The volume surveys later Greek thought, offering a close account of Stoicism—its origins, materialist determinism, physics and logic, ethical doctrines and paradoxes, theories of cognition and the passions, and contributions such as conscience, individualised duty, and cosmopolitan humanity—and then traces the reception of Greek ideas in the Renaissance and modern period, examining Plato and Aristotle’s changing influence and their impact on Bacon, Copernican and atomist revivals, Descartes’ dualism, Hobbes and Spinoza, and the roles of scepticism, teleology, and emerging utilitarian and scientific methods in shaping modern metaphysics and ethics.