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The Hansa Towns

Chapter 32: FOOTNOTES
By Helen Zimmern
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History - EuropeanHistory - Medieval/Middle Ages

About This Book

An account traces how northern merchant guilds coalesced into a federated league to protect and coordinate commerce across the Baltic and North Seas. It explains the League's trading system, including permanent factories and warehouses in major ports, regulatory practices, credit and currency arrangements, and the economic staples that underpinned its prosperity. The narrative describes military and diplomatic measures used to defend privileges, suppress piracy, and secure treaties with foreign powers. It also examines urban life and institutions—town councils, diets, architecture, and the social conditions of burghers. Finally, it follows the slow decline as emerging nation-states, new maritime routes, religious conflicts, and continental wars eroded the League's authority, leaving only a few surviving commercial cities.

INDEX.

  • C
  • Charles IV., 63, 73
  • Charles V., 219
  • Charles VI., 369
  • Christian II., 219
  • Christopher of Oldenburg, 251
  • Civilizing influence of traders, 24
  • Cologne, 34, 61, 95, 168, 179, 264, 309, 319, 321, 348
  • Commerce with Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, 148
  • Commerce with the Netherlands and Southern Europe, 163
  • Copenhagen, 50, 57
  • Court of St. Peter, 30, 153
  • Cromwell's Navigation Act, 256
  • E
  • Elizabeth, Queen, 336
  • Embden, 342
  • End of Hansa dominion in England, 324
  • England, 15, 16, 98, 138, 179, 286
  • England, end of dominion in, 324
  • English towns, 195
  • Epilogue, 379
  • Ethelred the Unready, 15
  • F
  • Federation, 21
  • Feodorowitch Gudenow, 161, 302
  • Fights of the Hansa, 48
  • Foreign protection, 15
  • Foreign trade, 30
  • France, 171
  • Frederick Barbarossa, 4, 35
  • Frederick (of Holstein), 225, 231, 236, 244
  • Freiburg, 38
  • J
  • Julin, 23
  • O
  • Oldenburg, Christopher of, 251
  • Organization of the League, 202
  • P
  • Payments, 103
  • Peace of Westphalia, 364, 365
  • Personal liberty in twelfth century, 35
  • Peter's Court, St., 30, 153
  • Petersen, 377
  • Portugal, 175
  • Protection, foreign, 15
  • T
  • Teutonic knights, 159, 292
  • Thirty Years' War, 215, 354
  • Tilly, 361
  • Trade guild, 11
  • Treaty of Stralsund, 67
  • Treaty of Utrecht, 185, 339, 343
  • Y
  • York, 20

FOOTNOTES

[1]ἡ θάλασσα ἁγιάζεται.

[2]Julin in Danish, Wolin in Sclavonic, Winetha in Saxon. A learned author, pointing out the community of origin of the Venetians of the Adriatic, and the Venedes or Vends of the Baltic, draws a parallel between the Venice of the Adriatic, and the Venice (Winetha) of the north. "Singular destiny," he writes, "this of the two commercial cities, which seem the issue of one trunk, that grew up at the same time in the Adriatic and the Baltic, almost under the same name, the one to arrive at the greatest splendour, enriched by the trade of the East, the other to serve as a starting-point for the commerce of the north."

[3]Under the term of Greeks, Adam, and other writers of the period, include the Russians, on account of their adhesion to the Greek form of the Catholic Church.

[4]It is worth mentioning that on the coast of Scania, once so rich in herring fishery, this industry is now almost extinct. The fish rarely come into these waters, owing perhaps to the increase of traffic in the Sound (for herrings, as is well known, dislike noise and movement and seek out quiet seas); or because the great whale fisheries of Greenland have altered their course, for whales now pursue less often than formerly the shoals of herrings that were thus forced to take refuge in the Sound; or this may be simply due to the diminution of the crustacean called Astacus harengum, on which the fish so largely feeds—the fact in any case remains.

[5]"Othello," act i. sc. 3.

[6]Some writers reckon Waldemar as the fourth of his name, counting as the third Waldemar the impostor, who for some years ruled over the land under that name. I have preferred to follow the more generally adopted reckoning.—H. Z.

[7]"Ante portas Wisby in manibus Danorum ceciderunt Gutenses."

[8]Modern, disintegrating criticism, casts doubts on this story, and tries to prove that this gate was walled up before Charles' visit, and that he did not depart by it. This objection, however, is not fully proved, and the contrary tradition so powerfully rooted, and so entirely in keeping with the spirit of the age, that I have preferred to reproduce it as characteristic, even if untrue.—H. Z.

[9]Rambaub, in his "History of Russia," says that Novgorod was founded by Slavs, but that in the ninth century a castle and fort were built there by Rurik the Norman.

[10]"Lydgate's Minor Poems," Percy Society, p. 4.

 

 

 

 

Transcriber's Note:

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved.

Page 312: formerly possibly should be formally

Page 160: Ivan II. possibly should be Ivan IV.

Footnote 1: ἡ θαλασσα ἁγιάζεται changed to ἡ θάλασσα ἁγιάζεται