The Gunner's Examiner

Q. How are the components of the wind in the direction of the line of fire and in a lateral direction determined? (See Fig. 74.)

A. First: Set the arrow on the disc to read the azimuth of the wind. (This is done automatically.)

Second: Set the little lever-arm at the azimuth of the line of fire.

Third: At the point on the lever-arm reading the velocity of the wind as determined by the anemometer, run the finger or a pencil along the nearest line toward the arrow, and where this line cuts the arrow is read the longitudinal component or the component in the direction of the line of fire.

Q. How are the wind components determined by the "new method"?

A. 1^o target-pointer to velocity of wind on target-arm.

2^o Set ring to azimuth of wind.

3^o Set target-arm to azimuth of gun.

4^o Components are now read on the dial from the point indicated
by the target-pointer. (See Fig. 75.)

Fourth: From this same point on the little lever-arm run a pencil along the nearest line parallel to the arrow, and where it intersects the diameter of the disc perpendicular to the arrow is read the component in the direction of deflection or the lateral component.

Q. What is a difference chart?

A. One that determines the differences in azimuth and range between the directing-gun and the gun for which it is constructed. It consists of a board having drawn on it circles of different diameters, which are the azimuth difference circles (the amounts being written on each circle). (See Fig. 77.)

Q. How is it used?

A. First: Set the range-arm on the given azimuth.

Second: Run the finger to the given range on the range-arm.

Third: The azimuth difference is read on the nearest circle that cuts the point where the finger last rests, and the range difference is read on the scale in red ink along the azimuth circle of the board. (See Fig. 77.)

Q. What is meant by muzzle velocity?

A. The number of feet per second a projectile is moving at the time it leaves the muzzle of the gun. It is also called Initial Velocity.

Q. From the following gun commanders' range-scale find the time of flight, sight elevation, and quadrant elevation for 4120 yards range.

A. 6-1/5 seconds, about; 1° 1' minus (depression); 4° 18' plus (elevation).

The Atmosphere-board.

Q. Describe the atmosphere-board.

A. This is merely a graphic table by means of which the reference-numbers to be recorded on the atmosphere-aeroscope indicator can be determined from the readings of the barometer and thermometer. The arguments are barometer and thermometer readings, and the reference-numbers are indicated by diagonal lines. The thermometer axis is horizontal and the barometer axis is vertical. To increase the ease and rapidity of reading the barometer scale is graduated on a movable T square.

The method of construction is shown in Fig. 79.

Operation.—Set the T square for the thermometer reading and note the diagonal line which intersects the fiducial edge of the T square the nearest to the barometer reading. The atmosphere dial is graduated to ½ per cent. The reading of the board should be taken to the nearest half reference-number.

SPECIAL APPARATUS FOR MORTARS.

Q. Point to the following parts of the Mortar Gun-arm:

Movable gun-arm.
Yards range.
Overlap.
Elevations.
Time of flight.
Zones.

A. See Fig. 80.

SET-FORWARD RULER.

Q. Describe the set-forward ruler and explain its use.

A. First find the travel in yards per minute. Set the pointer (a) on the slide (b) at the number of yards on the scale of "yards travel per minute (c)." Then on gun-arm get time of flight for that point. The "set-forward point" will be the reading opposite time of flight on the scale of "yards travel during time of flight +1 minute (d)." (See Fig. 81.)

Example.—After taking four observations on a target we find that in one minute's time it has traveled 200 yards. Set the pointer (a) at 200 yards on the scale (c). On the gun-arm we see that the time of flight for this point is sixty seconds. Therefore our set-forward point is 400 yards, as this is the reading exactly opposite the time of flight on scale (d). (See Fig. 81.)

Q. Describe and explain the use of the prediction scale.

A. The prediction scale is graduated in the same manner as the gun-arm (1" = 300 yards), and is used for finding the predicted point. After having marked four points on the board, showing the course of the target, place the prediction scale so that zero (0) is on the last point, or reading, and then mark off as many yards in advance of the last point as the first reads from zero. This point is known as the predicted point, and is used by the range officer only. As soon as the predicted point is found he sets his azimuth instrument at the given azimuth and when the target crosses the vertical wire in the instrument, he gives the signal "Fire." (See Fig. 82.)

DEFLECTION SCALE.

Q. Describe the deflection scale and explain its use.

A. The deflection scale is used to determine azimuth corrections for mortars. After the "set-forward point" has been obtained, the plotter sets the gun-arm on it and by means of the indicator determines the zone, range, and elevation of the target. The operator reads the straight azimuth from the gun-azimuth scale and gets the zone and elevation from the plotter. He then sets the elevation scale-pointer at the given elevation, turns crank moving small azimuth pointer to the azimuth he obtained from gun-arm scale; then by referring to the large azimuth scale-pointer he reads the corrected gun-azimuth, which he sends to the pits together with zone and elevation. Should it become necessary to make a correction for drift, turn the deflection-scale knob, either to right or left, as the case may be, as 3 = normal. (See Fig. 83.)

Note.—This apparatus depends upon the fact that the drift is the same for the same elevation in every zone except the eighth. In this zone the instrument cannot be used as now constructed.

WARSHIPS.

Q. State the general appearance, average length, beam, draft, speed, tonnage, thickness of belt and deck armor of battleships, armored cruisers, protected cruisers, torpedo-boat destroyers, and torpedo boats.

A. See Table "A."

Q. Point from Figs. 84 and 85 the following:

Sloop.
Schooner.
Ship.
Bark.
Barkentine.
Brig.
Brigantine.
Steam yacht.
Revenue cutter.
Gunboat.
Protected cruiser.
Armored cruiser.
Battleship.
Torpedo-boat destroyer.
Torpedo boat.
Submarine.
Monitor.

Q. What vessels are unarmored?

A. Gunboats, torpedo-boats and destroyers.

Q. What is the best part of a ship to attack at long range?

A. The decks.

Q. What part should rapid-fire guns attack at short range?

A. Sides, ends, and small turrets, and guns protected only with shields. These rules, however, may vary with height of battery, form of attack, and class of ships attacking.

Q. How are ships of the U. S. Navy distinguished, knowing their names? (See Fig. 86.)

A. Battle-ships are generally named after States (except the Kearsarge), cruisers after large cities, gunboats after historical cities as a rule, coast-defense monitors have Indian names, torpedo-boats and torpedo-boat destroyers are named after heroes of wars. (The above rules have a few exceptions.)

Q. From the silhouettes on Fig. 86, Ships of the U. S. Navy, find a battle-ship, a high-speed cruiser, a gunboat, a coast-defense monitor.

Signal
Number.      Name.

  1 Katahdin
  2 Wilmington (2B Helena)
  3 Terror
  4 Amphitrite
  5 Miantonomoh
  6 Monterey
  7 Puritan
  8 Monadnock
  9 Vesuvius
10 Buffalo
11 Castine (11B Machias)
12 Marietta (12B Wheeling)
13 Bancroft
14 Bennington (14B Concord, 14C Yorktown)
15 Isla de Cuba (15B Isla de Luzon)
16 Texas
17 Annapolis (17B Newport, 17C Princeton, 17D Vicksburg)
18 Dolphin
19 Petrel (19B Don Juan d'Austria)
20 Alabama (20B Illinois, 20C Wisconsin)
21 Iowa
22 Indiana (22B Massachusetts, 22C Oregon)
23 Nashville
24 Chattanooga (24B Cleveland, 24C Denver, 24D Des Moines,
    24F Galveston, 24G Tacoma)
25 Marblehead (25B Detroit, 25C Montgomery)
26 Philadelphia
27 Minneapolis
28 Raleigh
30 Chicago
31 Newark (31B San Francisco)
32 Atlanta (32B Boston)
33 Kearsarge (33B Kentucky)
34 Baltimore
35 Albany
36 New Orleans
37 New York
38 Brooklyn
39 Columbia

A. Signal numbers 20, 30, 23, 6.

Q. Find from Figs. 86 to 93 inclusive, a battle-ship, cruiser, monitor, and gunboat of the navies of Germany, France, England, Japan, and Russia.

Q. What thickness of Krupp cemented armor will a six-inch gun penetrate at 5000 yards? An eight-inch gun? A ten-inch gun? A twelve-inch gun, model 1895? A twelve-inch, model 1900?

A. Six-inch penetrates 3 inches; eight-inch, 5 inches; ten-inch, 7 inches; twelve-inch '95, 10 inches; twelve-inch 1900, 12 inches. (See Armor-attack Sheet, Fig. 87.)

Signal      Name.
Number.

  1 Khrabry
  2 Grosiastchy (2B Otvajny, 2C Gremiastchy)
  3 Abrek
  4 Possadnik class
  5 Bobr
  6 Giliak
  7 Peter Veliky
  8 Nachimoff
  9 Spiridoff (9B Greig, 9C Lazareff, 9D Tchitchagoff)
10 Mandjur (10B Tchernomoretz, 10C Zapororozets, 10D Donetz)
11 Koreitz
12 Koubanetz (12B Uraletz, 12C Teretz)
13 Pamiat Merkuria (Euxine)
14 Strelok (class in order named)
15 Ekaterina II (15B Tchesma) (Euxine)
16 Sinop (16B Georgi Pobiedonosetz) (Euxine)
17 Lieut. Ilyin (Euxine)
18 Kapitän Saken (Euxine)
19 Dvenadsat Apostolof (Euxine)
20 Sissoi Veliky
21 Rostislav (Euxine)
22 Tri Svititelia (22B K. P. Tavritchesky) (Euxine)
23 Apraksin (23B Oushakoff, 23C Senyavin)
24 Poltava (24b Petropavlovsk, 24C Sevastopol)
25 Alexander II (25B Nikolai I)
26 Rynda (26B G. Edinburgski, 26C General Admiral, 26D Minin)
27 Rurik
28 Viestnik class
29 Korniloff
30 Vladimir Monomakh
31 Dmitri Donskoi
32 Navarin (twin funnels)
33 Svietiana
34 Bogatyr
35 Pallada (35B Aurora, 35C Diana)
36 Novik
37 Peresviet (37B Osliabia)
38 Pobieda
39 Retvisan
41 Variag
42 Bayan
43 Gromovoi (43B Rossia)
44 Askold

Note.—Some of these ships have been destroyed by the Japanese.

Signal      Name.
Number.

  1 Biene class
  2 Bremse (2B Brummer)
  3 Jagd (3B Wacht)
  4 Siegfried class
  5 Odin
  6 Baiern (6B Baden, 6C Sachsen, 6D Würtemburg)
  7 Hela
  8 See Adler class
  9 Geier
10 Buzzard, Falke, etc.
11 Meteor (11B Comet)
12 Oldenburg
13 Jaguaur (13B Iltis)
14 Tiger (14B Luchs)
15 Blitz (15B Pfeil)
16 Gazelle (16B Nymphe, 16C Niobe, 14D Ariadne, 16F Medusa,
    16G Thetis, 16H Niobe)
17 Hagen (and others as reconstructed)
18 Aegir
19 Irene (19B Prinzess Wilhelm)
20 Kaiser Friedrich III
21 Kaiser Wilhelm II (21B K. Wilhelm der Grosse, 21C Barbarossa,
    21D Karl der Grosse)
21f Wittelsbach class
22 Fürst Bismark
22b Prinz Heinrich
23 Brandenburg (23B Worth, 23c Weissembourg,
    23D K. Friedrich Wilhelm)
24 Deutschland
25 Kaiser (25B K. Wilhelm)
26 Greif
27 Gefion
28 K. Augusta
29 Hertha (29B Hansa, 29C Vineta, 29D Freya, 29F Victoria Luise)

Signal      Name.
Number.

  1 Onandaga
  2 Acheron (2B Cocyte, 2C Phlegeton, 2D Styx)
  3 Flamme (3b Grenade)
  4 Tonnant
  5 Tréhouart
  6 Tempête (6B Vengeur)
  7 Fulminant
  8 Tonnere
  9 Furieux
10 Dragonne
11 Leger (11B Levrier)
12 Fusée (12B Mitraille)
13 Magenta
14 Formidable
15 Vauban
16 Duguesclin
17 Friedland
18 Baudin
19 Marceau
20 Neptune
21 Redoutable
22 Bombe (22B Coulverine, 22C Dague, 22D Fleche,
    22F S. Barbe, 22G Lance, 22H Salve)
23 Wattignies (23B Fleurus, 23C Epervier, 23D Condor, 23F Vautour;
    some of these liable to be without main mast)
24 Terrible (Requin transformé probably 24B)
25 Indomptable
26 Caïman
27 Hoche
28 Courbet
28b Dévastation
29 Duperré
30 Jémappes (30B Valmy)
31 Bouvines
32 Dunois
33 D'Iberville
34 Casablanca (34B Cassini)
35 Forbin (35B Coetlogon)
36 Sfax
37 Jean Bart
38 Alger (38B Isly)
39 Descartes (39B Pascal)
40 Catinat (40B Protet)
41 Suchet
42 Davout
43 Linois
44 Galilée (44B Lavoisier)
45 Henri IV
46 Brennus
47 Carnot
48 Charlemagne (48B St. Louis, 48C Gaulois)
48d Jena
49 Masséna
50 Bouvet
51 Charles Martel
52 Charner (52B Chanzy, 52C Bruix, 52D Latouche Tréville)
53 Dupuy de Lôme
54 Jauréguiberry
55 Troude (55B Cosmao, 55C Lalande)
56 Milan
57 Kersaint
58 Surcouf
59 D'Estrees (59B Infernet)
60 Foudre
61 D'Assass (61B Du Chayla, 61C Cassard, 61D Friant,
    61F Chasseioup Laubat, 61G Bugceud)
62 Pothuau
63 Tage
64 D'Entrecasteaux
65 Cecille
66 Chateaurenault
67 J. de la Gravière
68 New armoured cruisers
69 Guichen
70 Jeanne d'Arc

Signal      Name.
Number.

  1 Hei Yen
  2 Sai Yen
  3 Matsushima
  4 Itsukushima (4B Hashidate)
  5 Tatsuta
  6 Tsukushi
  7 Yayeyama
  8 Maya (8B Atago, 8C Chiokai)
  9 Akagi
10 Naniwa (10B Takachiho)
11 Takao
12 Fuso
13 Toyohaschi
14 Oshima
15 Hi Yei (15B Kongo) (Kongo has no chart-house)
15C (D and F) (Katsuragi class)
16 Chiyoda
17 Miyako
18 Chihaya
19 Akashi
20 Yoshino
21 Takasago
22 Kusagi (22B Chitose)
23 Suma
24 Idzumi
25 Akitsushima
26 Chin Yen
27 Fuji (27B Yashima)
28 Asama (28B Tokiwa)
29 Asahi
29B Mikasa
30 3400-ton cruisers
31 Azuma
32 Yakumo
33 Idzumo (33B Iwate)
34 Shikishima
35 Hatsuse

Signal
Number.      Name.

  1 Polyphemus
  2 Abyssinia (2B Magdala)
  3 Glatton
  4 Cyclops (4B Gorgon, 4C Hecate)
  5 Conqueror (5B Hero)
  6 Rupert
  7 Hotspur
  8 Rattlesnake
  9 Blonde
10 Scout (10A Fearless)
11 Mersey (11B Severn, 11C Thames, 11D Forth)
12 Bramble class
13 Brisk (13B Mohawk)
14 Orion
15 Ajax (15B Agamemnon)
16 Colossus (16C Edinburgh)
17 Cockatrice or Goldfinch class
18 Nymphe (18B Buzzard, 18C Daphne, 18D Phoenix)
19 Basilisk (19B Beagle)
20 Icarus class (in order named)
21 Satellite class (in order named)
22 Archer (22C Cossack, 22D Tartar, 22F Racoon, 22G Porpoise)
23 Iron Duke class
25 Monarch
26 Trafalgar
27 Nile
28 Sanspareil
29 Barracouta (29B Blanche, 29C Barrosa)
30 Hood
31 Centurion (31B Barfleur)
32 Royal Sovereign (32B Empress of India, 32C Resolution, 32D Repulse,
    32F Ramillies, 32G Revenge, 32H Royal Oak)
33 Renown
34 Majestic (34B Magnificent, 34C Mars, 34D Prince George, 34F Jupiter,
    34G Illustrious, 34H Victorious)
35 Hannibal (35B Cæsar)
36 Imperieuse (36B Warspite)
37 Dreadnought (37B Devastation, 37C Thunderer)
38 Collingwood
39 Benbow
40 Rodney
41 Camperdown (41B Anson, 41C Howe)
42 Vulcan
43 Pallas (43B Pearl, 43C Philomel, 43D Phœbe
44 Melpomene
45 Apollo class (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z)
46 Hermione class (46B Astræa, C, D, F, G, H, K)
47 Hawke (47B Edger, 47C Endymion, 47D Grafton, 47F Theseus,
    47G St. George, 47H Gibraltar)
48 Crescent (48B Royal Arthur)
49 Sharpshooter
50 Seagull
51 Assaye class
52 Alarm class
53 Dryad class
54 Grasshopper (54B Spider)
55 Sandfly
56 Talbot
57 Pelorus class
58 Katoomba class
59 Marathon (59B Magicienne)
60 Medea (60B Medusa)
61 Temeraire
62 Blake (62B Blenheim)
64 Minerva (64B Diana, 64C Venus, 64D Juno, 64F Doris, 64G Eclipse,
    64H Dido, 64J Isis)
65 Neptune
66 Inflexible (rig shown is not yet fitted)
67 Canopus (67B Goliath, 67C Ocean, 67D Glory, 67F Albion,
    67G Vengeance)
68 Formidable (68B Implacable, 68C Irresistible, 68D London,
  68F Bulwark, 68G Venerable)
69 Hercules
70 Sultan
71 Iris
72 Arethusa (72B Amphion)
73 Mercury
74 Leander (74B Phæton)
75 Alexandra
76 Superb
77 Barham (77B Bellona)
80 Speedy
81 Arrogant (81B Furious, 81C Gladiator, 81D Vindictive)
82 Hermes (82B Highflyer, 82C Hyacinth)
86 Diadem (86B Europa, 86C Niobe, 86D Andromeda, 86H Spartiate,
    86J Amphitrite)
87 Ariadne (87B Argonaut, 87C Spartiate, 87D Amphitrite)
88 Cressy (88B Aboukir, 88C Hogue, 88D Sutlej, 88F Euryalus,
    88G Bacchante)
90 Powerful (90B Terrible)

EXAMINATION FOR TORPEDO-COMPANY GUNNERS.

SECOND-CLASS GUNNERS.

Note.—In the following series of questions and answers the new and adopted system only is included.

Q. What guns are usually assigned to torpedo companies?

A. R. F. guns, principally 3-inch.

Q. Give a rough outline of the general operation of the system of submarine mines.

A. A submarine mine is a ball-shaped iron case filled with high explosive. Several of these are planted across a channel and held below the surface of the water by heavy anchors. From each mine is run a single-core cable. All these cables join the wires of a multiple-core cable which runs to the "mining casemate." In this building are electrical devices for firing the mine either when it is struck by the enemy's ship (called "contact-firing,") or at the mine-commander's will ("observation-firing"). This firing is accomplished by sending an electric current through the cable to the mine. Inside the mine is an electric fuse. The return-circuit is by ground. (The details of electrical and engineering features and wiring are not required of a second-class gunner.)

Q. What ammunition is used in the 3-inch R. F. gun?

A. A cartridge case of solid drawn brass about 23 inches long containing a powder charge in the base of 5 pounds of smokeless and a projectile weighing 15 pounds in the top. Armor-piercing shell and shrapnel are also used. The saluting charge weight, 2 pounds.

Q. What primer is used?

A. The Frankford Arsenal 110-grain igniting. (See No. 2, Fig. 97.)

Q. Name the principal parts of this primer.

A. Body, obturating-cup, vent-closing disc, primer charge, end-closing wad. (See No. 2, Fig. 97.)

Note.—The following data is given for general information only:

Weight of the piece, 1722 pounds. Length, 154·5 inches. Length of bore, 50 calibers. Number of grooves, 24. Twist of rifling, 1 in 50 calibers at the breech and increasing to 1 in 25 at the muzzle. Kind of powder, smokeless. Weight of charge, 5 pounds. Weight of projectile, 15 pounds. Muzzle velocity, 2600 feet per second. Muzzle energy, 702·9 foot-tons. Penetration in steel, at the muzzle 5·37 inches; at 1000 yards, 3·82 inches; at 2000 yards, 2·72 inches; at 3000 yards, 1·94 inches.

Q. Point out the following parts of the breech-block:

Block.
Carrier plate.
Carrier plate ring.
Locking spring.
Lever handle.
Threaded sectors.
Slotted sectors.
Extractor.
Firing pin.

A. See Figs. 17 and 19.

Q. What acts as the gas check?

Q. How should a 3-inch R. F. breech-block be cared for—kind of oil, etc.

A. Same as for any other heavy gun. (See first part of book.)

Q. Describe how the extractor and firing pin work.

A. (This will have to be done at the gun.)

Q. Describe the action of the lever handle.

A. (Do this at the gun.)

Q. Point out the following parts of the gun and mount (masking parapet mount):

Outer base.
Inner base.
Counterweights.
Recoil-cylinder.
Piston-rod.
Pivot.
Pivot yoke.
Trunnions.
Traversing clamp.
Elevating clamp.
Range drum.
Cradle.
Elevating gear.
Sight.
Night Sights.
Ratchet lever.
Lever pawl.
Ratchet-wheel pawl.
Pivot socket and clamp.
Shield.
Muzzle.
Breech.
Bore.
Chamber.

A. See Figs. 17 and 19.

Q. How are rapid-fire guns cared for and kept in working order?

A. Same as the 12", 10", 8", 6", etc. (Given under heading for second-class gunners, Gun-companies.)

Q. How many men constitute a gun detachment for the 3-inch R. F. gun (masking parapet mount) and give the posts of each?

A. Chief of detachment, gun-pointer, and 5 men.

POSTS.

Chief of detachment, 2 yards to the right of the carriage, facing it.

Gun-pointer, immediately in rear of the shoulder piece, facing to the front.

No. 1, 2 feet to the right and rear of the breech facing it.

No. 2, 2 feet to the left and rear of the breech facing it.

No. 3, on the right of the gun, near the elevating clamp, facing to the front.

No. 4, 3 feet in rear of the breech facing it.

No. 5, near the ammunition recess, facing the gun.

The posts of the gun detachment as given above are for inspection and preparatory to the service of the gun.

The men resume their posts on the completion of any duty requiring them elsewhere.

The chief of detachment and gun-pointer go wherever their presence is necessary.

Q. Give the duties of the gun commander, chief of detachment, and gun-pointer.

A. The gun commander indicates the target, repeats the commands "Commence firing" and "Cease firing," announces the kind of projectile to be used, the order of fire, and, in restricted fire, the number of shots and the firing interval. He is responsible to the battery commander for the condition of the material and the efficiency of the personnel of his command, sees that the guns, magazines, equipments, and implements are properly secured after the day's drill.

The chief of detachment is responsible that the gunner identifies the target. He is particularly charged with seeing that his piece is properly loaded and that the precautions for safety in case of misfires are carried out. At the command "Cease firing" he will cause the breech to be opened.

The gun-pointer is responsible for the proper regulation of the current for the lights of the night sights. He adjusts the sight in its seat and sets the elevation and the deflection scales for the indicated range and deflection. He aims the gun and fires as soon after the command "Ready" as the piece is aimed. He will observe the splash of his shots if possible and when necessary make the proper correction on his sight. In connection with the gun commander he determines the deflection correction for travel of target, using the deflection scale for the purpose.

Q. Give the duties of the members of the detachment for loading and firing.

A. The chief of detachment indicates the target and range and commands: 1. No. —, 2. With (such projectile), 3. Commence firing (or, so many rounds, commence firing).

He repeats the command cease firing.

After the first round the projectile is named only when a different kind is ordered and the gun is loaded without command immediately after it is fired.

The gun-pointer, when the gun has the proper elevation, commands and signals clamp. He fires by lanyard and in simulated firing calls out fire when he pulls the lanyard, as a signal to load.

No. 1 opens the breech, closes it as soon as the cartridge is inserted, and calls out ready as soon as he is clear of the recoil.

(If there is any difficulty in opening or closing the breech, he examines the threads of the breech-block, wipes off any dirt found, and oils the mechanism.)

No. 2 receives a round of ammunition from No. 5 and inserts it in the chamber.

(If there is difficulty in opening or closing the breech, he examines the threads of the breech recess, wipes off any dirt found, and oils the threads if they become dry.)

No. 3 clamps the gun in elevation at the gun-pointer's command and unclamps immediately after the gun is fired.

No. 4 receives the empty cartridge case as it is ejected and lays it aside.

No. 5 brings a round of ammunition of the designated kind from the recess and passes it to No. 2.

MATERIAL AND DUTIES OF THE LOADING-ROOM.