The Historical Geography of Europe, Vol. I, Text

INDEX.

Aachen, crowning-place of the German kings, 189.
annexed to France, 220.
Aargau, 271.
Åbo, bishopric of, 184.
peace of, 512.
Abruzzi, the, annexed to Sicily, 396.
Abyssinian Church, 169.
Acadia; see Nova Scotia.
Acciauoli, Dukes of Athens, 417.
Achaia, League of, 40.
dependent on Rome, 41.
province of, 78.
principality of, 416, 417.
Angevin overlordship of, 418.
its dismemberment, ib.
Savoyard counts of, 283, 418.
Achaians, use of the name in the Homeric catalogue, 26.
Acre, lost and won in the Crusades, 398, 400.
fall of, 400.
Ægæan Sea, Greek colonies on its coasts, 21, 22, 32.
theme of, 150.
Ælfred, his treaty with Guthrum, 161.
Æmilia, province of, 79.
Æquians, 46.
their wars with Rome, 50.
Africa, Greek colonies in, 35.
Roman province of, 59.
New, province of, ib.
diocese of, 78, 79.
Vandal kingdom, 90.
recovered to the Empire, 104.
Saracen conquest of, 111.
Norman conquests in, 396.
Portuguese conquests in, 541.
French conquests in, 360.
South, English possessions in, 565, 566.
Agram (Zagrab), 439.
Agri Decumates, 84.
Agricola, his conquest of Britain, 69.
Agrigentum (Akragas), 48.
conquered by the Saracens, 370.
Aigina, held by Venice, 410.
Aiolian colonies in Asia, 32.
Aire, 349.
Aitolia, geographical position of, 21.
League of, 40.
its alliance with and dependence on Rome, 40, 41.
Aitolians, their place in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
Aix (Aquæ Sextiæ), Roman colony, 57.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 249, 349.
Ajaccio, birthplace of Buonaparte, 352.
Akarnania, 21, 30.
league of, 40.
Akarnanians, not in the Homeric catalogue, 26 (note).
Akerman, Peace of, 453.
Akragas; see Agrigentum.
Aktê, Argolic, 29.
Alans, origin of, 89.
their settlements in Spain, 90.
Alarcos, battle of, 533.
Alaric, king of the West-Goths, 89.
Alava, 535.
Albania, Asiatic, 99.
Albania, kings of, 420.
Turkish conquest of, 421.
revolt of, under Scanderbeg, ib.
Albanians, their origin, 24.
their settlements in Greece, 115, 364, 366.
Albanon (Elbassan), 430.
Albigensian War, 335.
Albi, ecclesiastical province of, 174.
under Aragon, 335.
annexed to France, ib.
Alemanni, 85, 91.
conquered by the Franks, 117.
Alemannia, Duchy of, 140.
Alessandria, 237.
ceded to Savoy, 249.
Alessio, taken by Venice, 410.
Alexander the Great, his conquests, 37.
Alexandria, greatness of, 38, 61, 77.
Patriarchate of, 168, 169.
Alexios Komnênos, his conquests in Asia Minor, 381.
Alexios Komnênos, founds the Empire of Trebizond, 386.
Alfonso VI. of Castile, Emperor, 531.
his conquests, 532.
Algarve, 533, 535.
Algarve-beyond-the-Sea, kingdom of, 541.
Algeria, character of the French conquest of, 360.
Algiers, 447.
Almohades, invade Spain, 533.
decline of, ib.
Almoravides, invade Spain, 530.
Alps, the, 43.
Alsace; see Elsass.
Amadeus VI., Count of Savoy, his Eastern expedition, 390.
Amadeus VIII., first Duke of Savoy, 281.
his title of Prince of Piedmont, 284.
Amalfi, 369.
Amastris, held by Genoa, 414.
Ambrakia, Corinthian colony, 31.
capital of Pyrrhos, 37; see Arta.
America, Spanish dominion in, 543.
use of the word, 563.
America, North, French settlements in, 352.
English and French rivalry in, 353.
Russian settlements in, 523.
first English settlements in, 559.
formation of the thirteen colonies in, 560-562.
colonies of the United Provinces and Sweden in, 561.
confederation of British North America, 564; see also United States.
Amiens, county of, added to France, 331.
to Burgundy, 340.
Amisos, held by Genoa, 414.
Amurath I., Sultan, takes Hadrianople, 445.
Anatolikon, theme of, 151.
Anchialos, 376.
Ancona (Ankôn), 47.
march of, 238.
occupied by Manuel Komnênos, 381.
Andalusia, origin of the name, 90.
Andorra, French protectorate of, 343, 537.
Andraszovo, Peace of, 506.
Angles, their settlements in Britain, 97.
Angora, battle of, 445.
Anhalt, principality of, 226.
Ani, annexed to the Eastern Empire, 379.
taken by the Turks, ib.
Anjou, county of, 142.
united to Touraine, 330.
to Maine and England, 332.
annexed by Philip Augustus, 333.
Anjou, House of, its growth, 332, 333.
its overlordship in Peloponnêsos, 418.
Ankôn; see Ancona.
Anne of Britanny, effects of her marriages, 341.
Antilles, French colonies in, 353.
Antioch, greatness of, 61, 77.
taken by Chosroes, 109.
patriarchate of, 168, 169.
restored to the Eastern Empire, 379.
taken by the Turks, 380.
recovered by the Empire, 381.
its later captures, 399.
Antiochos the Great, his war with Rome, 38, 41, 64.
Antivari, Servian, 406.
part of Montenegro, 428.
recovered by Montenegro, 429.
Aosta, bishopric of, 173.
part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 278.
its relations to Savoy, 288.
Apennines, the, 44.
Apollônia, its alliance with Rome, 40.
Appenzell, joins the Confederates, 272.
Apulia, Norman conquest of, 394.
Aquæ Sextiæ; see Aix.
Aquileia, foundation of, 55.
destroyed by Attila, 94.
Patriarchate of, 170, 171, 237, 308.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
under Austria, 255, 318.
Aquitaine, south-western division of Transalpine Gaul, 58.
its inhabitants, ib.
Frankish conquest of, 118, 120.
kingdom of, 128.
united with Neustria, 135, 339.
duchy of, 142.
extent of, 332.
united with Gascony, ib.
its union with and separation from France, ib.
united with England and Normandy, 333.
kept by England, 334.
French designs on, 337.
released from homage, 338.
its final union with France, 338, 558.
Arabia, attempted Roman conquest of, 68.
Portuguese conquests in, 541.
Arabia Petræa, Roman conquest of, 70.
Aragon, county of, 154, 155.
its position in the Mediterranean, 463.
its later history, 527.
its relations towards Navarre, 528.
formation of the kingdom, 530.
Sobrarbe joined to, 531.
united with Barcelona, ib.
advances beyond the Pyrenees and Rhone, 334, 531.
conquers the Balearic isles and Valencia, 533.
extent of in the thirteenth century, 534, 536.
united with Castile, 537.
its second advance beyond the peninsula, 538.
united with Sicily, ib.
its conquests in Sardinia, ib.
its outlying possessions compared with those of Castile, 539.
Arcadius, Emperor of the East, 81.
Archipelago, Duchy of, 413.
Argos, its place in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
its early greatness, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.
won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.
held by Venice, 410, 418.
taken by the Turks, 411.
Ariminum; see Rimini.
Arkadia, its place in the Homeric catalogue, 30.
Arles, later Roman capital of Gaul, 92.
Saracen conquest of, 112.
kingdom of, 145.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
crowning-place of the kings of Burgundy, 189.
annexed to France, 265.
Armagh, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Armenia, conquered by Trajan, 99.
given up by Hadrian, ib.
division of, 100.
conquered by Basil II., 153, 379.
Russian advance in, 521.
Armenia, Lesser, 379, 399.
acknowledges the Western Emperor, 401.
its connexion with Cyprus, ib.
end of the kingdom, ib.
Arminius, his victory over Varus, 67.
Armorica; see Britanny.
Arnulf, king of the East Franks and Emperor, 139.
Arras, Treaty of, 297.
ceded to France, 301.
Arta (Ambrakia), won by the Eastern Empire, 388, 420.
Arthur of Britanny, possible effects of the success of his claims, 333.
Artois, added to France, 331.
to the Duchy of Burgundy, 339.
its momentary annexation by Lewis XI., 340.
relieved from homage, ib.
within the Burgundian circle, 218.
French acquisitions in, 348, 349.
Aryan nations of Europe, order of their settlements, 13-15.
Asia, its geographical character, 6.
Macedonian kingdoms in, 37, 38.
Roman province of, 64.
Asia Minor, historically connected with Europe, 6.
Greek colonies in, 22, 34.
kingdoms in, 38.
Roman conquest of, 64.
Saracen ravages in, 117, 378.
Turkish conquests of, 380, 389.
Aspledôn, its place in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
Astrakhan, khanat of, 501.
conquered by Russia, 511.
Asturia, united to Cantabria, 154, 529.
grows into the kingdom of Leon, ib.
Asturias, principality of, 534.
Athamania, kingdom of, 37.
Athaulf, king of the West Goths, 89.
Athens, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
nominally independent of Rome, 41.
lordship and duchy of, 416.
Ottoman and Venetian conquests of, 417.
Atropatênê, 99.
Attabegs, their wars with the Crusaders, 400.
Attica, 21, 27.
Attila, effects of his inroads, 94.
Auch, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Augsburg, bishopric of, 216.
free city, 220.
annexed by Bavaria, 221.
Aurelian, Emperor, gives up Dacia, 70.
Australia, English settlement in, 565.
Austria, Lombard, 234.
Austria, origin and use of the name, 121, 192, 305, 321.
beginning of, 140.
mark of, 196-202, 203, 305, 307.
its position as a marchland, 267.
duchy of, 308.
annexed by Bohemia, 309.
under the Habsburgs, 310.
archduchy of, 313.
its connexion with the Western Empire, 311.
circle of, 217.
its acquisitions and divisions, 312, 315.
its union with Bohemia and Hungary, 314, 317.
its foreign possessions, 318, 319.
its rivalry with Prussia, 204.
Venice surrendered to, 252, 255.
so-called Empire of, 221, 267, 306.
changes of, during the revolutionary wars, 221-224.
its position compared with that of Prussia, 225.
loses and recovers Hungary, 323.
modern extent of, 321-324.
cedes its rights in Sleswick and Holstein, 228.
Bosnia and Herzegovina administered by, 441.
Austro-Hungary, dual system in, 323.
Autun, 93.
Auvergne, counts of, 332.
Avars, a Turanian people, 17, 365.
allied with the Lombards against the Gepidæ, 107, 113.
kingdom of, 113.
overthrown by Charles the Great, 122, 127.
Aversa, county of, 394.
Avignon, archbishopric of, 174.
taken by France, 264.
sold to the Pope, 265.
annexed to France, 265, 355.
Azof, won and lost by Russia, 449, 516.
Azores, conquered by Portugal, 541.
Babylonia, 99.
Badajoz, 533.
Baden, mark, electorate, and duchy of, 216, 220, 226.
Bahamas, the, 565.
Bajazet the Thunderbolt, Sultan, defeated by Timour, 390, 445.
his conquest of Bulgaria, 431.
extent of his dominion, 445.
Balearic Isles, conquered by Aragon, 533.
Balsa, house of, its dominion in Albania, 428.
Baltic Sea, Scandinavian and German influence on, compared, 486.
Baltic lands, general view of, 464-468.
Bamberg, bishopric of, 176, 215, 226.
Bangor, bishopric of, 182.
Bar, duchy of, united to Lorraine, 193.
annexed by France, 348.
restored to Lorraine, ib.
Barbadoes, 565.
Barcelona, county of, 320.
joined to Aragon, 531.
released from homage to France, 335, 531.
Bardulia, the original Castile, 529.
Bari, archbishopric of, 172.
won from the Saracens, 370.
Barnim, under Poland, 479.
passes to Brandenburg, 492.
Barrier Treaty, 349.
Basel, joins the Confederates, 262, 272.
Basel, bishopric of, annexed by France, 355.
restored by France, 359.
Basil II., Eastern Emperor, his conquests, 153, 379.
incorporates Serbia, 424.
Basques, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12, 13.
their independence, 90.
Batoum, annexed to Russia, 522.
Bavaria, duchy of, 140.
conquered by the Franks, 117, 118, 120.
modern use of the name, 191, 192.
electorate of, 215.
united with the Palatinate, ib.
kingdom of, 220.
extent of, 226.
Bayonne, diocese of, 179.
Belgium, kingdom of, 303.
Belgrade, taken by the Magyars, 379.
by the Turk, 438.
Peace of, 440.
Belisarius, ends the Vandal kingdom in Africa, 105.
Benevento, Lombard duchy of, 108, 147, 254.
papal possession of, 250.
Berengar, king of Italy, submits to Otto the Great, 147.
Berlin, its position, 230.
Berlin, Treaty of, 429, 450, 452.
Bern, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
its Savoyard conquests, 272, 273.
annexes Lausanne, 273.
restores lands north of the lake, ib.
Bernhard, duke of Saxony, 208.
Bernicia, kingdom of, 97, 161, 550.
Berwick, 552.
Besançon, 93.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
an Imperial city, 261.
united to France, 261, 349.
Bessarabia, annexed by Russia, 449.
Beziers, annexed by France, 335.
Bialystok, 519.
Bienne, 274.
Billungs, their mark, 198, 476.
Biscay, 535.
Bithynia, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Roman conquest of, 64.
Bleking, 470.
Blois, united to Champagne, 330.
purchased by Saint Lewis, 336.
Bodonitza, principality of, 417.
Bohemia, whether the seat of Samo’s kingdom, 473 (note).
kingdom of, 159, 199, 217, 477.
annexes Austria, 309, 315.
its union with Brandenburg, 209, 493.
its permanent union with Austria, 317, 323, 493.
sketch of its history, 477, 492, 493.
Bohuslän, ceded to Sweden, 508.
Boiôtia, 21.
legendary Thessalian settlement of, 30.
league of, 40.
dissolved, 41.
Bokhara, 522.
Boleslaf I., of Poland, his conquests, 479.
whether the first king, 479 (note).
Bologna, archbishopric of, 171.
Bona, 396.
Boniface, king of Thessalonikê, extent of his kingdom, 385, 417.
Bormio, won by Graubünden, 273.
Bornholm, 508.
Bosnia, Hungarian conquest of, 424.
won back by Stephen Dushan, 425.
origin of the kingdom, 426.
its greatest extent, 427.
Turkish conquest of, ib.
administered by Austro-Hungary, 324, 441.
Bosporos, kingdom of, 39, 64.
Boukellariôn, theme of, 151.
Boulogne, lost and won by France, 342, 347, 558.
Bourbon, Isle of, occupied by the French, 354.
taken by England but restored, 360.
Bourdeaux, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Bourges, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
viscounty of, added to France, 331.
Brabant, duchy of, 294.
united to Burgundy, 297.
Braga, 179.
Brandenburg, mark of, 199, 209, 476.
grows into modern Prussia, 202, 203, 210.
New Mark of, pledged to the Teutonic knights, 496.
its union with Bohemia, 209, 493.
united to Prussia, 204, 209, 504, 513.
Branibor, takings of, 475.
Brazil, discovery of, 542.
Empire of, ib.
Breisach, annexed by France, 347.
restored, 350.
Bremen, archbishopric of, 176, 214.
held and lost by Sweden, 509, 513.
annexed to Hannover, 208.
Bremen, city, one of the Hanse towns, 214, 220.
its independence of the Bishop, 214.
Brescia, 237.
Breslau, bishopric of, 185.
Bresse, annexed to Savoy, 263.
ceded to France, 287, 347.
Bretigny, Peace of, 337.
Brindisi, lost by Venice, 248.
Britain, use of the name, 3, 4.
early position of, 10.
Celtic settlements in, 14.
Roman conquest of, 69, 545.
diocese of, 80.
Roman troops withdrawn from, 95.
Teutonic settlements in, 15, 96.
English kingdoms in, 129.
Celtic states in, 130.
Empire of, 462, 545.
its independence of the Western Empire, 545.
two English kingdoms in, 548.
Britanny, origin of the name, 93.
duchy of, 142.
its relations to Normandy, 328, 333.
incorporated with France, 341.
Brixen, bishopric of, 217, 308.
united to Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224.
Brunswick, duchy of, 208, 227.
Brusa, Turkish conquest of, 389, 444.
Bucharest, Treaty of, 450.
Bugey, annexed to Savoy, 263.
to France, 287, 347.
Bukovina, annexed by Austria, 441.
Bulgaria, White and Black, 374, 481.
extent of, in the eighth century, 375.
under Simeon, 376.
conquered by Sviatoslaf, 377.
by John Tzimiskês, ib.
extent of, under Samuel, ib.
recovered by Basil II., 153, 378.
third kingdom of, 382, 429.
advance of, under John Asan, 430.
its decline, ib.
Cuman dynasty in, 431.
break up of, ib.
Turkish conquest of, ib.
triple partition of, by the Treaty of Berlin, 454.
Bulgarians, a Turanian people, 17, 365.
their settlements, 116, 156, 365.
compared with the Magyars and Ottomans, 365.
Buonaparte, Napoleon, his kingdom of Italy, 253, 254.
his feeling towards Switzerland, 355.
character of his conquests, 356.
his treatment of Germany and Italy, 357.
his scheme for the division of Europe, ib.
extent of France under, 358.
Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon, his annexations, 359.
Buondelmonte, house of, in Northern Epeiros, 420.
Burgos, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
Burgundians, 87.
their settlement in Gaul, 93.
Burgundy, Frankish conquest of, 118.
use of the name, 93, 192.
Burgundy, Kingdom of, 137, 144.
Trans- and Cis-jurane, 145.
chiefly annexed by France, 146, 264.
represented by Switzerland, 146, 259.
its language, 259.
importance of its acquisition by France, 343, 344.
Burgundy, County of, 218.
revolutions of, 260.
joined with the duchy, 339.
momentary annexation of, by Lewis XI., 340.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
finally annexed by France, 261, 344, 349, 539.
Burgundy, Duchy of, 142, 144.
escheat of, 339.
union of Flanders with, 292.
its growth, 339.
annexed by Lewis XI., 340.
Burgundy, Lesser, Duchy of, 260, 261.
Burgundy, circle of, 216, 218.
Butrinto, under the Angevins, 397.
commends itself to Venice, 410.
ceded to the Turk, 411.
won back by Venice, 412.
Byzantium, annexed by Vespasian, 41, 63, 68.
capital of the Eastern Empire, 33, 77.
see Constantinople.
Cæsar, Augustus, his conquests, 56, 66.
his division of Italy, 74.
Cæsar, Caius Julius, his conquests in Gaul, 57, 58.
forms the province of New Africa and restores Carthage, 59.
Cadiz, joined to Castile, 534; see Gades.
Caithness, 550.
Calabria, change of the name, 369.
Calais, English conquest of, 338, 558.
won back by France, 342, 347.
Calatrava, 533.
California, Upper, ceded by Spain to the United States, 544.
Caliphate, Eastern, extent of, 112.
division of, 113, 122, 125.
Caliphate, Western, beginning of, 113, 122, 125.
broken up, 156.
Calmar, Union of, 487.
Cambray, bishopric of, 175.
becomes an archbishopric, 177.
League of, 242.
annexed to France, 301, 349.
Camerino, march of, 238.
Campo Formio, treaty of, 252.
Canada, colonized by France, 352.
conquered by England, 353, 562.
part of the confederation of British North America, 564.
Canali, district of, originally Servian, 405.
Canaries, conquered by Spain, 543.
Candia, war of, 404.
use of the name, 409 (note).
Cantabria, conquered by Augustus, 56.
united with Asturia, 154, 529.
Canterbury, archbishopric of, 181.
Cape Breton, French settlement at, 352.
Cape Colony, conquered by England, 566.
Cape of Good Hope, discovery of, 541.
Cape Verde Islands, conquered by Portugal, 541.
Capua, Archbishopric of, 172.
Principality of, 394.
annexed to Sicily by King Roger, 396.
Carcassonne, 335.
Carelia, conquered by Sweden, 488.
part of, ceded to Russia, 512.
Carinthia (Kärnthen), mark of, 114, 127, 140, 196.
Duchy of, 217, 308.
whether the seat of Samo’s kingdom, 473 (note).
Carlisle, bishopric of, 183.
added to England by William Rufus, 551.
Carlowitz, Peace of, 412, 439, 448.
Carniola, (Krain), Duchy of, 217.
mark of, 196.
Carolina, 561.
its division, ib.
Carthage, Phœnician colony, 35.
greatness of, 79.
its possessions in Sicily, 48.
holds Sardinia and Corsica, 54.
its power in Spain, 56.
destroyed, 59.
restored, ib.
capital of the Vandal kingdom, 90.
Carthagena (New Carthage), 56.
Cashel, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Casimir the Great, king of Poland, his conquests, 498.
Caspian, Russian advance on, 521.
Cassubia, 492.
Castile, county of, 154.
origin of the name, ib.
kingdom of, 155, 530, 535.
its Emperor, 463.
later history of, 527.
its relations towards Navarre, 528.
shiftings of, 531.
its final union with Leon, ib.
advance of, 533.
conquests of, under Saint Ferdinand, 534.
conquers Granada, 534, 537.
loses and recovers Gibraltar, 534.
its union with Aragon, 537.
its outlying possessions compared with those of Aragon, 539.
Catalans, conquests of, in Greece, 387, 416.
Catalonia, county of, 536.
Cattaro, won and lost by Montenegro, 322, 428.
Caucasus, Russian advance in, 521.
Cayenne, 353.
Celts, earliest Aryan settlers in western Europe, 13, 14, 56.
effects of their settlements, 14.
Cerdagne, released from homage to France, 531.
recovered by Aragon, 537.
loss of, 539.
Ceuta, under the Empire, 526.
under Spain, 541, 543.
Ceylon, Dutch colony, 300.
Chablais, 273.
Chaldia, theme of, 150.
Chalkidikê, 20.
Greek colonies in, 33.
united to Macedonia, 37.
kept by the Empire, 390.
Châlons, battle of, 94.
Chambéry, Savoyard capital, 282, 288.
Champagne, county of, 142.
character of its vassalage, 329.
joined to France, 336.
Chandernagore, a French settlement, 354.
Channel Islands, kept by the English kings, 334, 558.
Charles the Great, his conquests, 121, 122.
conquers Lombardy, 123.
his title of Patrician, ib.
conquers Saxony, 126.
overthrows the Avars, 127.
crowned Emperor, 124.
extent of his Empire, 126, 127.
his divisions of the Empire, 128.
his death, ib.
archbishoprics founded by, 176.
Charles the Fat, Emperor, union of the Frankish kingdoms under, 137.
Charles V., Emperor, dominions of, 249, 298, 539.
his conquest of Tunis, 447, 543.
extension of Castilian dominion under, 539.
Charles VI., Emperor, his Pragmatic Sanction, 320.
Charles XII., of Sweden, his wars with Peter the Great, 512.
Charles of Anjou, his kingdom of Sicily, 250.
his Italian dominion, 283.
his dominion in Epeiros, 397.
occupies Acre, 398.
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, his schemes for a Burgundian kingdom, 290, 304.
effects of his death, 340.
Charles, Duke of Leukadia, his conquests and title, 421.
Charles the Good, Duke of Savoy, 286.
Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 287.
Charolois, under the Dukes of Burgundy, 339.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
conquered by Lewis XIV., ib.
Chartres, county of, united to Champagne, 330.
purchased by Saint Lewis, 336.
Chazars, their settlements, 17, 113, 365.
Russian advance against, 481.
Chersôn (Chersonêsos), city of, 36.
theme of, 152.
annexed to the Eastern Empire, 378.
taken by Vladimir, 153, 378, 482.
not the site of modern Cherson, 516 (note).
Chiavenna, 195, 273.
Chichester, bishopric of, 182.
Chios, early greatness of, 32.
under the Zaccaria and the Maona, 414.
under the Turks, ib.
Chlodwig, King of the Franks, 92, 117.
Chosroes II., his conquests, 109.
Christian I., King of Denmark, unites Denmark, Sleswick, and Holstein, 490, 491.
Chrobatia, Northern and Southern, 433.
See also Croatia.
Chrobatia, Northern, becomes Little Poland, 479.
passes to Austria, 515.
Chur, bishopric of, 216.
Church, Eastern, its relations to Russia, 468.
Cibin, gives its name to Siebenbürgen, 435 (note).
Circassia, Russian advance in, 521.
Cispadane Republic, the, 251.
Clermont, county of, 330.
Cleve, 210.
Clissa, 410.
Clontarf, Irish victory at, 557.
Cnut, his conquest of England, 162.
his northern Empire, 162, 462.
Colony, meaning and use of the word, 559.
Columbia, British, 564.
Como, 237.
Compostella, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
Confederation of the Rhine, 221, 222, 358.
Connaught, 183, 556.
Connecticut, 560.
Conrad of Mazovia, grants Culm to the Teutonic knights, 496.
Constantine, French conquest of, 360.
Constantine the Great, divisions of the Empire under, 74.
his new capital, 33, 77.
Constantine Porphyrogennêtos, his description of the themes of the Empire, 149.
Constantine Palaiologos, his conquests in Peloponnêsos, 418.
Constantinople, foundation of, 33, 77.
its moral influence, 116.
Patriarchate of, 168.
early Russian attempts on, 482.
Latin conquest of, 383.
won back under Michael Palaiologos, 387.
taken by the Turks, 391.
Constanz, bishopric of, 216.
passes to Austria, 274.
Cordova, bishopric, of, 178.
conquered by Ferdinand, 534, 535.
Caliphate of; see Caliphate, Western.
Corfu, Norman conquests of, 380, 395, 396.
held by Margarito, 397.
won from Venice by Epeiros, 385.
granted to Manfred, ib.
under Charles of Anjou, ib.
under Venice, ib.
summary of its history, 408.
see also Korkyra.
Corinth, in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
a Dorian city, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.
under Macedonia, ib.
won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.
Cornwall, 130.
Coron (Kôrônê), held by Venice, 409.
lost by her, 411.
Corsica, 44.
early inhabitants of, 53.
Roman conquest of, 54.
province of, 79.
held by Genoa, 238, 245.
ceded to France, 249.
effects of its incorporation with France, 351, 356.
Cosmo de’ Medici, Duke of Florence and Grand Duke of Tuscany, 246.
Cottbus, 211, 224.
Courtray, 349.
Cracow, capital of Poland, 479.
annexed by Austria, 514.
joined to the duchy of Warsaw, 82, 520.
republic of, ib.
second Austrian annexation of, 323, 520.
Crema, 237.
Cremona, 237.
Crete, its geographical position, 22.
in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
keeps its independence, 37.
conquered by Rome, 63.
province of, 78.
lost and recovered by the Eastern Empire, 152, 153, 371, 372.
conquered by Venice, 404.
by the Turks, 404, 448.
re-enslaved by the Treaty of Berlin, 452.
Crim, khanat of, 501.
dependent on the Sultans, ib.
annexed to Russia, 449, 516.
Croatia, Slavonic settlement in, 114.
its relations to the Eastern and Western Empires, 378, 406, 407.
its relations to Hungary, 323, 407, 434.
part of the Illyrian Provinces, 322.
Croja, won and lost by Venice, 411.
Crotona; see Krotôn.
Crusade, first, its geographical result, 399.
Crusaders, take Constantinople, 383.
their conquests compared with those of the Normans in Sicily, 398.
Cuba, 544.
Cujavia, 478, 499.
Culm, granted to the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Poland, 497.
Cumæ, 47, 48.
Cumania, king of, a Hungarian title, 436.
Cumans, settlements of, 365, 436, 483.
dynasty of in Bulgaria, 431, 436.
crushed by the Mongols, 436, 483.
Cumberland, (Strathclyde), Scandinavian settlements in, 161.
grant of, to Scotland, 162, 551.
southern part united to England, 551, 552.
formation of the shire, 556.
Curland, Swedish conquest of, 472.
tribes of, 484.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 496.
duchy of, 504.
Curzola; see Korkyra, Black.
Custrin, under Poland, 479.
passes to Brandenburg, 492.
Cyprus, Greek colonies in, 22.
Phœnician colonies in, 35.
Roman conquest of, 63.
theme of, 151.
lost and won by the Eastern Empire, 372.
conquered by Richard, ib.
kingdom of, 401.
its connexion with Jerusalem and with Armenia, ib.
conquered by Venice, 404.
by the Turks, 404, 447.
under English rule, 449, 559.
Czar; see Tzar.
Czechs, 477.
Czepusz; see Zips.
Dacia, wars of, with Rome, 70.
made a province by Trajan, ib.
given up by Aurelian, ib.
its later history, 71.
diocese of, 78.
Daghestan, 516, 521.
Dago, under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Denmark, 491, 504.
under Sweden, 508.
Dalmatia, Greek colonies in, 34.
its wars with Rome, 62.
Roman colonies in, ib.
province of, 79.
Slavonic settlement in, 115.
kingdom of, 407, 409.
its relations to the Eastern Empire, 376, 406.
history of the coast cities, 406.
Venetian conquest in, 406, 407.
joined to Croatia, ib.
recovered by Manuel, 381, 407.
fluctuates between Hungary and Venice, 407, 409-412.
annexed by Lewis the Great, 409, 437.
taken, lost, and recovered by Austria, 320, 322, 441.
Danaoi, 26.
Danes, the, 127, 130.
their settlements, 131, 471.
their invasions of England, 160.
Danish Mark, 196, 469.
Danube, Roman conquests on, 68, 70.
boundary of the Empire, 71.
Gothic settlement on, 88.
crossed by the Goths, 89.
Danzig, mark of, 492.
lost and recovered by Poland, 492, 497.
commonwealth of, 223, 519.
restored to Prussia, 520.
Dardanians, 28.
Dauphiny; see Viennois.
Deira, kingdom of, 97, 161.
Delaware, 562.
Delmenhorst, 509, 513.
Denmark, extent of, 131.
its relations to the Western Empire, 127, 196, 467.
formation of the kingdom, 469.
conquests and colonies of, 471.
united with England under Cnut, 163.
bishoprics of, 184.
conquers Sclavinia, 489.
advance of, in Germany, ib.
titles of its kings, ib.
keeps Rügen, 490.
effect of its advance on the Slavonic lands, 491.
its settlement in Esthland, 488.
united with Sweden and Norway, 487.
with Norway only, 488.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
gives up the sovereignty of the Gottorp lands, 509.
gets Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, ib.
recovers the Gottorp lands, 513.
gives up Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, ib.
incorporation of Holstein with, 518.
Desnica, Zupania of, 424.
δεσπότης, a Byzantine title, 384 (note).
Dijon, capital of the duchy of Burgundy, 142, 144.
Diocletian, Emperor, division of the Empire under, 75.
his conquests, 100.
Dioklea, Zupania of, the germ of the Servian kingdom, 424.
Ditmarsh, 489.
joined to Holstein, 490.
freedom of, 491.
Danish conquest of, ib.
Dobroditius, his dominion, 431.
Dobrutcha, origin of the name, 431.
joined to Wallachia, 431, 436.
restored to Roumania, 454.
Dôdekannêsos; see Naxos.
Dole, capital of Franche Comté, 261.
Domfront, acquired by William of Normandy, 332.
Dorchester, bishoprics of, 182.
Dorian settlement in Peloponnêsos, 29.
in Asia, 32.
Douay, becomes French, 349.
Dreux, county of, 330.
Drusus, his campaigns in Germany, 67.
Dublin, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Dulcigno, originally Servian, 406.
won and lost by Montenegro, 429.
Dunkirk, held by England, 301, 558.
bought back by France, 301, 342.
Durazzo (Epidamnos), taken by the Normans, 380, 395, 396.
held by Margarito, 397.
conquered by Venice, 408.
won from Venice by Epeiros, 385.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 387, 397.
under Charles of Anjou, 397.
won by Servia, 425.
duchy of, 397.
second Venetian conquest of, 410.
won by the Albanians, 420.
by the Turks, 411.
Durham, bishopric of, 183.
Dutch, use of the name, 300.
Dyrrhachion, theme of, 152.
see Durazzo.
Eadmund, his conquest and grant of Cumberland to Scotland, 162.
Eadward the Elder, extent of England under, 162.
East, the, prefecture of, 75, 77.
dioceses of, 76.
East Angles, kingdom of, 130.
diocese of, 182.
East India Company, French, 354.
Eastern Mark; see Austria.
Ecgberht, king of the West-Saxons, his supremacy, 130, 160.
Edessa, restored to the Eastern Empire, 153, 379.
taken by the Turks, 400.
Edinburgh, bishopric of, 183.
taken by the Scots, 550.
Egypt under the Ptolemies, 38, 61.
Roman conquest of, 66.
diocese of, 76.
conquered by Selim I., 447.
Eider, boundary of Charles the Great’s empire, 127, 196, 469.
Eleanor of Aquitaine, effects of her marriages, 332, 337.
Elba, annexed to the kingdom of Naples, 44, 246.
Êlis, district of, 29.
city of, 30.
joins the Achaian league, 40.
Elmham, bishopric of, 182.
Elsass, 193.
annexed by France, 194, 347.
recovered by Germany, 229, 359.
Ely, bishoprick of, 182.
Embrun, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Emmanuel Filibert, Duke of Savoy, 286.
Emperors, Eastern, position of, 362.
Emperors, Western, position of, 362.
Empire, Roman, greatest extent of, 9.
conquests under, 66.
its river boundaries, 71.
division of under Diocletian, 75.
united under Constantine, ib.
division of, 75, 81.
reunited under Zeno, 94, 103.
continuity of, 95, 103.
loses its eastern provinces, 111.
final division of, 124.
its political tradition unbroken in the East, 363.
Empire, Western, beginning of, 81.
Teutonic invasions and settlements in, 82, 86, 87.
united with the Eastern Empire, 94, 103.
contrasted with the Eastern, 98, 362.
divisions of, 135, 137, 326.
its relations to Germany, 124-126, 128, 189, 190.
restored by Otto the Great, 147.
position of its Emperors, 362.
its relations to Scandinavia, 467.
to the Northern Slaves, 475.
Empire, Eastern, wars of, with Persia, 82.
contrasted with the Western, 98, 362.
extent of, in the eighth century, 116.
its Greek character, 149, 366, 382.
its themes, 149-152.
its dominion in Italy, 152, 371, 393.
position of its Emperors, 362.
falls mainly through foreign invasion, 363, 367.
its partial tendencies to separation, 363.
keeps the political tradition of the Roman Empire, ib.
distinction of races in, 364.
its power of revival, 369, 377.
its loss and gain in the great islands, 372.
its relations towards the Slavonic powers, 373, 375.
Bulgarian settlement in, 374, 376.
recovers Greece from the Slaves, 375.
its conquests of Bulgaria, 377-378.
its relations to Venice, 378.
its fluctuations in Asia, ib.
Turkish invasions in, 379.
Norman invasions in, 380, 394.
its geographical aspect in 1085, 380.
under the Komnênoi, 366, 381, 386.
act of partition, 383, 402, 403.
losses and gains, 387-391.
under the Palaiologoi, 387.
effect of Timour’s invasion, 391.
its final fall, ib.
states formed out of, 391-393.
general survey of its history, 455-460.
compared with the Ottoman dominion, 443.
Empire, Latin, 383.
its end, 387.
Empire of Nikaia, 387.
Empire of Trebizond, 36, 386, 422.
Empire of Thessalonikê, 385.
Empire, Serbian, 420, 425.
Empire of Britain, 162, 462, 545.
Empire of Spain, 463, 531.
Empire of Russia, 512.
Empire, French, 356.
Empire of Austria, 221, 267, 306.
Empire of Hayti, 359.
Empires of Mexico, 544.
Empire of Brazil, 542.
Empire, German, 229, 230.
Empire of India, 567.
England, use of the name, 2, 3.
origin of the name, 97.
formation of the kingdom, 160.
West-Saxon supremacy in, 160, 161.
Danish invasions, ib.
advance of, 162.
united with Scandinavia under Cnut, ib.
Norman conquest of, 163.
its ecclesiastical geography, 166.
its wars with France, 337, 338.
its rivalry with France in America and India, 353.
slight change in its internal divisions, 546.
its relations with Scotland, 552.
changes of its boundary towards Wales, 553.
its relations with Ireland, 557.
its settlements beyond sea, 547.
its outlying European possessions, 558.
its American colonies, 559-565.
West Indian possessions, 565.
other colonies and possessions of, 565, 566.
its dominion in India, 567.
English, character of their settlement, 96.
origin of the name, 97.
Epeiros, its ethnical relations to Greece, 24.
use of the name, 26.
kingdom of Pyrrhos, 37.
league of, 40, 41.
Roman province of, 78.
Norman conquests in, 395, 396.
granted in fief to Margarito, 397.
despotat of, 384, 385.
its conquest of and separation from Thessalonikê, 385.
under Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 397.
its first dismemberment, 419.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 388.
under Servian, Albanian, and Italian rule, 419, 420.
Venetian and Turkish occupation of, 421.
Ephesos, its early greatness, 32.
Epidamnos, 34.
its alliance with Rome, 40.
see Durazzo.
Epidauros (Dalmatian), Greek colony, 34.
destroyed, 115.
Eric, Saint, king of Sweden, his conquests in Finland, 486.
Erivan, 521.
Ermeland, bishopric of, added to Poland, 497.
Essex, kingdom of, 160, 555.
Este, house of, 237, 243, 249.
Esthland (Esthonia), Fins in, 484.
Danish settlement in, 488.
dominion of the Swordbearers in, 496.
under Sweden, 504.
under Russia, 512.
Etruria, kingdom of, 253.
Etruscans, their doubtful origin and language, 45.
confederation of their cities, ib.
Euboia, 22.
its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
under Macedonian influence, 37, 40.
conquered by Venice, 409.
by the Turks, ib.
Euphrates, Asiatic boundary of the Roman Empire, 71, 99.
Europa, Roman province of, 77.
Europe, its geographical character, 5, 6, 8.
its three great peninsulas, 6.
its colonizing powers, 10.
Aryan settlements in, 12-15.
non-Aryan races in, 12, 13, 16, 17.
beginning of the modern history of, 85.
Buonaparte’s scheme for the division of, 357.
extended by colonization, 566.
Euxine, Greek colonies on, 35.
Evora, 179.
Exeter, diocese of, 182.
Ezerites, 375.
Falkland Islands, 565.
Famagosta, under Genoa, 401.
Faroe Islands, 471.
Faucigny, annexed to Savoy, 280.
held by the Dauphins of Viennois, 281.
Ferdinand, Saint, king of Castile, his conquests, 534.
Fermo, march of, 238.
Ferrara, duchy of, 243, 244, 249.
Finland, Swedish conquests in, 486, 488.
Russian conquests in, 512, 518.
Fins, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12, 466.
in Livland and Esthland, 484.
Flaminia, province of, 79.
Flanders, county of, 141, 142.
united to Burgundy, 292, 339.
within the Burgundian circle, 218.
released from homage to France, 218, 298, 340.
French acquisitions in, 348.
Flemings, their settlement in Pembrokeshire, 554.
Florence, archbishopric of, 171.
its greatness, 238.
Pisa submits to, 245.
rule of the Medici in, ib.
Florida, held by England and Spain, 563.
acquired by the States, ib.
France, effect of its geographical position, 9.
origin and use of the name, 4, 5, 91, 121, 325-327.
beginning of, 135, 136.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 166.
its annexations, 222, 252, 264, 265, 341-352.
compared with Austria, 325.
a nation in the fullest sense, 327.
great fiefs of, 328.
twelve peers of, ib.
its incorporation of vassal states, 329-341.
effects of the wars with England, 337-339.
beginning of the modern kingdom, 339.
thorough incorporation of its conquests, 351.
its colonial dominions, 352-354.
its rivalry with England in America and India, 353, 354.
its barrier towns against the Netherlands, 349.
effects of the Peace of 1763 on, 354.
its annexations under the Republic and Empire, 355, 356.
extent of under Buonaparte, 358.
restorations made by, after his fall, ib.
later annexations and losses, 359, 360.
character of its African conquests, 360.
its war with Prussia, 229.
France, duchy of, 142.
united with the kingdom of the West Franks, 143.
Franche Comté; see Burgundy, County of.
Francia, meanings of the name, 91, 121, 128.
extent of, 134.
Francia, Eastern, 92, 121, 205.
Francia, Western, 92.
Francis I., Emperor, exchanges Lorraine for Tuscany, 321.
Francis II., Emperor, his title of ‘Emperor of Austria,’ 221.
Franconia, origin of the name, 91, 121.
extent of the circle, 214.
see Francia, Eastern.
Frankfurt, election and coronation of the German kings at, 189.
a free city, 220, 227.
Grand Duchy of, 222.
annexed by Prussia, 228.
Franks, the, 85.
their settlements, 87, 88.
extent of their kingdom under Chlodwig, 92.
their conquest of the Alemanni, 117.
of Thuringia and Bavaria, ib.
of Aquitaine and Burgundy, 118.
their position, 119.
their German and Gaulish dependencies, 120.
division of their kingdom, ib.
kingdom of united under the Karlings, 121.
their relations with the Empire, 123.
their conquest of Lombardy, ib.
Franks, East, their kingdom grows into Germany, 138.
Franks, West, kingdom of, its extent, 141.
its union with the duchy of France, 143.
grows into modern France, ib.
Frederick II., Emperor, recovers Jerusalem, 400.
Frederick William I., the Great Elector of Brandenburg, 210.
Frederick I., King of Prussia, 210.
Freiburg, joins the Confederates, 262, 272.
Freiburg-im-Breisgau, conquered by France, 350.
restored, ib.
French language, becomes the dominant speech of Gaul, 345.
Friderikshamn, Peace of, 518.
Friesland, East, annexed by Prussia, 212.
annexed by France, 222.
part of the kingdom of Hannover, 223.
Friesland, West, county of, 293.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
Frisians, 91.
Friuli, duchy of, 235.
Fulda, 214.
Furnes, Barrier Town, 349.
Gades, Phœnician colony, 35, 56.
admitted to the Roman franchise, 56.
see Cadiz.
Gaeta, 369.
Galata, colony of Genoa, 414.
Galicia (Halicz), kingdom of, 483.
twice annexed to Hungary, 437, 498.
recovered by Poland, 498.
Austrian possession of, 319, 323, 440, 514.
Galicia, New, 515, 520.
Gallicia, 529.
Galloway, incorporated with Scotland, 553.
Gascony, Duchy of, 142.
its union with Aquitaine, 332.
ceded by the Peace of Bretigny, 337.
Gatinois, county of, 330, 331.
Gattilusio, family of, receives Lesbos in fief, 414.
Gaul, use of the name, 3, 4.
its geographical position, 7.
non-Aryan people in, 13.
Greek colonies in, 35.
prefecture of, 75, 79.
its gradual separation from the Empire, 88.
Teutonic invasions of, 89.
West Gothic kingdom in, 90.
position of the Franks in, 91, 119.
extent of Frankish kingdom in, 93.
Burgundian settlement in, ib.
Hunnish invasion of, 94.
ecclesiastical divisions of, 172-174.
Gaul, Cisalpine, 46.
Roman conquest of, 54.
Gaul, Transalpine, first Roman province in, 57.
its boundaries, ib.
its divisions and inhabitants, 58.
Romanization of, ib.
nomenclature of its northern and southern part, ib.
Gauls, their settlements, 14, 46, 47.
Gauthiod, 131, 470.
Gauts, Geátas, of Sweden, name confounded with Goths, 470.
Gauverfassung, 202.
Gdansk; see Danzig.
Gedymin, king of Lithuania, 497.
Geldern, Gelderland, duchy of, 295.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
division of, 299.
United Province of, 300.
Geneva, annexed by Savoy, 281.
allied to Bern and Freiburg, 273.
annexed by France, 276.
restored by France, 359.
joins the Swiss Confederation, 276.
Genoa, archbishopric of, 171.
holds Smyrna, 389.
holds Corsica, 238, 245.
cedes Corsica to France, 249.
annexed to Piedmont, 256.
compared with Venice, 402.
her settlements, 413.
George Akropolitês, 430 (note).
George Kastriota; see Scanderbeg.
Georgia, kingdom of, 516, 521.
Georgia, state of, 562.
Gepidæ, their kingdom, 107.
conquered by the Lombards, ib.
Germans, early confederacies of, 84.
serve within the Empire, 86.
Germany, effect of its geographical character, 9.
Roman campaigns in, 67.
Frankish dominion in, 119.
its relations to the Western Empire, 126, 188-190.
beginning of the kingdom, 136, 138.
its extent, 139, 192-195.
ecclesiastical divisions of, 175-177.
its losses, 190, 203.
its changes in geography and nomenclature, 191, 201.
its eastern extension, 200.
the great duchies, 202.
circles of, 203, 206.
later history of, 204.
late beginnings of French annexation from, 343, 346.
Buonaparte’s treatment of, 357.
state of in 1811, 221, 222.
the Confederation, 218, 223-226.
last geographical changes in, 229.
its war with France, ib.
Empire of, 219, 229, 230.
its influence on the Baltic, 486.
Gex, under Savoy, 273, 281.
annexed by France, 287, 347.
Ghilan, 516.
Gibraltar, lost and won by Castile, 534.
occupied by England, 537, 558.
Glarus, joins the Swiss Confederation, 270.
Glasgow, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Gnezna (Gniezno, Gnesen), ecclesiastical province of, 184.
beginning of the Polish kingdom at, 479.
passes to Prussia, 514, 520.
Görz (Gorizia), county of, 217, 308.
annexed by Austria, 318.
Gothia; see Perateia or Septimania.
Gothland, 470.
Goths, their settlements in the Western Empire, 87, 89.
defeated by Claudius, 88.
driven on by the Huns, ib.
their conquests in Spain, 90, 108, 526.
make no lasting settlement in the Eastern Empire, 364.
Goths, East, their dominion in Italy, 95.
Goths, West, extent of their dominions, 526.
Goths, Tetraxite, their settlement, 98.
Gotland, power of the Hansa in, 494.
held by the military orders, 496.
conquered by Sweden, 508.
Gottorp lands, sovereignty of, resigned by Denmark, 509.
annexed to Denmark, 513.
Gozo, granted to the knights of Saint John, 538.
Granada, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
kingdom of, 534.
final conquest of, 537.
Graubünden, League of, 272, 273.
loses its subject districts, 275.
Gravelines, taken by France, 301.
Greece, one of the three great European peninsulas, 6.
its geographical character, 8, 11, 18.
its history earlier than that of Rome, 8, 42.
use of the name, 19.
its chief divisions, 19-21.
insular and Asiatic, 19-23.
its Homeric geography, 25, 26.
its cities, 27.
leagues in, 40.
Roman conquests in, 41.
Slavonic occupation of, 116, 375, 461.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 375.
war of independence, 452.
kingdom of formed, ib.
Ionian Islands ceded to, ib.
promised extension of, ib.
Greeks, order of their coming into Europe, 13.
their kindred with Italians and other nations, 23-25.
their rivalry with the Phœnicians, 28.
their colonies, 28, 32-35.
their revival of the name Hellênes, 364.
Greenland, Norwegian and Danish settlements in, 131.
united to Norway, 488.
Greifswald, 494.
Guiana, British, French, Dutch, 300, 353, 565.
Guinea, Dutch settlements in, 300.
Guines, made over to England, 338.
Guipuzcoa, 535.
Guthrum, his treaty with Ælfred, 161.
Habsburg, House of, 270, 309, 310.
scattered territories of, 310.
its connexion with the Western Empire, 311, 315.
Hadrian, surrenders Trajan’s conquests, 99.
Hadrianople, taken by the Bulgarians, 377.
by Michael of Epeiros, 385.
by the Turks, 390, 445.
treaty of, 450, 453.
Hadriatic Sea, Greek colonies in, 34.
Hainault (Hennegau), county of, 294.
united with Holland, ib.
French acquisitions in, 348.
Halberstadt, 224.
Halicz; see Galicia.
Halikarnassos, held by the knights of Saint John, 415.
Turkish conquest of, 447.
Halland, 469.
Hamburg, archbishopric of, 176.
one of the Hanse Towns, 214, 220.
Hannover, Electorate, 208.
its union with Great Britain, 204.
kingdom of, 223.
annexed by Prussia, 228.
Hansa, the, 197, 487.
extent and nature of its power, 494.
Hanse Towns, the, 213, 214, 220.
surviving ones annexed by France, 222.
join the German Confederation, 227.
Harold, his Welsh conquests, 553.
Hayti; see Saint Domingo.
Hebrides, Scandinavian settlement in, 553.
submit to Scotland, ib.
Heligoland, passes to England, 518, 558.
Helladikoi, use of the name, 376.
Hellas, use of the name, 18.
‘continuous,’ 21.
theme of, 151.
later use of the name, 151, 461.
Hellênes, use of the name in the Homeric catalogue, 26.
later history of the name, 375, 376, 461.
its modern revival, 364.
Helsingland, 470.
Helvetic Republic, 275.
Hennegau; see Hainault.
Henry II., of England, his dominions, 332.
Henry V., of England, his conquests, 338.
crowned in Paris, ib.
Henry IV., of France, unites France and Navarre, 342.
Heraclius, Emperor, his Persian campaigns, 109.
Slavonic settlements under, 114.
Hêrakleia, commonwealth of, 37, 39, 64.
Hereford, bishopric of, 182.
Hertjedalen, conquered by Sweden, 508.
Herzegovina, origin of the name, 427.
Turkish conquest of, ib.
administered by Austro-Hungary, 324, 427.
Hessen-Cassel, Electorate of, 220, 226.
annexed by Prussia, 228.
Hessen-Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of, 226.
Hierôn, king of Syracuse, his alliance with Rome, 52.
Hispaniola; see Saint Domingo.
Hohenzollern, House of, 209.
Holland, county of, 293.
united to Hainault, 294.
to Burgundy, 297.
kingdom of, 302.
annexed by France, ib.
see United Provinces.
Holstein, 198, 488.
first Danish conquest of, 489.
fluctuations of, 490.
made a duchy, ib.
under Christian I., 491.
effect of the peace of Roskild on, 509.
incorporated with Denmark, 518.
joins the German Confederation, 225, 519.
final cession of to Prussia, 228, 519.
Homeric Catalogue, the, 26-29.
Honorius, Emperor of the West, 81.
Huascar, 534.
Hugh Capet, Duke of the French, chosen king, 143.
Hundred Years’ Peace between Rome and Persia, 100.
Hundred Years’ War, 337.
Hungarians; see Magyars.
Hungary, kingdom of, 157, 367, 432.
its relations to the Western Emperors, 196.
extent of the kingdom, 323, 324.
whether a Bulgarian duchy existed in, 376 (note).
its frontier towards Germany, 433.
its relations with Croatia, 433, 434.
acquires Transsilvania, 435.
conquests of the Komnênoi from, 381.
its struggles with Venice for Dalmatia, 407.
Mongol invasion of, 436.
its wars with Bulgaria, 430.
its conquest of Bosnia, 424.
extension of under Lewis the Great, 437.
Turkish conquests in, 438.
its kings tributary to the Turk, 439.
recovered from the Turk, 439, 448.
acquisitions of by the Peace of Passarowitz, 440.
later losses and acquisitions of, 440, 441.
separated from and recovered by Austria, 323.
its dual relations to Austria, 441.
Huniades, John, his campaign against the Turks, 426, 438.
Huns, a Turanian people, 17.
their invasions, 88, 94.
Iapodes, 62.
Iapygians, 46.
Iberia, Asiatic, 99, 100.
Iberians, a non-Aryan people, 13, 55.
Iceland, Norwegian and Danish settlements in, 131, 471.
united to Norway, 488.
kept by Denmark, 518.
Ikonion, Turkish capital, 381.
Illyria, Illyricum, Greek colonies in, 20.
Roman conquests in, 40, 41, 62.
use of the name, 62.
prefecture of, 75, 77, 78.
western diocese of, 79.
kingdom of, 322.
Illyrian Provinces, incorporated with France, 222, 322, 358.
misleading use of the name, 322.
recovered by Austria, 322.
Illyrians, their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
displaced by Slavonic invasions, 115.
Immeretia, 521.
India, French settlements in, 353.
Portuguese settlements in, 541.
English dominion in, 567.
Empire of, ib.
Indies, division of, between Spain and Portugal, 542.
Ingermanland, 508, 512.
Ionian colonies in Asia, 32.
Ionian Islands, 22.
ceded to France, 358, 451.
to the Turks, 451.
under English protection, 451, 558.
added to Greece, 452.
Ireland, the original Scotia, 549, 556.
provinces of, 183, 556.
Scandinavian settlements in, 471, 556.
its increasing connexion with England, 557.
English conquest of, ib.
kingdom and lordship of, ib.
its shifting relations with England, ib.
its union with Great Britain, ib.
Isle of France, 329.
Isle of France; see Mauritius.
Istria, Roman conquest of, 55, 62.
incorporated with Italy, 62.
Slavonic settlements in, 115.
March of, 147, 195, 235.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
possessions of Venice in, 242.
under Austria, 258, 318.
Italians, their origin, 13.
their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
two branches of, 45.
Italy, one of the three great European peninsulas, 6, 7.
its geographical position, 8, 44.
use of the name, 43, 246.
inhabitants of, 45, 46.
Greek colonies in, 47.
growth of Roman power in, 50.
divisions of, under Augustus, 74.
prefecture of, 75, 78.
diocese of, 79.
invaded by the Huns, 94.
rule of Odoacer in, ib.
rule of Theodoric in, 95.
recovered to the Empire, 105.
Lombard conquest of, 107.
Imperial possessions in, 108, 123, 152, 371.
rule of Charles the Great in, 123.
Imperial kingdom of, 128, 134, 137, 146, 147, 234.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 170, 171.
changes on the Alpine frontier, 232.
system of commonwealths in, 235, 238.
four stages in its history, 236.
growth of tyrannies in, 239.
a ‘geographical expression,’ 246, 255.
dominion of Spain and Austria in, 247.
revolutionary changes in, 252-55.
French kingdom of, 253-55, 345, 357.
settlement of in 1814, 255.
restored kingdom of, 257.
its extension, 258.
part not yet recovered, ib.
Ithakê, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
held in fief by Margarito, 397.
Ivan the Great, of Russia, his conquests, 501, 506.
styles himself Prince of Bulgaria, 501.
Ivan the Terrible, of Russia, his conquests, 506, 511.
Ivrea, Mark of, 235, 236.
Jadera; see Zara.
Jaen, 534, 535.
Jägerndorf, principality of, 210.
Jagiello, union of Lithuania and Poland under, 498.
Jamaica, 544, 565.
Jämteland, 470.
conquered by Sweden, 508.
Jatwages, the, 484, 498.
Java, Dutch settlement in, 300.
Jayce, 427.
Jedisan, annexed by Russia, 449, 516.
Jerseys, East and West, 561.
Jerusalem, patriarchate of, 168, 169.
taken by Chosroes, 109.
extent of the Latin kingdom, 399.
taken by Saladin, 400.
recovered and lost by the Crusaders, ib.
crown of, claimed by the kings of Cyprus, 401.
Jezerci; see Ezerites.
Jireček, C. J. on Slavonic settlements, 133 (note).
Jôannina, restored to the Empire, 388.
taken by the Turks, 421.
John Asan, extent of Bulgaria under, 430.
John Komnênos, Emperor, his conquests, 381.
John Komnênos, Emperor of Trebizond, acknowledges the supremacy of Constantinople, 422.
John Tzimiskês, Emperor, recovers Bulgaria, 377.
his Asiatic conquests, 379.
Jomsburg Vikings, settlement of, 471.
Judæa, its relations with Rome, 65.
Jung, on the Roumans, 435 (note).
Justinian, extent of the Roman power under, 104, 105, 106.
Jutes, their settlement in Kent, 97.
Jutland, South, duchy of, united with Holstein, 490.
called Duchy of Sleswick, ib.
Kaffa, colony of Genoa, 414.
Kainardji, Treaty of, 449.
Kalabryta, 418.
Kamienetz, ceded by Poland to the Turk, 448, 507.
Kappadokia, kingdom of, 38.
annexed by Rome, 67.
theme of, 151.
Karians, in the Homeric Catalogue, 28.
Karlili, why so called, 421.
Karlings, Frankish dynasty of, 121.
Kärnthen; see Carinthia.
Karolingia, kingdom of, 137, 141, 143, 148, 326.
Kars, joined to the Eastern Empire, 379.
annexed by Russia, 522.
Karystos, 403.
Kazan, Khanat of, 501.
conquered by Russia, 511.
Kent, settlement of the Jutes in, 97.
kingdom of, 160, 555.
Kephallênia, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
theme of, 151.
Norman conquests in, 395, 397.
held in fief by Margarito, ib.
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by Venice, 411.
Khiva, 522.
Kibyrraiotians, theme of, 150.
Kief, Russian centre at, 481.
supremacy of, 482.
taken by the Mongols, 483.
by the Lithuanians, 498.
recovered by Russia, 506.
Kilikia, 76.
restored to the Empire, 153, 379.
Kirghis, Russian superiority over, 516.
Klek, Ottoman frontier extends to, 412.
Kleônai, 27.
Köln (Colonia Agrippina), 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Italy and electors, 175, 176.
chief of the Hansa, 213.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 224, 358.
Kolocza, ecclesiastical province of, 186.
Kolôneia, theme of, 150.
Korkyra, 22, 26.
alliance of with Rome, 40.
See also Corfu.
Korkyra, Black (Curzola), Greek colony, 34, 406.
Kôrônê; see Coron.
Kôs, Greek colony, 28.
held by the knights of St. John, 389, 415.
by the Maona, 414.
Kossovo, battle of, 426.
Krain; see Carniola.
Kresimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia, 407.
Krotôn, early greatness of, 47.
Ktesiphôn, conquered by Trajan, 99.
Kymê; see Cumæ.
Kyrênê, Greek colony, 35, 36.
Roman conquest of, 63.
Lakedaimonia, 151.
Lakonikê, 29.
Λαμπαρδοί, use of the form, 369 (note).
Lancashire, formation of the shire, 556.
Langue d’oc, extent of, 135.
effects of French annexations on, 345.
Languedoc, province of, 335.
Laodikeia, 381.
Laon, capital of the Karlings, 143.
Laps, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12.
Latins, 46.
their alliance with Rome, 50.
Lauenburg, represents the elder Saxony, 208.
held by the kings of Denmark, 225, 518.
joins the German confederation, 225, 519.
final cession of, to Prussia, 228, 519.
Lausanne, annexed by Bern, 273.
Lausitz; see Lusatia.
Lazia, allotment of, 404.
Lechs; see Poles.
Leinster, 183, 556.
Lemberg, ecclesiastical province of, 185, 186.
Lêmnos, becomes Greek, 32.
Leo IX. Pope, grants Apulia as a fief to the Normans, 394.
Leon, kingdom of, 154, 529.
shiftings of, 531.
its final union with Castile, ib.
Leopol; see Lemberg.
Lepanto (Naupaktos) under Anjou, 397.
ceded to Venice, 410.
to the Turk, 411.
Lesbos, mention of in the Iliad, 28.
a fief of the Gattilusi, 414.
Lesina; see Pharos.
Leukas, Leukadia (Santa Maura), 22, 26.
date of its foundation, 31.
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by her, 411, 412.
Leuticii, the, 474, 475.
Letts, 466 (note).
settlements of, 484.
Lewis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 128, 135.
Lewis II. Emperor, 136.
Lewis VII. of France, effects of his marriage and divorce, 332, 337.
Lewis IX. (Saint) of France, growth of France under, 335.
Lewis XII. of France, effects of his marriage, 341.
Lewis XIV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.
his conquests from Spain, 539.
Lewis XV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.
Lewis the Great, of Hungary, his conquests, 409, 437.
annexes Red Russia, 498.
Liburnia, 62.
Libya, 76.
Lichfield, bishopric of, 182.
Liechtenstein, principality of, 229.
Liége; see Lüttich.
Liguria, Roman conquest of, 55.
province of, 79.
part of the kingdom of Italy, 147.
Ligurian Republic, the, 252.
Ligurians, non-Aryan people in Europe, 13, 45.
Lille, annexed by France, 301, 349.
Limburg, passes to the Dukes of Brabant, 295.
duchy of, within the German confederation, 228.
Limoges, 332.
Lincoln, diocese of, 182.
Lindisfarn, bishopric of, 182.
Lisbon, patriarchate of, 170, 179.
conquered by Portugal, 533.
Lithuania, bishopric of, 185.
effect of the German conquest of Livland on, 487.
its conquests from Russia, 497.
joined with Poland, 185, 498, 499.
Lithuanians, settlements of, 15, 484.
long remain heathen, 466, 497.
Livland, Livonia, Finnish population of, 484.
German conquests in, 486.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 495.
momentary kingdom of, 504.
conquered by Poland, ib.
by Sweden, 508.
by Russia, 512.
Livonian Knights; see Sword-Brothers.
Llandaff, bishopric of, 182.
Lodi, 237.
Lodomeria; see Vladimir.
Λογγιβαρδία, use of the form, 369 (note).
Lokrians, their position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
settle on the Corinthian Gulf, 30.
Lokris, league of, 40.
Lombards, their settlement in Italy, 106, 107.
take Ravenna, 108, 123.
overthrown by Charles the Great, 123.
Lombardy, kingdom of, 107, 234.
under Charles the Great, 123.
growth of her cities, 237.
ceded to Sardinia, 257.
Lombardy, theme of, 152, 369.
Lombardy and Venice, kingdom of, 255, 322.
London, bishopric of, 182.
Lorraine, duchy of, 193.
seized by Lewis XIV., 194.
exchanged for Tuscany, 321.
finally annexed to France, 194, 351.
recovered by Germany, 359.
Lorraine, House of, Emperors of, 321.
Lothar I., Emperor, 135, 136.
Lotharingia, kingdom of, 137, 140, 193.
Lothian, granted to Scotland, 162, 550.
effects of the grant, 551.
Lothringen; see Lorraine.
Louisiana, colonized by France, 352.
ceded to Spain, 353, 360.
recovered and sold to the United States, 360, 563.
Louvain (Löwen), 294.
Low Countries; see Netherlands.
Lübeck, founded by Henry the Lion, 198, 494.
its independence of the bishop, 214.
one of the Hansa, 214, 220, 494.
conquered by Denmark, 489.
Lübeck, bishopric of, 491.
Lublin, Union of, 505.
Lucanians, 46.
Lucca, 238.
under Castruccio, 245.
remains a commonwealth, 249.
archbishopric of, 171.
Grand Duchy of, 253.
annexed to Tuscany, 256.
Lund, archbishopric of, 184.
ceded to Sweden, 508.
Lüneburg, duchy of, 208.
Luneville, peace of, 194.
Lusatia (Lausitz), Mark of, 199, 475.
won by Bohemia, 493.
Lüttich (Liége), bishopric of, 295, 298.
annexed by France, 302.
added to Belgium, 227, 302.
French acquisitions from, 348.
Luxemburg (Lüzelburg), duchy of, 295.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
French acquisitions from, 348.
within the German confederation, 225.
division of, 229, 303.
neutrality of, 229.
Luxemburg, House of, kings of Bohemia, 493.
Luzern, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
Lydians, 33.
Lykandos, theme of, 150.
Lykia, league of, 39.
preserves its independence, 64.
annexed by Rome, 67.
Lykians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Lyons, in the kingdom of Burgundy, 145, 263.
archbishopric of, 167, 173.
annexed by Philip the Fair, 264.
Macedonia, 20, 21.
its close connexion with Greece, 24.
not in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
growth of the kingdom, 36, 37.
Roman conquest of, 41.
diocese of, 78.
theme of, 151.
recovered by the Empire, 388.
Macedonian, use of the name, 115.
Macon, annexed by Saint Lewis, 336.
Madeira, colonized by Portugal, 541.
Madras, taken by the French, 354.
Madrid, Treaty of, 298, 340.
Magdeburg, archbishopric of, 176.
recovered by Prussia, 224.
Magyars, a Turanian people, 17.
their settlements, 17, 157, 365, 433.
effects of their invasion on the Slaves, 158, 432.
called Turks, 379.
origin of the name, 433 (note).
Mahomet, union of Arabia under, 110.
Mahomet I., Sultan, Ottoman power under, 446.
Mahomet the Conqueror, Sultan, his conquests, 411, 446.
extent of his dominions, 446.
Maina, name of Hellênes confined to, 376.
recovered by the Empire, 388, 418.
independence of, 419.
Maine, county of, 330.
conquered by William of Normandy, 332.
united with Anjou, ib.
annexed to France, 333.
Maine, State of, 560.
Mainz, 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Germany and electors, 176.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Maionians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Majorca, kingdom of, 536.
Malta, taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
granted to the knights of Saint John, 398, 415, 538.
revolutions of, 415.
held by England, 415, 558.
Man, Scandinavian settlement in, 471, 553.
its later history, 488, 553.
Manfred, King of Sicily, his dominion in Epeiros, 397.
styled Lord of Romania, ib.
Mantua, 243, 248, 257.
Manuel Komnênos, his conquests, 381, 424.
Manzikert, battle of, 380.
Maona, the, its dominions, 414.
Marche, county of, 332.
Marcomanni, 85.
Margarito, king of the Epeirots, 397.
Maria Theresa, Empress-Queen, her hereditary dominions, 320.
effects of her marriage, 321.
Marienburg, 301, 348.
Marseilles, acquired by France, 265.
Mary of Burgundy, effects of her marriage, 340.
Maryland, 561.
Massa, 249.
Massachusetts, 560.
Massalia, Ionian colony, 35, 36, 56.
see Marseilles.
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, his conquests, 438, 493.
Maurienne, Counts of, 278.
Mauritania, 67.
Mauritius (Isle of France), a French colony, 354.
taken and held by England, 360.
Maximilian I., his legislation, 203.
effects of his marriage, 340.
Mazanderan, 516.
Mazovia, duchy of, 478.
recovered by Poland, 499.
Meath, 556.
Meaux, settlement of, 335.
Mechlin, archbishopric of, 177.
Mecklenburg, duchy of, 198.
Slavonic princes continue in, 198, 476.
Mediation, act of, 276.
Medici, the, rule of in Florence, 245, 246.
Mediterranean Sea, centre of the three old continents, 5, 6.
Megalopolis, its foundation, 31.
Megara, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.
Mehadia, 396.
Meissen, Mark of, 199, 475.
Meleda, 406.
Melfi, 394.
Melinci, Melings, 375.
Mendog, king of Lithuania, his conquests, 497.
Mentone, annexed by France, 346, 359.
Mercia, kingdom of, 129, 130, 160, 161.
Mesopotamia, conquest of, under Trajan, 99.
under Diocletian, 100.
Messana (Messina), receives Roman citizenship, 53.
recovered and lost by the Eastern Empire, 270.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
first Norman capital, ib.
Messênê, Dorian, 29.
conquered by Sparta, 30.
foundation of the city, 31.
Metz, annexed by France, 193, 346.
restored to Germany, 229.
Mexico, Spanish conquest of, 543.
two Empires of, 544.
Mexico, New, ceded by Spain, 544.
Michael Palaiologos, Eastern Emperor, 422.
Michael, despot of Epeiros, his conquests, 385.
Mieczïslaf, first Christian prince of Poland, 479.
Milan, capital of kingdom of Italy, 147.
archbishopric of, 171.
Milan, duchy of, 240, 241, 248.
temporary French possession of, 346.
a Spanish dependency, 539.
Milêtos, its colonies, 32.
Military Orders, 487, 495-497.
Mingrelia, 521.
Minorca, 538.
Misithra, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.
Mississippi, colonization at the mouth of, 353.
made the boundary of Louisiana, ib.
Mithridates, king of Pontos, his wars with Rome, 64.
Modena, duchy of, 243, 244, 249, 256.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Modon, held by Venice, 409.
lost by her, 411.
Mœsia, Roman conquest of, 68.
Mohacz, battle of, 438.
Moldavia, Rouman settlement, 437.
tributary to the Turk, 439.
fluctuations of its homage, 499.
joined to Wallachia, 453.
shiftings of the frontier, 450.
Molossis, 37.
Moluccas, Dutch settlements in, 300.
Monaco, principality of, 247, 256.
Montbeliard, county of, 261, 350.
annexed by France, 355.
Monembasia, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.
Mongols, invade Europe, 436, 483.
Russia tributary to, 483, 500.
effects of their invasion on the Ottomans, 443, 444.
decline and break up of their power, 500, 501.
Monmouthshire, becomes an English county, 555.
Monopoli, lost by Venice, 248.
Montenegro, origin and independence of, 427, 428.
its Vladikas, 428.
joins England and Russia against France, ib.
its conquest and loss of Cattaro, 322, 428.
later conquests and diplomatic concessions to, 429.
Montferrat, marquisate and duchy of, 236, 240, 248.
homage claimed from by Savoy, 284.
partially annexed by Savoy, 248, 289.
Montfort, Simon of, at Toulouse, 335.
Moors, use of the name, 530.
Môraia, origin and use of the name, 416.
Moravia, 199.
history of, 477.
Moravia, Great, kingdom of, 157, 432, 473.
overthrown by the Magyars, 433.
Morosini, Francesco, his conquests, 412.
Moscow, patriarchate of, 170.
centre of Russian power, 500, 501.
advance of, 501.
Moudon, granted to Savoy, 280.
Moulins, county of, 330.
Mülhausen, in alliance with the Confederates, 274.
annexed by France, 355.
Munster, 183, 556.
Münster, 224.
Murcia, conquered by Castile, 533, 535.
Muret, battle of, 531.
Muscovy, origin of the name, 500.
Mykênê, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
destruction of, 31.
Mykonos, held by Venice, 409, 411.
Mysians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Namur, Mark of, 294.
annexed to Burgundy, 296.
Naples, cleaves to the Eastern Empire, 369.
conquered by King Roger, 396.
kingdom of, 250, 254.
temporary French possession of, 346.
title of king of, 251, 254.
Parthenopæan republic, 252.
restored to the Bourbons, 256.
Narbonne, Roman colony, 57.
Saracen conquest of, 112.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
annexed to France, 335.
Narses, wins back Italy to the Empire, 105.
Nassau, Grand Duchy of, 226.
annexed by Prussia, 228.
Natal, 566.
Naupaktos; see Lepanto.
Nauplia, won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.
Navarre, kingdom of, 154, 528.
extent of under Sancho the Great, 529.
break-up of, 530.
its decline, 531.
union with, and separation from France, 336, 531.
conquered by Ferdinand, 537.
northern part united to France, 342.
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 533.
Naxos, duchy of, 413.
annexed by the Turk, 413, 447.
Negroponte, use of the name, 409 (note).
Neopatra, Epeirot dynasty of, 419.
Catalan conquest of, 416.
taken by the Turks, 417, 420.
Netherlands, their separation from Germany, 203, 291, 299.
Imperial and French fiefs in, 293.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
French annexations in, 348.
barrier towns against France, 349.
see United Provinces.
Netherlands, kingdom of, 302.
divided, 303.
Netz District, 514.
Neufchâtel, allied with Bern, 274.
passes to Prussia, 224, 274.
granted to Berthier, 276.
joined to the Swiss Confederation, 276, 359.
separated from Prussia, 276.
Neustria, Lombard, 234.
Neustria, kingdom of, 121, 134.
united with Aquitaine, 135, 339.
New Amsterdam, 300, 561.
New Brunswick, 564.
New England, settlements of, 560.
form four colonies, ib.
New France, settlement of, 352.
New Hampshire, 560.
New Netherlands, colony of, 300, 561.
united to New Sweden, 561.
conquered by England, 300, 561.
New Orleans, 353, 563.
New South Wales, 565.
New Sweden, 561.
united to New Netherlands, ib.
New York, 300, 561.
New Zealand, 566.
Newfoundland, first settlements in, 559.
remains distinct from Canada, 565.
Nibla, taken by Castile, 534.
Nidaros; see Trondhjem.
Nikaia, Turkish capital of Roum, 380.
recovered by Alexios Komnênos, 381.
Empire of, 386.
its extent and growth, 387.
taken by the Turks, 389, 445.
Nikêphoros Phôkas, Eastern Emperor, his Asiatic conquests, 379.
Nikomêdeia, taken by the Turks, 389, 445.
Nikopolis, theme of, 152.
battle of, 438.
Nîmes, Saracen conquest of, 112.
under Aragon, 335.
annexed to France, ib.
Nimwegen, Peace of, 301, 349.
Nish, taken by the Turks, 426.
Nisibis, fortress of, 100.
Nizza, annexed by Savoy, 265, 282.
taken by Buonaparte, 355.
restored to Savoy, 359.
finally annexed by France, 258, 288, 359.
Nogai Khan, overlord of Bulgaria, 431.
Noricum, conquest of, 68.
in the diocese of Illyricum, 79.
Normandy, duchy of, 142.
character of its vassalage, 328.
union of with Aquitaine, Anjou, and Britanny, 333.
annexed by Philip Augustus, 333.
Normans, their conquests in Italy and Sicily, 370, 393-395.
in England, 163.
in Epeiros, 380, 395.
their conquests in Sicily compared with those of the Crusaders, 398.
Northmen, use of the name, 469.
their settlements, 471, 550, 552, 556.
Northumberland, kingdom of, 97, 129, 162.
earldom of granted to David, 551.
recovered by England, 552.
Norway, its extent and settlements, 131, 159, 471.
united to England under Cnut, 163.
its independence of the Empire, 467.
formation of the kingdom, 469.
Iceland and Greenland united to, 488.
united with Sweden and Denmark, 488.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
united with Sweden, 464, 518.
Noto, taken by Count Roger, 395.
Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 352, 562.
Novara, 249.
Novempopulana, 173.
Novgorod, beginning of, 481.
commonwealth at, 483.
Russia represented by, 484.
does homage to the Mongols, 500.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Novgorod, Severian, principality of, 483.
Novi-Bazar (Rassa), 424.
Numantia, Roman conquest of, 56.
Numidia, province of, 59.
Nürnberg, 209, 215, 220, 226.
Nystad, Peace of, 512.
Obotrites, 474.
Ochrida, taken by the Bulgarians, 377.
kingdom of, its extent, 377, 378.
Oczakow, annexed by Russia, 449.
Odessa, does not answer to Odêssos, 516 (note).
Odo, king of the West Franks, does homage to Arnulf, 139, 326.
Odoacer, his reign in Italy, 94.
overthrown by Theodoric, 95.
Oesel, won by Denmark, 491, 504.
under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Sweden, 508.
Ogres; see Magyars.
Oldenburg, united with Denmark, 509.
becomes a separate duchy, 513.
Grand Duchy of, 226.
annexed by France, 222.
Olgierd, king of Lithuania, 497.
Oliva, Peace of, 510.
Oliverca, ceded to Spain by Portugal, 538.
Olynthos, 33.
Opicans, Oscans, 46.
Opsikion, theme of, 151.
Optimatôn, theme of, 151.
Oran, conquered by Spain, 543.
Orange, 263.
annexed to France, 265, 350.
Orange River State, 566.
Orchomenos, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
its secondary position in historic times, 30.
destroyed by the Thebans, 31.
Oreos, 403.
Orkney, Scandinavian colony, 471.
earldom of, 553.
pledged to Scotland, 488.
Osrhoênê, 100.
Ostmen, their settlements in Ireland, 159, 556.
Otho de la Roche, founds the lordship of Athens, 416.
Otranto, Turkish conquest of, 446.
Otto the Great, Emperor, subdues Berengar, 147.
crowned at Rome, 148.
Ottocar II., king of Bohemia, his German dominion, 492.
Ottoman Turks, their position in Europe, 17.
compared with the Magyars and Bulgarians, 365.
with the Saracens, 442.
their special character as Mahometans, ib.
their dominion compared with the Eastern Empire, 443.
their origin, 444.
effect on, of the Mongol invasion, ib.
their first settlements, ib.
invade Europe, 445.
under Bajazet, 445.
their conquests of Servia, 426.
of Thessaly and Albania, 420, 421.
of Bulgaria, 431.
invade Hungary, 438.
overthrown by Timour, 390, 445.
reunited under Mahomet I., 446.
under Mahomet the Conqueror, ib.
take Constantinople, 391, 446.
their conquests in Peloponnêsos, 419.
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 427.
under Selim and Suleiman, 447.
their conquest of Hungary, ib.
greatest extent of their dominion, 448.
decline of their power, 448-450.
their wars with Russia, 449.
Oudenarde, becomes French, 349.
restored, ib.
Oviedo, 529.
Paderborn, 224.
Padua, 237.
Pagania, originally Servian, 405.
its extent, 406.
Paionia, 20.
Paionians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Palaiologos, House of, 366.
branch of at Montferrat, 240.
Palatinate of the Rhine, 215.
united with Bavaria, ib.
Pale, fluctuations of the, 557.
Palermo (Panormos), a Phœnician colony, 48.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
taken by the Normans, 395.
becomes the capital of Sicily, 395.
Palestine, its relations to Rome, 65.
Pampeluna, diocese of, 179.
kingdom of; see Navarre.
Pannonia, Roman conquest of, 68.
in the diocese of Illyricum, 79.
Lombard kingdom in, 106.
Bulgarian attempt on, 376.
Panormos; see Palermo.
Papal Dominions, beginning and growth of, 239, 242, 244, 249.
its overthrow and restoration, 252, 253, 359.
annexed by France, 253, 256.
annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 258.
Paphlagonia, kingdom of, 38.
theme of, 150.
Paphlagonians, 28.
Parga, commends itself to Venice, 410.
surrendered to the Turks, 451.
Paris (Lutetia Parisiorum), 58.
capital of the duchy of France, 142.
capital and centre of the kingdom of France, 144, 167.
becomes an archbishopric, 174.
Paris, treaty of, 353, 354, 360, 450.
Parma, 237, 241.
given to the Spanish Bourbons, 249.
the duchy restored, 256.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Parthenopæan Republic, the, 252.
Parthia, its rivalry with Rome, 65, 81.
Partition, crusading act of, 383.
Passarowitz, Peace of, 440.
Patras, under the Pope, 418.
held by Venice, 410, 418.
Patriarchates, the, 168, 169.
‘Patrician,’ title of, 123.
Patzinaks, 17, 113, 156, 158, 365.
Pavia, old Lombard capital, 147, 237.
county of, 241.
‘Pax Romana,’ 66.
Pelasgians, use of the name, 24.
in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Peloponnêsos, its geographical position, 21.
Homeric divisions of, 27.
changes in, 29.
united under the Achaian League, 40.
Slavonic settlements in, 116, 375, 461.
theme of, 151.
won back to the Eastern Empire, 153.
Latin conquests in, 417.
Venetian settlements in, 409, 410.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 418.
becomes an Imperial dependency, 388.
conquered by the Turks, 391, 419.
Venetian losses in, 411.
conquered by Venice, 412.
recovered by the Turks, 412.
Pembrokeshire, Flemish settlement in, 554.
Pennsylvania, 561.
Pentedaktylos; see Taÿgetos.
Perateia, meaning of the name, 422.
Turkish conquest of, 423.
Perche, united to France, 336.
Perekop, conquered by Lithuania, 498.
added to Poland, ib.
lost by Poland, 499.
Pergamos, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Persia, wars of with Greece, 33.
with Rome, 81, 99, 109.
Saracen conquest of, 82, 111.
revival of, 98, 100.
Russian conquests in, 516.
Peru, Spanish conquest of, 543.
Perugia, 239.
Peter the Great of Russia, his wars with Charles XII., 512.
Peter, count of Savoy, 278.
Pharos (Lesina), 34, 406.
Philadelphia, taken by the Turks, 390.
Philip, rise of Macedonia under, 37.
Philip Augustus, King of France, his annexations, 333.
Philip the Fair, King of France, effects of his marriage, 336.
his momentary occupation of Aquitaine, 337.
Philip of Valois, King of France, his attempt on Aquitaine, 337.
Philip the Hardy, Duke of Burgundy, duchy of Burgundy granted to, 339.
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, his acquisitions, 296-298.
Philippeville, held by France, 301, 348.
Philippine Islands, conquered by Spain, 543.
Philippopolis, first Bulgarian occupation of, 377.
first Russian occupation of, ib.
finally becomes Bulgarian, 389, 430.
taken by the Turks, 431.
Phœnicians, their colonies, 28, 35, 48.
Phôkaia, held by the Maona, 414.
Phôkis, 21.
league of, 40.
Phrygians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Piacenza, 237, 241.
given to the Spanish Bourbons, 249.
Picts, 98, 549.
united with the Scots, 550.
Piedmont, joined to France, 252, 356.
reunited with Sardinia, 256.
union of Italy comes from, ib.
Pietas Julia; see Pola.
Pinerolo, occupied by France, 347.
Pippin, king of the Franks, conquers Septimania, 121.
Pisa, archbishopric of, 171.
position of, 238.
conquers Sardinia, ib.
subject to Florence, 245.
Plataia, destroyed by Thebes, 31.
Podlachia, conquered by Poland, 498.
Podolia, lost by Galicia, 498.
added to Poland, ib.
ceded to the Turks, 448, 507.
recovered by Poland, ib.
Poitou, annexed by Philip Augustus, 334.
Pola (Pietas Julia), Roman colony, 63.
Polabic branch of the Slaves, 474.
Poland, kingdom of, 159, 200, 479.
its ecclesiastical relations, 465.
its relations to the Empire, 467, 478.
wars of, with Russia, 478, 506.
various tribes in, 478.
its conversion, 479.
its extent under Boleslaf, 478.
internal divisions of, ib.
consolidation of, 498.
Pomerania falls away from, 492.
conquests of, 498, 499.
joined with Lithuania, 498, 499.
Red Russia restored to, 437.
Zips pledged to, ib.
its acquisitions from the Teutonic knights, 497.
acquires Livland, 504.
its relations with Wallachia and Moldavia, 439.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
cedes Podolia to the Turk, 448.
partitions of, 212, 440, 513, 515.
formation of the new kingdom, 520.
united to Russia, 520.
Poland, Little, 479.
Poles (Lechs), their settlements, 478.
Polizza, independence of, 407.
Polotsk, principality of, 483.
Pomerania, Pomore, Pommern, its extent, 199, 200.
its early relations to Poland, 478, 479.
Danish conquests in, 489.
falls away from Poland, 491, 492.
its divisions, 200, 492.
divided between Brandenburg and Sweden, 210, 213, 504.
its western part incorporated with Sweden, 518.
ceded to Denmark and then to Prussia, 225, 518.
Pomerelia, purchased by the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Poland, 497.
Pondicherry, a French settlement, 354.
conquests and restorations of, 360.
Ponthieu, county of, 330.
acquired by William of Normandy, 332.
made over to England in 1360, 338, 558.
Pontos, kingdom of, 38.
Roman conquest of, 64.
diocese of the Eastern Prefecture, 76.
Portugal, 155, 527.
formation of the kingdom, 532.
its growth, 533.
kingdom of Algarve added to, 534.
extent of, in the thirteenth century, 534, 535, 540.
its African conquests, 541.
its colonies, 541, 542.
divides the Indies with Spain, ib.
annexed to and separated from Spain, 537.
Posen, Grand Duchy of, 224, 231, 520.
Potidaia, 33.
Prag, ecclesiastical province of, 176.
Prefectures, of the Roman Empire, 75-79.
Pressburg, Peace of, 220.
Prevesa, held by Venice, 412.
ceded to the Turk, 451.
Primorie; see Herzegovina.
Provençal language, its fall, 345.
Provence, origin of the name, 57.
part of Theodoric’s kingdom, 93, 95.
ceded to the Franks, 105, 118.
part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 145.
Angevin counts of, 263.
annexed to France, 264, 344.
Provinces, Roman, nature of, 51.
Eastern and Western, 52.
Prussia, use of the name, 192, 211, 230.
long remains heathen, 466.
dominion of the Teutonic Knights in, 496.
beginning of the duchy, 503.
its geographical position, 504.
united with Brandenburg, 204, 209, 504, 513.
independent of Poland, 504.
growth of, 202, 511.
kingdom of, 512.
its acquisition of Silesia, 211.
of East Friesland, ib.
its share in the partition of Poland, 212, 513-515.
losses of, 222, 223, 519.
recovery and increase of its territory, 224.
head of North German confederation, 228.
annexes Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, 519.
war with France, 229.
Prussia Western, 212, 513.
Prussia South, 212, 514.
Prussia New East, 212.
Przemyslaf, king of the Wends, founds the house of Mecklenburg, 476.
Pskof, commonwealth of, 483.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Puerto Rico, 544.
Punic Wars, the, 52, 56.
Pyrenees, Peace of, 301, 348.
Pyrrhos, 37.
Quadi, 85.
Quebec, 352.
Queensland, 566.
Rætia, conquest of, 68.
Ragusa, origin of, 115.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
keeps her independence, 407, 412.
prefers the Turk to Venice, 412.
annexed to Austria, 320, 322.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 559.
Rama, Hungarian kingdom of, 424, 441.
Rametta, taken by the Saracens, 370.
Ramsbury, see of, 182.
Rascia; see Dioklea.
Rassa (Novi Bazar), capital of Dioklea, 424.
Rastadt, Peace of, 350.
Ravenna, residence of the Western Emperors, 81.
of the Gothic kings, 95.
of the exarchs, 105.
taken by the Lombards, 108, 123.
its ecclesiastical position, 171.
under Venice, 242.
lost by Venice, 248.
Red Russia; see Galicia.
Regensburg, 220.
Revel, bishopric of, 184.
Rex Francorum, title of, 144.
Rheims, position of the archbishop, 167.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
Rhine, the boundary of the Roman Empire, 71.
frontier of, 348, 350, 355.
Rhodes, in the Homeric Catalogue, 28.
keeps its independence, 37, 41.
annexed by Vespasian, 41, 63.
held by the knights of Saint John, 389, 415.
revolutions of, 414.
knights driven out from, 447.
Rhode Island, 560.
Riazan, annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Richard I., of England, takes Cyprus, 372.
grants it to Guy of Lusignan, 318.
Riga, ecclesiastical province of, 185.
under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Sweden, 508.
Rimini (Ariminum), 54, 244.
Riparanensia, 154, 529.
Robert Wiscard, duke of Apulia, 394.
his conquests in Epeiros, 395.
Rochester, bishopric of, 181.
Roesler, R., on the origin of the name Magyar, 433 (note).
on the Roumans, 435 (note).
Roger I., count of Sicily, his conquests, 395.
Roger II., king of Sicily, his conquests, 395.
Romagna (Romania), represents the old Exarchate, 147, 238.
origin of the name, 234, 364.
cities in, 244.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Roman, name kept on in the Eastern Empire, 63, 363, 364, 366.
continued under the Turks, 380.
Roman Empire; see Empire, Roman.
Romania, geographical name of the Eastern Empire, 364, 376.
Latin Empire of, 383.
Romania in Italy; see Romagna.
Romano, lordship of, 237.
Rome, the centre of European history, 9.
origin of, 49.
becomes the head of Italy, 50.
nature of her provinces, 51.
her Macedonian wars and conquests, 41.
her rivalry with Parthia, ib.
wars of, with Persia, 81.
Patriarchate of, 168, 171.
her later history, 239.
becomes the Tiberine Republic, 252.
restored to the Pope, 253.
incorporated with France, ib.
restored to the Pope, 256, 359.
recovered by Italy, 258.
Roskild, Treaty of, 508.
bishopric of, 184.
Rostock, 494.
Rottweil, 274.
Rouen, capital of Normandy, 142.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Roum, Sultan of, 380.
Roumans, origin of the name, 71, 364, 435.
their northern settlements, 435.
Roumania, 436.
principality of, 453.
effects of the Treaty of Berlin on, 453.
Roumelia, Eastern, 454.
Roussillon, released from homage to France, 335, 531.
recovered by Aragon, 537.
finally annexed by France, 342, 348, 537.
Rovigo, annexed by Venice, 244.
Rügen, held by Denmark, 476, 490.
by Sweden, 509.
Rupertsland, 564.
Russia, its origin, 158, 159, 480, 481.
its relations towards the Turks, 449.
geographical continuity of its conquests, 467.
origin of the name, 480 (note), 481.
ecclesiastical relations of, 465, 468, 480.
its relations to the Eastern Empire, 159, 468.
its imperial style, 468.
Scandinavian settlement in, 472.
advance of against Chazars and Fins, 481.
its rulers become Slavonic, ib.
attempts on Constantinople, 482.
its isolation, ib.
its first occupation of Bulgaria, 377.
divided into principalities, 482, 483.
becomes tributary to the Mongols, 483, 500.
effect of the German conquest of Livland on, 487.
revival of, 499 et seq.
delivered by Ivan the Great, 501.
advance of, 505-507, 511-517, 521-523.
compared with Sweden, 507.
wars with Sweden, 508, 512, 518.
conquered by Poland, 506.
lands recovered by, ib.
assumes the title of Empire, 512.
becomes a Baltic power, 512.
its share in the partitions of Poland, 513-515.
no original Polish territory gained at this time by, 515, 520.
new kingdom of Poland united to, 520.
extent and character of its dominion, 522.
its territory in America sold to the United States, 523.
Russia, Red; see Galicia.
Ruthenians, 434.
Rutland, formation of the shire, 556.
Ryswick, Peace of, 349.
Sabines, 46.
Sachsen-Lauenburg; see Lauenburg.
Saguntum, taken by Hannibal, 56.
Saint Andrews, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Saint Asaph, bishopric of, 182.
Saint Davids, bishopric of, 182.
Saint Domingo, Spanish settlements in, 543.
French settlement in, 353.
distinct from Hayti, 544.
Saint Gallen, abbey of, 216.
Saint John, knights of, conquer Rhodes, 389, 415.
their conquests, 415.
Malta granted to, 398, 415.
driven out of Rhodes, 447.
Saint John of Maurienne, bishopric of, 173.
Saint Lucia, kept by England, 360.
Saint Omer, held by Spain, 349.
Saint Petersburg, foundation of, 512.
Saint Sava, duchy of; see Herzegovina.
Saladin, takes Jerusalem, 400.
Salamis, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
Salerno, principality of, 147, 152.
Salisbury, diocese of, 182.
Salona, Roman colony, 62.
destroyed, 115.
Salôna, principality of, 417.
conquered by the Turks, 420.
Saluzzo, disputed homage of, 283, 284, 287.
annexed by France, 287.
ceded to Savoy, 287, 347.
Salzburg, archbishopric of, 176, 215.
becomes a secular electorate, 220.
annexed by Austria, 221, 322.
by Bavaria, 222.
recovered by Austria, 224, 322.
Samaites, 484.
Samigola, 484.
Samland, Danish occupation of, 471.
Samnites, 46.
their wars with Rome, 51.
conquered by Sulla, ib.
Samo, kingdom of, 473.
Samogitia, purchased by the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Lithuania, ib.
Samos, 32.
theme of, 150.
held by the Maona, 414.
Sancho the Great, king of Navarre, extent of his dominion, 529.
San Marino, independence of, 247, 255, 258.
San Stefano, treaty of, 454.
Santa Maura; see Leukas.
Saracens, their settlements in Europe, 16.
rise of, 110.
their conquests of Persia, Africa, and Spain, 111, 365.
their province in Gaul, 112, 527.
greatest extent of their power, 112, 526.
conquest of Sicily, 370.
compared with the Ottoman Turks, 442.
end of their rule in Spain, 537.
Sarai, capital of the Mongols, 500.
Sardica; see Sofia.
Sardinia, 44.
its early inhabitants, 53.
Roman conquest of, ib.
province of, 79.
lost to the Eastern Empire, 369.
occupied by Pisa, 238.
conquered by Aragon, 245, 538.
united to Savoy, 251.
kingdom of, 257.
Sathas, M., referred to, 460.
Savona, march of, 236.
Savoy, House of, 234.
position and growth of, 277 et seq.
originally Burgundian, 278.
its relations to Geneva, 281.
annexes Nizza, 282.
its claims on Saluzzo, 283.
Bernese conquests from, 272.
Italian and French influence on, 284.
its decline, 285.
its later history, 288-289.
French annexations from, 344.
French occupation of, 286, 346.
Italian advance of, 248.
its union with Sicily and Sardinia, 251.
boundaries of, after the fall of Buonaparte, 359.
annexed by France, 258, 359.
Saxon Mark, the, 198.
Saxons, 85, 91.
their settlement in Britain, 97.
Saxony, conquered by Charles the Great, 122, 126.
duchy of, 140, 207.
use of the name, 191, 207.
break-up of the duchy, 207.
new duchy and electorate of, 208, 209.
circle of, ib.
kingdom of, 222, 226.
dismemberment of, 224.
Scanderbeg, revolt of Albania under, 421.
Scandinavia, ecclesiastical provinces of, 184.
its momentary union with Britain, 462.
compared with Spain, 463.
Eastern and Western aspects of, 464.
its barbarian neighbours, 466.
kingdoms of, 130, 468.
its influence on the Baltic, compared with that of Germany, 486.
Scania, originally Danish, 131, 184, 469.
its momentary transfer to Sweden, 487.
Hanseatic occupation of, 494.
annexed to Sweden, 508.
Schaffhausen, joins the Confederates, 272.
Schlesien; see Silesia.
Sclavinia, kingdom of, 476.
Danish conquest of, 489.
Scotland, origin of the name, 98, 549.
dioceses of, 183.
its greatness due to its English element, 548.
historical position of, 549.
analogy of Switzerland to, ib.
formation of the kingdom, 550, 551.
settlements of the Northmen in, 550, 552.
acknowledges the English supremacy, 550.
different tenures of the dominions of its kings, 551.
grant of Lothian and Cumberland to, 162, 550, 551.
its shifting relations towards England, 552.
its union with England, ib.
Scots, their settlement in Britain, 98, 548.
their union with the Picts, 556.
Scutari; see Skodra.
Scythia, Roman province of, 77.
Sebasteia, theme of, 150.
Sebastopol, answers to old Cherson, 516 (note).
Sebenico, under Venice, 411.
Seleukeia, independence of, 39.
annexed to the Empire by Trajan, 99.
theme of, 150.
Seleukids, extent and decline of their kingdom, 38.
Selim I., Sultan, his conquests in Syria and Egypt, 447.
Seljuk Turks, their invasions, 365, 379.
driven back by the Komnênoi, 381.
weakened by the Mongols, 443.
Selsey, see of, 182.
Selymbria, won back to the Empire, 387, 391.
Semigallia, Semigola, part of the duchy of Curland, 514.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 496.
Semitic nations in Europe, 16.
Sena Gallica (Sinigallia), Roman colony, 54.
Sens, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
divided, 174.
Septimania (Gothia), 90, 154, 526.
Saracen conquest of, 112, 118.
recovered by the Franks, 113, 121.
march of, 142.
Servia, Slavonic character of, 114, 373, 423.
conquered by Simeon, 377, 424.
its relations to the Empire, 424.
restored to the Empire, 378, 424.
revolts from the Empire, 379, 424.
recovered by Manuel, 381, 424.
beginning of the house of Nemanja, 424.
its possessions on the Hadriatic, 405.
loses Bosnia, 424.
advance of under Stephen Dushan, 389, 419-420, 425.
Empire of, 420, 425.
break up of the Empire, 426.
later kingdom of, ib.
conquests and deliverances of, ib.
revolts and deliverance of, 452.
enlarged by the Berlin Treaty, 453.
Servians, never wholly enslaved, 429.
fourfold separation of the nation, 453.
Severia, conquered by Lithuania, 499.
Severin, Banat of, attacked by Bulgaria, 430.
Seven Weeks’ War, the, 228.
Seville, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
recovered by Castile, 534, 535.
Sforza, House of, 241.
Sherborne, see of, 182.
Shetland, Scandinavian colony, 471.
pledged to Scotland, 488.
Shires, mentioned in Domesday, 555.
two classes of, ib.
Shirwan, 521.
Siberia, khanat of, 501.
Russian conquest of, 511.
Sicily, early inhabitants of, 45, 48.
Phœnician colonies in, 35.
Greek colonies in, 22, 34, 53.
the first Roman province, 52, 79.
state of under Rome, 53.
theme of, 152.
Saracen conquest of, 153, 370.
recovered by George Maniakês, 370.
Norman kingdom of, 250, 367, 371, 393-395.
its conquests from the Eastern Empire, 397.
never a fief of the Western Empire, 233.
under Charles of Anjou, 250, 397.
its revolt, ib.
its union with Aragon, 250, 538.
united with Savoy, 251.
with Austria, ib.
with Naples, 251, 540.
its practical effacement, 398.
compared with the Crusading states, ib.
compared with Venice, 402.
Sicilies, The Two, kingdom of, 250, 251, 253, 398.
union of with Aragon, 538.
part of the Spanish monarchy, 240, 540.
divided, 254.
reunited, 256.
joined to Italy, 257.
Siculi; see Szeklers.
Sidon, Phœnician colony, 35.
Siebenbürgen, origin of the name, 435 (note); see Transsilvania.
Siena, archbishopric of, 171.
commonwealth of, 238, 245.
annexed by Florence, 246.
Sikanians, 48.
Sikels, 48.
Sikyôn, in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
a Dorian city, 29.
Silesia, its early relations to Poland, 200, 478, 479.
passes under Bohemian supremacy, 200, 492.
joined to the Bohemian kingdom, 493.
becomes a dominion of the House of Austria, 493.
the greater part conquered by Prussia, 211.
Polish territory added to, 515.
Silvas, conquered by Portugal, 533.
Simeon, Tzar of Bulgaria, his conquests, 376.
Sind, 113.
Sinôpê, 39, 64, 422.
Sirmium, 81.
Sitten, see of, 173.
Skipetars; see Albanians.
Skodra (Scutari), kingdom of, 62.
Servian, 406.
dominion of the Balsa at, 428.
sold to Venice, 410, 428.
taken by Mahomet the Conqueror, 411.
Skopia, 425.
Slaves, their settlement and migrations, 14, 113, 133, 365.
compared with those of the Teutons, 16, 114.
their two main divisions, 114, 158.
parted asunder by the Magyars, 158, 432.
their settlements within the Eastern Empire, 115.
in Greece and Macedonia, 116, 373, 374, 461.
recovered to the Eastern Empire, 375.
remain on Taÿgetos, ib.
their relations to the Western Empire, 159, 197, 199, 201, 465, 466.
general history of the Northern Slaves, 472-485.
Slavia, duchy of, 492.
Slavinia, name of, 115.
Slavonia, 323, 434.
Slavonic Gulf, 476.
Sleswick, duchy of, 213, 490.
its relations with Denmark, 490.
under Christian I., 491.
effect of the Peace of Roskild on, 509.
guaranteed to Denmark, 513.
wars in, 228.
transferred to Prussia, 228, 519.
Slovaks, 434, 477.
Smolensk, principality of, 483.
conquered by Lithuania, 499.
its shiftings between Russia and Poland, 506.
Smyrna, 32.
acquired by Genoa, 389.
Sobrarbe, formation of the kingdom, 530.
united to Aragon, 531.
Social War, the, 51.
Sofia (Sardica), taken by the Bulgarians, 376.
by the Turks, 431.
Solothurn, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
Sorabi, 474, 475.
Spain, use of the name, 3 (note).
its geographical character, 10.
non-Aryan people in, 12, 13.
Celtic settlements in, 14, 56.
Greek and Phœnician settlements in, 35, 56.
its connexion with Gaul, 55.
first Roman province in, ib.
final conquest of, ib.
diocese of, 79.
settlements of Suevi and Vandals in, 90.
West-Gothic kingdom in, 89.
southern part won back to the Empire, 105.
reconquered by West-Goths, 108, 526.
Saracen conquest of, 111, 154, 526.
separated from the Eastern Caliphate, 113.
conquests of Charles the Great in, 127, 527.
foundation of its kingdoms, 154, 155, 549 et seq.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 178.
its geographical relations with France, 342.
its quasi-imperial character, 463.
compared with Scandinavia, 463, 525.
with South-eastern Europe, 525.
nation of, grew out of the war with the Mussulmans, 526.
king of, use of the title, 535.
African Mussulmans in, 530, 532, 533.
end of their rule in, 537.
divides the Indies with Portugal, 542.
extent of under Charles V., 247, 298, 539.
its conquests in Africa, 543.
its insular possessions, ib.
revolutions of its colonies, 544.
its possessions in the West Indies, ib.
Spalato, its origin, 115.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
under Venice, 44.
Spanish March, the, conquered by Charles the Great, 122, 128, 529.
remains part of Karolingia, 141, 155.
division of, ib.
Spanish Monarchy, the greatest extent of, 539.
partition of, ib.
Sparta, her supremacy, 29.
joins the Achaian league, 40.
Speyer, bishopric of, 175.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
becomes Bavarian, 226.
Spizza, originally Servian, 406.
annexed by Austria, 324, 429, 441.
Spoleto, Lombard duchy of, 108, 147.
Stalbova, Peace of, 508.
Stati degli Presidi, 246.
Steiermark; see Styria.
Stephen Dushan, extent of the Servian Empire under, 389, 419, 420, 425.
Stephen Tvartko, king of Bosnia, 426.
Stephen Urosh, his conquest of Thessaly and title, 420, 426.
Stettin, 210.
Stormarn, 489, 490.
Strabo, his description of Hellas, 18 (note).
Stralsund, 494.
Strassburg, bishopric of, 175.
seized by Lewis XIV., 194, 350.
restored to Germany, 229.
Strathclyde, 130, 549, 550.
acknowledges the English supremacy, 162.
granted to Scotland, 162, 551.
Strigonium (Gran), ecclesiastical province of, 186.
Strymôn, theme of, 151.
Styria (Steiermark), duchy of, 217, 308.
Sudereys; see Hebrides.
Suevi, their settlements, 87, 90.
Suleiman, the Lawgiver, his conquests, 438, 447.
his African overlordship, 447.
Sumatra, Dutch settlement in, 300.
Surat, French factory at, 354.
Susdal, 483.
Sussex, kingdom of, 160, 555.
Sutherland, 550.
Sutorina, Ottoman frontier extends to, 412.
Svealand, 131.
Sviatopluk, founds the Great Moravian kingdom, 473.
Sviatoslaf, overruns Bulgaria, 377.
his Asiatic conquests, 482.
Swabia, circle of, 216.
ecclesiastical towns in, ib.
Sweden, 131, 159, 470.
its position in the Baltic, 463.
its relation to the Empire, 467.
its conquest of Curland, 472.
of Finland, 486, 488.
joined with Norway and Denmark, 487.
separated, 488.
growth of, compared with Russia, 507.
advance of under Gustavus Adolphus, ib.
wars of with Russia and Poland, 508.
advance of against Denmark and Norway, ib.
its German territories, 213.
greatest extent of, 509, 510.
its settlements in America, 561.
its decline, 512.
its later wars with Russia, 512, 518.
losses of, 512, 518.
its union with Norway, 464, 518.
Swiss League, beginning and growth of, 262, 268-274.
Swithiod, 470.
Switzerland, represents the Burgundian kingdom, 146, 259, 291.
German origin of the Confederation, 262, 268, 269.
popular errors about, 269.
eight ancient cantons of, 270.
effect of on the Austrian power, 217, 311.
beginning of its Italian dominions, 271, 286.
thirteen cantons of, 272, 274.
its allied and subject lands, 272, 273.
extent and position of the League, 275.
its Savoyard conquests, 272, 273.
its relations with France, 344.
abolition of the federal system in, ib.
restored by the Act of Mediation, 276.
Buonaparte’s treatment of, 355.
nineteen cantons of, 276.
present confederation of twenty-two cantons, 276, 359.
Sword-Brothers, their connexion with the Empire, 495.
established in Livland, ib.
extent of their dominion, 496.
joined to the Teutonic Order, ib.
separated from them, 496, 503.
fall of the Order, 504.
Sybaris, Greek colony, 47.
Syracuse, Greek colony, 48.
Roman conquest of, 52.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
recovered and loss by the Eastern Empire, ib.
by the Normans, 395.
Syria, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Roman province of, 65.
Saracen conquest of, 111.
partially restored to the Empire, 379.
conquered by Selim I., 447.
Szeklers, settle in Transsilvania, 435.
Tangier, 527, 541, 558.
Tannenberg, battle of, 496.
Taormina (Tauromenion), taken by the Saracens, 370.
Tarantaise, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Tarentum, (Taras), early greatness of, 47.
archbishopric of, 172.
taken by the Normans, 394.
Tarifa, taken by Castile, 534.
Tarragona, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
joined to Barcelona, 532.
Tarsos, restored to the Empire, 153, 379.
Tartars; see Mongols.
Tasmania, 566.
Tauros, Mount, 61.
Tauromenion; see Taormina.
Taÿgetos, Slave settlement on, 375.
Tchernigof, principality of, 483.
lost and recovered by Poland, 506.
Temeswar, 440.
Tenda, county of, 287.
Tênos, held by Venice, 409, 411.
Terbounia (Trebinje), 405, 425.
Terra Firma, compared with ἤπειρος, 26 (note).
Teutonic Knights, their connexion with the Western Empire, 495.
effects of their rule, ib.
extent of their dominion, 496.
joined to the Sword-brothers, ib.
separated from them, 496.
their losses, 496, 497.
their cessions to Poland, 497.
their vassalage to Poland, ib.
secularization of their dominion, 503.
Teutons, their settlements, 15, 16, 82, 87, 96.
their wars with Rome, 84.
confederacies among, ib.
Thasos, 32.
Thebes, head of the Boiôtian League, 27, 30.
destroyed by Alexander, 31.
Theodore Laskaris, founds the Empire of Nikaia, 386.
Theodoric, King of the East Goths, his reign in Italy, 95.
Thermê, 33; see Thessalonikê.
Thesprotians, in the Homeric catalogue, 26.
invade Thessaly, 30.
Thessalonikê, theme of, 151.
kingdom of, 384.
its effects on the Latin Empire, ib.
its extent under Boniface, 385.
taken by Michael of Epeiros, 385.
Empire of, ib.
separated from Epeiros, ib.
incorporated with the Empire of Nikaia, 387.
sold to Venice, 404, 410.
taken by the Turks, 391, 404, 446.
Thessaly, Thesprotian invasion of, 30.
subservient to Macedonia, 37, 40.
province of, 78.
part of the kingdom of Thessalonikê, 385.
added to Servia by Stephen Urosh, 420.
Turkish conquest of, ib.
Thionville, 301.
Thirty Years’ War, the, 203, 347.
Thopia, House of, Albanian kings in Epeiros, 420.
Thorn, Peace of, 497.
recovered by Prussia, 520.
Thrace, Greek colonies in, 20, 33.
its geography, ib.
conquered by Rome, 68.
diocese of, 76.
theme of, 151.
Thracians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Thrakêsion, theme of, 151.
Thurgau, won from Austria by the Confederates, 271, 313.
Thuringians, 91.
conquered by the Franks, 117.
Tiberine Republic, 252.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, subdued by the Romans, 65.
Timour, overthrows Bajazet, 390, 445.
Tingitana, province of, 79.
Tirnovo, kingdom of, 430.
Tobago, 360.
Tocco, House of, effects of their rule in Western Greece, 421.
Toledo, archbishopric of, 178.
conquered by Alfonso VI., 532, 535.
Tortona, 237, 249.
Tortosa, Aragonese conquest of, 532.
Toul, annexed by France, 193, 346.
Toulouse, Roman colony, 57.
capital of the West Gothic kingdom, 90.
county of, 142, 330.
ecclesiastical province of, 174.
annexed to France, 335.
Touraine, united to Anjou, 330.
annexed by Philip Augustus, 333.
Τοῠρκοι, 433 (note).
Tournay, becomes French, 349.
Tours, battle of, 113.
bishopric of, 173.
Trajan, Emperor, his conquests, 70, 99.
forms the province of Dacia, ib.
Transpadane Republic, 252.
Transsilvania, 323.
conquered by the Magyars, 435.
Teutonic colonies in, 435.
tributary to the Turk, 439.
incorporated with Hungary, 440.
Transvaal, annexation of, 566.
Traü, 406.
Trebinje; see Terbounia.
Trebizond (Trapezous), city of, 36, 150.
Empire of, 386, 422.
acknowledges the Eastern Emperor, ib.
conquered by the Turks, 423.
Trent, county of, 235.
bishopric of, 147, 195, 237.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
within the Austrian circle, 217.
annexed by Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224, 255, 318.
Triaditza; see Sofia.
Trier, taken by the Franks, 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
chancellorship of Gaul held by its archbishops, 176.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Trieste, commends itself to Austria, 232, 312.
Trinidad, 544.
Tripolis (Asia), county of, 399.
Tripolis (Africa), conquered by Suleiman, 447.
Trojans, 28.
Trondhjem (Nidaros), ecclesiastical province of, 184.
Trondhjemlän, ceded to Sweden, 508.
restored to Norway, 509.
Troyes, treaty of, 338.
Tuam, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Tunis, conquests and losses of by the Turk, 447.
conquered by Charles V., 447, 543.
Turanian nations in Europe, 17, 365.
Turks, Magyars so called, 379, 433 (note).
see also Ottomans and Seljuks.
Tuscany, use of the name, 234.
commonwealths of, 238.
grand duchy of, 249, 256.
exchanged for Lorraine, 321.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Tver, annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Tyre, Phœnician colony, 35.
Tyrol, within the circle of Austria, 217.
taken by Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224, 323.
Tzar, origin of the title, 512 (note).
Tzernagora; see Montenegro.
Tzernojevich, dynasty of, 428.
Tzetinje, foundation of, 428.
Ukraine Cossacks, 506.
Ulster, province of, 183.
United Provinces, the, 299.
recognition of their independence, 300.
colonies of, 300, 561.
United States of America, the greatest colony of England, 559.
formation of, 560-562.
acknowledgement of their independence, 562.
their extension to the West, 563.
their lack of a name, ib.
cessions to by Spain, 544.
Upsala, archbishopric of, 184.
Urbino, duchy of, 244.
annexed by the Popes, 249.
Uri, obtains the Val Levantina, 271.
Utica, Phœnician colony, 35.
Utrecht, its bishops, 294.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
archbishopric of, 177.
peace of, 301, 349, 352.
Val Levantina, won by Uri, 271.
Valence, annexed to the Dauphiny, 264.
Valencia, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
conquered by Aragon, 533, 536.
Valenciennes, annexed by France, 349.
Valentia, province of, 80.
Valladolid, bishopric of, 178.
Valois, county of, 330.
added to France, 331.
Valtellina, won by Graubünden, 273.
united to the French kingdom of Italy, 253.
to the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, 256.
Vandals, 87.
their settlements in Spain and in Africa, 89, 90.
end of their kingdom, 105.
Varna, battle of, 426, 438.
Varus, defeated by Arminius, 67.
Vasco de Gama, discovers Cape of Good Hope, 541.
Vasto, 236.
Vaud, conquered from Savoy, 273.
freed, 275.
Veii, conquered by Rome, 50.
Venaissin, annexed to France, 265, 355.
Veneti, 46.
Venetia, 47, 235.
Roman conquests of, 55.
province of, 79.
Venice, her origin, 94.
patriarchal see of, 170.
her greatness, 241, 367.
relations to the Eastern Empire, 233, 369, 378.
compared with Genoa and Sicily, 402.
her first conquests in Dalmatia and Croatia, 406, 407.
her share in the Latin conquest of Constantinople, 383.
compared with Sicily, 402.
effect of the fourth Crusade on, 402, 403.
inherits the position of the Eastern Empire, 403, 410.
her dominion primarily Hadriatic, 404, 405.
her possession of Crete, Cyprus, and Thessalonikê, ib.
her Greek and Albanian possessions, 408-410.
loses and recovers Dalmatia, 409, 410.
acquires Skodra, 410, 428.
her losses, 411.
her Italian dominions, 241, 242, 248.
losses of by the treaty of Bologna, 248.
conquest and loss of the Peloponnêsos, 412.
annexed to Austria, 252.
part of the French kingdom of Italy, 253.
restored to Austria, 255.
momentary republic of, 267.
united to Italy, 232, 258.
Verden, bishopric of, 208, 213.
held and lost by Sweden, 509, 513.
Verdun, division of, 136.
bishopric of annexed by France, 193, 346.
Vermandois, annexed to France, 331.
Verona, fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 139, 195.
history of, 237.
subject to Venice, 241.
to Austria, 252.
restored to Italy, 232.
Vespasian, his annexations, 41.
Viatka, commonwealth of, 483.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Victoria (Australia), 566.
Vienna, Congress of, 520
battle of, 439.
Vienne, 93, 263.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
annexed to France, 264.
Viennois, Dauphiny of, 263.
annexed to France, 264, 344.
Vindelicia, conquest of, 68.
Visconti, House of, 240.
Vlachia; see Wallachia and Roumania.
Vlachia, Great; see Thessaly.
Vlachs, use of the name, 366.
see Roumans.
Vladimir, first Christian prince of Russia, takes Cherson, 378, 482.
Vladimir, on the Kiasma, supremacy of, 482.
Vladimir (Lodomeria) annexed by Lewis the Great, 437.
under Austria, 323, 440, 514.
Volhynia, conquered by Lithuania, 498.
recovered by Russia, 514.
Volscians, 46.
their wars with Rome, 50.
Vratislaf, king of Bohemia, 492 (note).
Wagri, Wagria, 474, 489.
Waldemar, king of Denmark, conquests and losses, 489.
Wales, North, use of the name, 130.
Wales, Harold’s conquests from, 553.
conquest of, 554.
full incorporation of, 555.
Wales, principality of, 554.
Wallachia, formation of, 436.
shiftings of, 438-440.
its union with Moldavia, 453.
Wallis, League of, 272.
its conquests from Savoy, 273.
united with France, 274.
becomes a Swiss Canton, 276, 359.
‘Wandering of the Nations,’ 83.
Warsaw, duchy of, 223, 519.
extent of, 520.
Weleti, Weletabi, Wiltsi, 474.
Wells, bishopric of, 182.
Welsh, use of the name, 98.
Wessex, kingdom of, 97, 129.
its growth and supremacy, 130, 160, 161, 162.
Westfalia, duchy of and circle, 207.
kingdom of, 222.
Westfalia, Peace of, 215, 346, 509.
West Indies, French colonies in, 353.
British possessions in, 360, 565.
Westmoreland, formation of the shire, 556.
Widdin, twice annexed by Hungary, 430, 431, 437.
William the Conqueror, his continental conquests, 332.
England united by, 163.
William of Hauteville, founds the county of Apulia, 394.
William the Good, king of Sicily, his Epeirot conquests, 396.
Winchester, bishopric of, 182.
Wismar, 494.
Witold, of Lithuania, his conquests, 499.
Worcester, bishopric of, 182.
Worms, bishopric of, 175.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Württemberg, county of, 216.
electorate and kingdom of, 220.
its extent, 226.
Würzburg, bishopric of, 226.
its Bishops Dukes of East Francia, 206, 214.
Grand Duchy of, 221, 222.
York, archbishopric of, 182.
Zabljak, ancient capital of Montenegro, 428.
Zaccaria, princes of, hold Chios, 414.
Zachloumia, 405, 425.
Zagrab; see Agram.
Zähringen, dukes of, 261, 262.
Zakynthos (Zante), conquered by William the Good, 396.
held in fief by Margarito, 397.
commended to Venice, 410.
tributary to the Sultan, 411.
Zalacca, battle of, 532.
Zante; see Zakynthos.
Zara (Jadera), Roman colony, 62.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
held by Venice, 405, 411.
Peace of, 409.
Zaragoza, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
conquered by Aragon, 532.
Zealand, province of, 218.
Zealand, Danish island, 469.
Zeno, reunion of the Empire under, 94.
Zeugmin, recovered by Manuel Komnênos, 381.
Zips, pledged to Poland, 437, 499.
Zug, joins the Confederates, 270.
Zürich, minster of, 216.
joins the Confederates, 270.
Zutphen, county of, annexed to Burgundy, 298.
Zuyder-Zee, inroads of, 293.

The Historical Geography of Europe, Vol. I, Text

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INDEX.