEPY worthy to be accounted a
STANDARD.
Stanza, defined. —Stanzas, uniformity of, in the same poem, —varieties of, —Elegiac stanza, described. —Stanzas, lyric, examples of, —"A GOOD NAME," ("two beautiful little stanzas," BROWN).
Star, or asterisk, use of. —Three stars, or asterism,
Stenotone, or breve, for what used.
Stops, in printing or writing, see Points.
Strength, as a quality of style, in what consists, —essentials of, —Precepts aiming at offences against.
Strew, whether, or not, an other mode of spelling strow; whether to be distinguished in utterance from do.; whether reg. or irreg.
STYLE, qualities of, treated.
—Style, as connected with synt., what,
—differs from mere words and mere grammar; not regulated entirely by
rules of construc.,
—what relation has to the author himself, and what shows,
—general characters of, by what epithets designated.
—What must be remembered by the learner, in forming his style; a
good style how acquired.
—Style, solemn, familiar, &c., as used in gram., what meant by.
—(See Solemn Style.)
Subaudition, meaning of the term. Subdisjunctive particle, of the Latins, expressed in Eng. by or of alternat.
Subject of a finite verb, what, and how may be known, —must be the NOM. CASE, —what besides a noun or pronoun may be. —Subject phrases, joint, what agreements require. —Subject and predicate, in analysis. See also Nominative Case.
Subjunctive mood, defined.
—Subj. mood, why so called; what denotes,
—differing views of grammarians in regard to the numb. and form of its
tenses.
—The true subj. mood rejected by some late grammarians; strictures
on WELLS.
—WELD'S erroneous teaching respecting the subj., noticed,
—CHAND. do., do.
—Chief characteristical diff. between the indic. and the subj. mood.
—Subj. mood described,
—its two tenses do., and their forms shown, in the verb LOVE,
conjugated,
—whether ever put after a rel. pronoun,
—proper limits of,
—how properly employed.
—False subj.
—Subj. mood, not necessarily governed by if, lest, &c.
Such, corresponding to that, with infin. foll., —with rel. as following, in stead of who or which.
Sui generis, what thing is thus designated.
Superlative degree, defined,
—BROWN'S definit. of, and of the other degrees, new; the faulty
charac. of those of MURR., shown,
—the true nature of; how may be used; to what is applicable; the
explanations of, by the copyists of MURR., criticised,
—whether not applicable to two objects,
—when employed, what construc. of the latter term should follow.
—Double superlatives, to be avoided.
—Superl. termination, contractions of.
Supplied, in parsing, what must be. See also Ellipsis.
Suppression, mark of, see Ellipsis.
Syllabic writing, far inferior to the alphabetic, BLAIR.
Syllabication, Rules of,
—the doctrine of, why attended with difficulty,
—object of; WALK. on; strictures on MULK. rules of,
—which of the four purposes of, is preferable in spelling-books and
dictionaries,
—DR. LOWTH on,
—nature of BROWN'S six Rules of; advantage of a system of, founded on
the pronunciat.,
—LATH. and FOWL. fictitious dilemmas in.
—Syllabication, erroneous, samples of, from MURR., WEBST., et al.
SYLLABLES, treated. —Syllable defined. —Syllable, cannot be formed without a vowel, —cannot be broken. —Syllables, numb. of, in a word, —words denominated from their numb. of, —the ear chiefly directs in the division of words into. —(See Syllabication.) —Syllable, its quantity in poetry, —do., on what depends.
Syllepsis, explained,
—literal signif. of the term; extended applicat. of do. by the
grammarians and rhetoricians; BROWN, by his definition, gives it a
more restricted applicat.; disapproves of WEBST. explanat. of the
term,
—what definition or what applicat. of the term is the most approp.,
has become doubtful.
Synæresis, explained.
Synchysis, what was so termed by some of the ancients; is different from hyperbaton; its import in gram.; its literal signif.
Syncope, explained.
Synecdoche, (comprehension,) explained. —Synecd., agreem. of pron. with anteced., in cases of.
Synonymous, words so accounted, PREC. concerning the use of.
Syntactical parsing, see Parsing.
SYNTAX.
—Synt., of what treats,
—the relation of words, the most important principle of; defects of
the grammars in treating of do.,
—false exhibitions of grammarians with respect to the scope and parts
of,
—character of the rules of, found in most grammars,
—divided by some grammarians into concord and governm., and yet
treated by them without regard to such division,
—common fault of grammarians, noticed, of joining together diff. parts
of speech in the same rule of,
—do., of making the rules of, double or triple in their form,
—whether the principles of etymol. affect those of.
—All synt., on what founded.
—Why BROWN deemed it needful to add to his code of synt. a GENERAL
RULE and CRITICAL NOTES. Figures of syntax.
T.
T, name and plur. numb. of,
—substitution of, for ed, how far allowable,
—sounds of,
—is seldom silent; in what words not sounded. Th, ([Greek: Th],
[Greek: alt-th], or [Greek: alt2-th], Gr.,) what represents; how was
represented in Anglo-Sax., and to what sounds applied; the two sounds
of. To a Tee, the colloq. phrase, explained.
Tautology of expression or of sentiment, a fault opposed to precision.
Teacher, what should be his aim with respect to gram.
Technical terms, unnec. use of, as opposed to propriety. Technically, words and signs taken, how to be construed.
Tenses, term defined.
—Tenses, the difierent, named and defined,
—whether the names of, are approp., or whether they should be changed,
—whether all express time with equal precision,
—who reckon only three, and who two; who still differently and
variously name their tenses,
—Tenses, past and present, occurring together. See Present Tense,
Imperf. Tense, &c.
Terminating a sentence with a prep. or other small particle
Terminations, of words, separated in syllabicat. —of verbs, numb. of different, in each tense —of the Eng. verb; DR. A. MURR. account of —tendency of the lang. to lay aside the least agreeable —usage of famil. discourse in respect to those of second pers. sing. —verbal or particip., how are found written in old books —the only reg. ones added to Eng. verbs; utterance of ed and edst —ed, participial, and n, verbal, WALK. on the contrac. of —Termination t, for ed, forced and irreg.
Terms of relation, see Relation. Tetrameter line, iambic, examples
of
—a favorite with many Eng. writers; BUTL. Hudib., GAY'S Fab., and most
of SCOTT'S poems, writt. in couplets of this meas.
—admits the doub. rhyme adapted to familiar and burlesque style
—trochaic, examples of
—character of do.
—EVERETT'S fanciful notions about do.
—anapestic, examples of
—L. HUNT'S "Feast of the Poets," an extended examp. of do.
—dactylic, examples of
Than, as, with ellips. in latter term of comparison —character and import of —declinable words connected by, put in same case —Than WHOM, as Gr. genitive governed by comparat., MILT. —what grammarians have inferred from the phrase —MURR. expedient to dispose of do. —CHURCH. makes the rel. in do. "the obj. case absol.," —BROWN determines with respect to the construc. —Than, as demanded after else, other, &c., and Eng. comparatives —derivation of, from Goth. or Anglo-Sax.
That, its class determined
—its various uses
—as REL. PRONOUN, to what applied
—as used in anomalous construc.,
—its peculiarity of construc. as a relative
—its especial use as the restrictive relative
—the frequent employment of, by Addison, wrongly criticised by BLAIR
—as a relative, in what cases more appropriate than who or which
—That, ellipt., repeating the import of the preceding words, ("And
THAT,"
—[Greek: kai tauta],)
—That, in the phrases in that, &c., how to be reckoned
—That, as introducing a dependent clause, how to be ranked
—as introducing a sent. made the subj. or obj. of a finite verb
—its power at the head of a sent. or clause
—its derivation
The, before the species, what may denote —how commonly limits the sense —applied to nouns of either numb. —before what adjectives, required —distinctive use of ("The Psalmist") —as relating to comparatives and superlatives —used for poss. pron. —repetition of, how avoided —derivation of, from Sax. —pronunc. of e in. See also Definite Article.
Them, in vulg. use as an adj., for those
Thence, &c., with from prefixed, whether allowable
There, introductory and idiomatic, notions of grammarians concerning; its posit. and use; is a regular adv. of place, and not "without signification," —derivation of, from Anglo-Sax. —poet. omission of
They, put indefinitely for men or people
This and that, as explained by CHURCH. —placed before conjoint singulars, ("THIS POWER AND WILL do," &c.,) —in contrasted terms
Three stars, or asterism, use of
Time, the order and fitness of, to be observed in constructions
expressing it
—nouns of, with adv. WHEN, as a special relative, following Time,
measure, or weight, part made possessive of the whole, ("An
HOUR'S time")
—noun of, not poss., immediately before an other, ("A POUND
WEIGHT,") Time, place, &c., the obj. case in expressions of, taken
after the fashion of an adv. Time, measure, distance, or value,
nouns of, their peculiarity of construc.; the parsing of Time, obj.
noun of, qualifying a subsequent adj., ("A child OF ten years
OLD,") Four times, five times, &c., how to be reckoned. TIMES,
before an other noun, by way of MULTIPLICATION, the nature and
construc. of, discussed; decision. Times, in what construc. may be
called the objective of repetition, or of time repeated. Time
in pronunciation, or quantity
Titles, of books, are printed in capitals
—of office, &c., begin with do.
—merely mentioned as such, are without art.
—Name and TITLE, (see Proper Names.) Side-titles, use of dash
in application to
Tmesis, explained
To, as governing infin. mood
—do., variously explained by grammarians
—is a sign of inf., but not a part of it
—what BROWN claims for his RULE respecting the infin. as gov. by the
prep. TO, &c.; he shows that the doctrine originated not with
himself
—TO and the verb, what FISHER (anno 1800) taught respecting; what,
LOWTH, and what, absurdly, MURR., his copyist
—To, as governing infin., traced from the Sax. to the Eng. of
WICKL.,
—To, before infin., evasive teachings of the later grammarians
concerning its class and construc.
—do., how considered by most Eng. grammarians
—do., how proved to be a prep.
—do., preceded by for, anc.
—after what verbs, omitted,
—whether to be repeated before infinitives in the same construe.
—sometimes required, and sometimes excluded, after than or as
—whether it may be separated from its verb by an adv.; is placed
more elegantly AFTER an adv., ("PROPERLY TO respect,")
—in what cases has no prop, antec. term of relat.
—To suppressed and be inserted after MAKE, whether correctly
—To, prep, or adv., from Anglo-Sax.
—To, as prefix to noun, (to-day, to-night, to-morrow,).
Tones of the voice, what; why deserving of j particular attention —what denominated by SHERID.; what should be their character —BLAIR'S remark on; HIL. do. —Tones of the passions, WALK, observation on.
Topics, different, to be treated in separate paragraphs, PREC. of Unity.
Transposition, of the terms of relat., when a preposition begins or ends a sentence or clause —rhetorical, of words, or hyperbaton.
Tribrach, defined.
Trimeter line, iambic, the measure seldom used alone; examples of,
—and do., with diversifications
—trochaic, examples of
—anapestic, examples of
—alternated with the tetram., examp., "The Rose," of COWP.; the same
scanned
—dactylic, examples of. Triphthong, defined
—proper, do., the only, in Eng.
—improp., do.; and the improp. triphthongs named.