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The Historical Growth of the English Parish Church

Chapter 3: PREFACE
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About This Book

This study traces the historical development of the English parish church from obscure early origins through medieval growth, emphasizing the roles of monastic foundations, foreign influences, and lay benefaction. It examines institutional changes such as appropriation to monasteries and the rise of chantry chapels, and explains how these altered church plans. Detailed chapters treat towers, porches, chancels, and related liturgical arrangements, while another surveys medieval furnishings and decoration, including mural painting, stained glass, screens, and fittings. The work closes by outlining changes to parish churches after religious reform and subsequent restoration efforts.

PREFACE

This small book is intended to be a companion and complement to the writer’s book in the same series on The Ground Plan of the English Parish Church. In that book the growth of the ground plan is treated with necessarily scanty reference to the circumstances to which, directly or indirectly, that growth is due. Some attempt is made in the present volume to supply an account of the historical conditions amid which our parish churches were built, to say something of the builders, and to remove the popular idea, still current even among educated people, that our architecture is mainly due to the profuse benefactions of the religious orders. A special chapter on chantry foundations, which played so large a part in the life of the later middle ages, follows the general historical chapter. The western tower, the porch, and the chancel are then described with more fulness than was possible in the description of the ground plan; and the decoration and furniture of the various parts of the church are treated in the closing chapter.

The writer returns thanks for much help to his wife, to whom a sketch and the plans in the book, except that of Burford, are due; to the Rev. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., and to the Rev. R. M. Serjeantson, M.A., F.S.A., who have read through his proofs, and provided him with many useful suggestions; to the editor of the Archaeological Journal, for the use of the plan of Burford church; and to Messrs C. C. Hodges, J. P. Gibson, F.S.A., E. Kennerell, and A. J. Loughton, for the loan of photographs.

A. H. T.

April, 1911.


CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARISH CHURCH
SECTION     PAGE
1. Early parish churches in England 1
2. The monastic missionary settlements: church-building on private estates 3
3. The Danish invasions and the monastic revival 5
4. German influence on pre-Conquest architecture 6
5. Influence of the Normans on the architecture of parish churches 7
6. The parish church at the Norman conquest 10
7. Appropriation of churches to monasteries: ordination of vicarages 11
8. Relation of monastic owners to the fabrics of churches 13
9. The builders of medieval parish churches 15
10. The parish church and its rectors 17
11. Disadvantages of pluralism and litigation 18
12. Growth of the chantry system 20
13. Chantry chapels at Beckingham, Lincolnshire 21
14. Summary 22
CHAPTER II
THE CHANTRY CHAPEL IN THE PARISH CHURCH
15. Chantries and colleges of chantry priests 24
16. Foundation of chantry colleges 27
17. Parochial chapels 29
18. Religious and trade guilds 30
19, 20. The chantry chapel: its influence on the church plan 33
21. Chancels of collegiate churches 37
22. St John Baptist’s, Cirencester 39
23. Chesterfield and Scarborough; charnel chapels 41
24. Burford church, Oxon 42
25. St Michael’s and Holy Trinity, Coventry 45
26. Importance of the work of lay benefactors 48
CHAPTER III
THE TOWER, THE PORCH, AND THE CHANCEL
27. Subject of the chapter 51
28. The western tower before the Conquest 53
29. Survival of the older type of tower after the Conquest 56
30. Architectural development of the tower 59
31. The spire 60
32. The tower of the later middle ages: its relation to the clerestory of the nave 62
33. Western doorways and porches 65
34. Side doorways of the church 67
35. The porch: altars in porches 68
36. Chambers above porches 71
37. Altars in towers: habitations in connexion with churches 73
38. Variety of position of the tower 75
39. The chancel arch 76
40. Enlargement of the chancel and architectural treatment 78
41. Fourteenth century chancels in Yorkshire and the northern midlands 80
42. Decline of chancel building in the fifteenth century: the laity and the nave 85
43. Sacristies 88
44. Squints, priests’ doors, low side windows 90
45. Crypts and bone-holes 95
CHAPTER IV
THE FURNITURE OF A MEDIEVAL PARISH CHURCH: CONCLUSION
46. Remains of medieval decorations 98
47. Mural paintings 98
48. Stained glass 102
49. Coloured furniture of stone and wood 105
50. Furniture of the nave and aisles: font and benches 106
51. Chapels in aisles 109
52. Pulpits, galleries, etc. 110
53. The rood screen 112
54. The rood loft and beam 116
55. Quire stalls and lectern 117
56. Levels of the chancel 119
57. The altar and its furniture 120
58. Piscina, sedilia, and almeries 122
59. The Easter sepulchre 124
60. Exceptional furniture 128
61. Parish churches after the Reformation 129
62. Later parish churches 130
63. Post-reformation work and modern restoration 131
  Bibliography 134
  Index 137


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

St Benet’s, Cambridge: west tower from N.W. Frontispiece
  PAGE
Sketch of Hallaton, chantry chapel in S. aisle 25
Plan of Cirencester Church 40
Plan of Burford Church 43
Plan of St Michael’s Church, Coventry 46
Plan of Holy Trinity Church, Coventry 47
Norton, Co. Durham: Saxon central tower, with transept 52
Carlton-in-Lindrick, Notts: west tower 57
Tickhill, Yorkshire: general view from S.E., shewing clerestory, western tower and projecting eastern chapel 63
St Mary’s, Beverley: south porch 69
Cirencester: south porch 72
Patrington: north side of chancel and vestry 83
Walpole St Peter: from N.E. 86
Wensley: chancel, with low side window, from S.E. 91
St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol: from N.E. 95
Patrington: interior, looking across nave from S. transept 99
Well, Yorkshire: font cover 107
Banwell, Somerset: rood screen 113
Hawton, Notts: Easter sepulchre 125