The handbook of soap manufacture

	1904.	1905.	1906.
	£	£	£
To Germany	5,051	6,322	6,620
Belgium	3,730	3,265	3,355
France	7,903	8,988	9,324
Portuguese East Africa	2,215	3,973	4,658
Egypt	2,302	3,350	3,525
China (exclusive of Hong-Kong and Macao)	3,096	3,115	3,645
Japan (including Formosa)	3,300	4,649	3,382
United States	50,043	50,668	52,124
Brazil	1,879	2,241	2,292
Other Foreign Countries	22,002	26,081	29,214
Total to Foreign Countries	101,521	112,652	118,139
To Cape of Good Hope	14,094	14,815	14,988
Natal	8,897	11,913	7,280
British India—
Bombay (including Kurachi)	24,665	24,672	28,316
Madras	4,333	5,851	6,624
Bengal, Eastern Bengal and Assam	14,129	16,021	15,969
Burmah	3,299	3,400	4,667
Straits Settlements and Dependencies	3,590	5,092	4,798
Ceylon and Dependencies	12,210	11,118	12,854
Australia—
Western Australia	1,549	1,394	1,137
South Australia, (including Northern Territory)	895	644	637
Victoria	11,989	13,614	12,774
New South Wales	3,920	4,278	4,139
Queensland	957	1,097	1,108
Tasmania	482	315	547
New Zealand	5,093	4,498	5,503
Canada	6,382	6,196	8,185
Other British Possessions	11,069	10,855	13,521
Total to British Possessions	127,053	135,773	143,047
Total	228,574	248,425	261,186

The following statistics extracted from official consular reports, etc., show the extent of the soap industry in other parts of the world.

United States.—According to the Oil, Paint and Drug Report the total production of soap in the United States during 1905, exclusive of soap products to the value of $1,437,118 made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products, reached a value of $68,274,700, made up in the following manner:—

	Quantity.	Value.
	Lbs.	$
Hard soaps	...	56,878,486
Tallow soap	846,753,798	32,610,850
Olein soap	29,363,376	1,363,636
Foots soap	85,000,133	3,090,312
Toilet soaps, including medicated, shaving, and other special soaps	130,225,417	9,607,276
Powdered soaps, sold as such	120,624,968	4,358,682
All other soaps	143,390,957	6,097,670
Soft soap	33,613,416	667,064
Special soap articles	...	554,881

France.—This country exported common soap during 1906 to the value of £556,000, or £8,000 more than in 1905.

The chief centre of the soap industry is Marseilles, which, with about fifty soap factories, produces annually some 3,000,000 cwts.

Germany imported in 1905 soap and perfumery to the value of £3,032, that exported amounting to £15,364.

In Saxony there are eighty soap factories.

Russia.—There are fifty large soap factories in Russia, the annual output from which is about 2,250,000 cwt.

Roumania.—This country possesses about 230 small and eighteen large soap and candle factories, most of which produce only common soap, there being only one firm—in Bucharest—which makes milled soaps.

Denmark.—In this country there are some 200 small soap factories.

Australia.—According to a Board of Trade report, there were ninety-eight soap and candle factories in Australia in 1905, employing 1,568 hands, and producing 495,036 cwt. of soap.

Queensland.—In 1905 this country contained twenty-one soap and candle works, in which 142 hands were employed, and having an output valued at £86,324.

Hong-Kong.—There are about twenty-four soap factories on this island.

Japan.—A Swiss consular report states that in Japan there are now some fifty soap works, producing about 15,000,000 tablets monthly.

Fiji Islands.—These possess only one soap factory, the output from which is 9 cwt. daily.

The following table, compiled from various consular and other official returns, shows the quantity and value of soap imported into different countries and places during the years 1905-7:—

	Household.		Toilet.		Total.
Place and Date.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.
Europe—
Cyprus, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£9,983
Iceland, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£6,423
Switzerland, 1906	...	...	...	...	1,702,800 kilos.	...
Turkey	...	...	...	...	About 1,800,000 lb. per annum	...
Africa—
Algeria, 1906	13,609 tons	£228,640	...	...	...	...
Cape Colony, 1906	15,897,800 lb.	£145,000	427,600 lb.	...	...	...
Gold Coast, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£23,987
Lourenço, Marques, 1906	357,638 lb.	£4,293	36,000 lb.	£2,195	...	...
Natal, 1906	4,263,000 lb.	...	9,870 lb.	...	...	...
Orange River Colony, 1906	2,382,000 lb.	£23,000	1,748 lb.	...	...	...
Pemba, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£1,092
Rhodesia, 1906	257,600 lb.	...	2,909 lb.	...	...	...
Southern Nigeria, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£11,990
Tangier	...	...	...	...	...	£4,554
Transvaal, 1906	4,407,000 lb.	£81,000	202,200 lb.	...	...	...
Tripoli, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£6,080
Tunis, 1906	...	...	...	...	1,539 tons	£23,727
Zanzibar, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£6,102
America—
Bahia, 1906	...	...	...	...	1,031 tons	606,046 milreis
Brazil, 1906	...	...	...	...	1,782 tons from U.K.	...
British Guiana, 1906-7	...	...	...	...	...	£13,733
Canada, 1906-7	...	...	...	...	...	$600,999
Columbia, 1906—
Cartagena	...	...	...	...	65,991 tons	...
Barranquilla	...	...	...	...	814,671 lb.	$14,712
Costa Rica, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£1,269 from U.K.
Ecuador, 1904	...	...	...	...	759,034 kilos.	...
Granada, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£3,867
Guatemala, 1906	...	£900	...	...	...	...
Martinique, 1906	693,269 kilos.	£6,955	...	...	...	...
Mexico, 1905-6	...	£5,982	...	...	...	...
San Domingo, 1906	...	...	...	...	754,587 lb.	...
St. Vincent, 1905-6	...	...	...	...	...	£1,375
Surinam, 1906	...	£3,905	1,142 tons	...	...	...
Trinidad, 1906-7	...	...	...	...	...	£29,967
United States, 1905	...	$399,797	...	$1,071,446	...	$1,471,243
Asia--
Ceylon, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	423,700 rupees
China, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£216,042
Hangchow, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£5,888
India, 1906-7	...	...	...	...	183,998 cwts.	£215,210
Kiungchow, 1905	...	£575	...	...	...	...
Shanghai, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£93,256
Smyrna, 1906	...	...	...	...	261 tons	...
Australasia--
Australia, 1906	...	...	891,117 lb.	£65,840	...	...
Fiji, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£1,760
New Zealand, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£36,843
Philippine Islands, 1905	...	...	...	...	...	£9,137

Exports.

	Household.		Toilet.		Total
Place and Date	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value
Europe--
Candia, Crete, 1906	...	...	...	...	2,200 tons.	£34,000
Greece	...	...	...	...	...	About 500,000 Fr. per annum.
Italy, 1907	3,992,800 kilos.	£95,840	...	...	...	...
Leghorn, 1906	...	...	...	...	1,521 tons.	£37,065
Spain, 1905	4,750,996 kilos.	£98,840	...	...	...	...
Switzerland, 1906	...	...	...	...	77,300 kilos.	...
Africa--
Cape Colony, 1906	200 lb.	...	...	...	...	...
Natal, 1906	75,225 lb.	...	...	...	...	...
Seychelles, 1906	...	...	...	...	419,329 kilos.	129,590 Rs.
America--
New Orleans, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£55,534
Perambuco, 1906	...	...	...	...	3,582 tons.	1,087,797,150 rei.
United States, 1905	44,110,949 lb.	...	...	$1,042,185	...	...
Asia--
Japan, 1906	...	...	...	...	...	£83,877
Smyrna, 1906	...	...	...	...	322 tons.	...

FOOTNOTES:

[13] Including soap powder and soap stock.

[14] Including soap powder and soap stock.

APPENDIX A.

COMPARISON OF DEGREES, TWADDELL AND BAUMÉ, WITH ACTUAL DENSITIES.

Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.
0	0	1.000	44	26.0	1.220	88	44.1	1.440	131	57.1	1.655
1	0.7	1.005	45	26.4	1.225	89	44.4	1.445	132	57.4	1.660
2	1.4	1.010	46	26.9	1.230	90	44.8	1.450	133	57.7	1.665
3	2.1	1.015	47	27.4	1.235	91	45.1	1.455	134	57.9	1.670
4	2.7	1.020	48	27.9	1.240	92	45.4	1.460	135	58.2	1.675
5	3.4	1.025	49	28.4	1.245	93	45.8	1.465	136	58.4	1.680
6	4.1	1.030	50	28.8	1.250	94	46.1	1.470	137	58.7	1.685
7	4.7	1.035	51	29.3	1.255	95	46.4	1.475	138	58.9	1.690
8	5.4	1.040	52	29.7	1.260	96	46.8	1.480	139	59.2	1.695
9	6.0	1.045	53	30.2	1.265	97	47.1	1.485	140	59.5	1.700
10	6.7	1.050	54	30.6	1.270	98	47.4	1.490	141	59.7	1.705
11	7.4	1.055	55	31.1	1.275	99	47.8	1.495	142	60.0	1.710
12	8.0	1.060	56	31.5	1.280	100	48.1	1.500	143	60.2	1.715
13	8.7	1.065	57	32.0	1.285	101	48.4	1.505	144	60.4	1.720
14	9.4	1.070	58	32.4	1.290	102	48.7	1.510	145	60.6	1.725
15	10.0	1.075	59	32.8	1.295	103	49.0	1.515	146	60.9	1.730
16	10.6	1.080	60	33.3	1.300	104	49.4	1.520	147	61.1	1.735
17	11.2	1.085	61	33.7	1.305	105	49.7	1.525	148	61.4	1.740
18	11.9	1.090	62	34.2	1.310	106	50.0	1.530	149	61.6	1.745
19	12.4	1.095	63	34.6	1.315	107	50.3	1.535	150	61.8	1.750
20	13.0	1.100	64	35.0	1.320	108	50.6	1.540	151	62.1	1.755
21	13.6	1.105	65	35.4	1.325	109	50.9	1.545	152	62.3	1.760
22	14.2	1.110	66	35.8	1.330	110	51.2	1.550	153	62.5	1.765
23	14.9	1.115	67	36.2	1.335	111	51.5	1.555	154	62.8	1.770
24	15.4	1.120	68	36.6	1.340	112	51.8	1.560	155	63.0	1.775
25	16.0	1.125	69	37.0	1.345	113	52.1	1.565	156	63.2	1.780
26	16.5	1.130	70	37.4	1.350	114	52.4	1.570	157	63.5	1.785
27	17.1	1.135	71	37.8	1.355	115	52.7	1.575	158	63.7	1.790
28	17.7	1.140	72	38.2	1.360	116	53.0	1.580	159	64.0	1.795
29	18.3	1.145	73	38.6	1.365	117	53.3	1.585	160	64.2	1.800
30	18.8	1.150	74	39.0	1.370	118	53.6	1.590	161	64.4	1.805
31	19.3	1.155	75	39.4	1.375	119	53.9	1.595	162	64.6	1.810
32	19.8	1.160	76	39.8	1.380	120	54.1	1.600	163	64.8	1.815
33	20.3	1.165	77	40.1	1.385	121	54.4	1.605	164	65.0	1.820
34	20.9	1.170	78	40.5	1.390	122	54.7	1.610	165	65.2	1.825
35	21.4	1.175	79	40.8	1.395	123	55.0	1.615	166	65.5	1.830
36	22.0	1.180	80	41.2	1.400	124	55.2	1.620	167	65.7	1.835
37	22.5	1.185	81	41.6	1.405	125	55.5	1.625	168	65.9	1.840
38	23.0	1.190	82	42.0	1.410	126	55.8	1.630	169	66.1	1.845
39	23.5	1.195	83	42.3	1.415	127	56.0	1.635	170	66.3	1.850
40	24.0	1.200	84	42.7	1.420	128	56.3	1.640	171	66.5	1.855
41	24.5	1.205	85	43.1	1.425	129	56.6	1.645	172	66.7	1.860
42	25.0	1.210	86	43.4	1.430	130	56.9	1.650	173	67.0	1.865
43	25.5	1.215	87	48.8	1.435

(From The Oil and Colour Trades Journal Diary.)

APPENDIX B.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.

Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.
-40	-40	2	35.6	44	111.2	86	186.8
39	38.2	3	87.4	45	113	87	188.6
38	36.4	4	39.2	46	114.8	88	190.4
37	34.6	5	41	47	116.6	89	192.2
36	32.8	6	42.8	48	118.4	90	194
35	31	7	44.6	49	120.2	91	195.8
34	29.2	8	46.4	50	122	92	197.6
33	27.4	9	48.2	51	123.8	93	199.4
32	25.6	10	50	52	125.6	94	201.2
31	23.8	11	51.8	53	127.4	95	203
30	22	12	58.6	54	129.2	96	204.8
29	20.2	13	55.4	55	131	97	206.6
28	18.4	14	57.2	56	132.8	98	208.4
27	16.6	15	59	57	134.6	99	210.2
26	14.8	16	60.8	58	136.4	100	212
25	13	17	62.6	59	138.2	101	213.8
24	11.2	18	64.4	60	140	102	215.6
23	9.4	19	66.2	61	141.8	+103	+217.4
22	7.6	20	68	62	143.6	104	219.2
21	5.8	21	69.8	63	145.4	105	221
20	4	22	71.6	64	147.2	106	222.8
19	2.2	23	73.4	65	149	107	224.6
18	0.4	24	75.2	66	150.8	108	226.4
17	+1.4	25	77	67	152.6	109	228.2
16	3.2	26	78.8	+68	+154.4	+110	+230
15	5	27	80.6	69	156.2	111	231.8
14	6.8	28	82.4	70	158	112	283.6
13	8.6	29	84.2	71	159.8	113	235.4
12	10.4	30	86	72	161.6	114	237.2
11	12.2	31	87.8	73	163.4	115	239
10	14	+32	+89.6	74	165.2	+116	+240.8
9	15.8	33	91.4	75	167	117	242.6
8	17.6	34	93.2	76	168.8	118	244.4
7	19.4	35	95	77	170.6	119	246.2
6	21.2	36	96.8	78	172.4	120	248
5	23	37	98.6	79	174.2	121	249.8
4	24.8	49	100.4	80	176	+122	+251.6
3	26.6	39	102.2	81	177.8	123	253.4
2	28.4	40	104	82	179.6	124	255.2
1	30.2	41	105.8	83	181.4	125	257
0	32	42	107.6	84	183.2	126	258.8
+1	33.8	43	109.4	85	185	127	260.6

(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)

APPENDIX C.

TABLE OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC SODA.