FOOTNOTES
[1] On the Action of Alcohol on the Mind, pp. 11, 12. W. Tweedie.
[2] Results of Researches on Alcohol, p. 6 (“An Inbred Enemy”). W. Tweedie.
[3] Descent of Man, i. 12.
[4] Brehm, Thierleben, b. i. 1864, a. 75, 86. Also on the Ateles, s. 105, and elsewhere.
[5] Morewood’s Inebriating Liquors, p. 55 and subsequent pages, which contain numerous references. Dublin: W. Curry, jun., & Co. 1838. In referring to this work, we shall in future simply say “Morewood.” An earlier but much less perfect edition was published by Longmans in 1824.
[6] Researches in South Africa, p. 411. Murray.
[7] Researches in South Africa, pp. 186, 630, &c.
[8] The Malay Archipelago, vol. ii. p. 102.
[9] Striking instances will be found in the chapter on America in the present work.
[10] Morewood, p. 65, where Malte Brun, Whittington, and other travellers are referred to as authorities on the same subject.
[11] The Heart of Africa, vol. ii. p. 13. Sampson Low & Co.
[12] Heart of Africa, vol. i. p. 183.
[13] Morewood, who quotes authorities, p. 349.
[14] Ibid., p. 350.
[15] History of Europe, vol. i. 7th ed. p. 21.
[16] This will be further strikingly shown in the chapter which relates to the habits of the tribes on the River Plate.
[17] Herodotus, iii. 20-22.
[18] Keller’s Lake Dwellings, p. 344, Longmans; and Nilsson’s Stone Age, edited by Sir J. Lubbock, pp. xxiii., xxix., Longmans.
[19] For full information, see abstract of the treatise on the plants of the lake-dwellings in Keller’s book (cited), p. 336, where illustrations will be found of a great variety of plants in use at that early age.
[20] Keller’s Lake Dwellings, pp. 41, 342.
[21] One of our leading ethnologists, Mr. J. Crawfurd, F.R.S., expresses the view, in a paper read by him before the Ethnological Society, March 10, 1868, that the discovery and art of manufacturing some kind of intoxicating drink may be said to be coeval with the first dawn of social development, for it has soon been made by barbarians of every race in possession of the requisite raw materials; it is mere wandering savages, he says, that have been found ignorant of it. The same author considers that the vine is indigenous in several parts of Western Asia and Southern Europe.
[22] Confucius et Mencius, par M. G. Pauthier, p. 152. Paris: Charpentier.
[23] Wright’s Homes of Other Days, p. 269. Trübner & Co.
[24] Confucius et Mencius, p. 153, et seq.: “dejà entrées en putréfaction.”
[25] Confucius et Mencius, p. 108.
[26] Ibid., p. 114.
[27] Ibid., p. 144.
[28] Ibid., p. 148.
[29] Ibid., p. 333.
[30] Ibid., p. 355. This game was made an excuse for gambling, a vice still prevalent in China.
[31] Legge’s Chinese Classics. Trübner & Co.
[32] Legge’s “She-King, or Book of Ancient Chinese Poetry.” Trübner & Co.
[33] Legge’s Chinese Classics, vol. iii. pt. i p. 274.
[34] Other accounts are to be found in the “Shoo-King” of the condition of China at the time, and one (vol. iii. pt. i. p. 274) describes the people as being given up to highway robberies, villainies, and treachery; the nobles as violating the laws; and that there was no certainty of the apprehension of criminals. All this was attributed to the growth of drunkenness.
[35] The She-King, pp. 182, 183.
[36] The She-King, p. 252.
[37] Ibid., p. 308.
[38] Ibid., p. 314.
[39] Ibid., p. 207.
[40] The She-King, p. 375.
[41] Ibid., p. 261.
[42] Ibid., p. 322.
[43] Ibid., p. 195.
[44] The She-King, pp. 266-268.
[45] The great reformer known to us as Buddha was born at the foot of the mountains of Nepaul, and his death took place according to one writer 543 B.C., according to another 477 B.C., consequently about a year before the date assigned for the death of Confucius. See Max Müller’s “Chips from a German Workshop,” vol. i. p. 247.
[46] Hardy’s Eastern Monachism, p. 24. Partridge & Oakey.
[47] Ibid., pp. 80-82.
[48] Morewood, p. 231, and elsewhere. This author gives interesting details of the distilling processes in China.
[49] Social Life of the Chinese, by the Rev. Justus Doolittle, p. 500. Sampson Low & Co.
[50] Ibid., pp. 500-512.
[51] Chinese Sketches, by H. A. Giles, of H.B.M. Consular Service, p. 154. Trübner & Co.
[52] This is explained by Mr. Doolittle, who says that many games are played, in the course of which the loser is compelled repeatedly to empty his cup of wine.
[53] Chinese Sketches, p. 12.
[54] History of the Ancient Sanskrit Literature, pp. 523, 572. Williams & Norgate.
[55] Haug’s Essays on the Religion, &c., of the Parsees, pp. 280-283. Trübner & Co.
[56] The Bases of Temperance Reform, p. 113. Rev. D. Burns, M.A. London: Tweedie & Co.
[57] Rig-Veda, 1. 4. 2. Most of these extracts from the Rig-Veda have been translated for this work from the original Sanskrit by Dr. Myriantheus, an able Sanskrit scholar, and compared by the author where it was possible with Wilson’s and Langlois’ translations of the Rig-Veda. With respect to the foregoing quotation, Dr. Max Müller translates it (in a letter to the author): “The intoxication of a wealthy man bestows wealth;” that is, a wealthy man when intoxicated is generous. Nothing can be more convincing than this rendering that the Aryan conception of the gods was but a reflection of the character of the people themselves.
[58] Rig-Veda, 1. 9. 1.
[59] Ibid., 1. 52. 5.
[60] Ps. cxxxvi., and Rig-Veda, Langlois’ translation, p. 174.
[61] Rig-Veda, 8. 1. 23.
[62] Ibid., 10. 119.
[63] Ibid., 10. 112. 3.
[64] Ibid., 3. 58. 6.
[65] Rig-Veda, 1. 54. 8, and 3. 43. 5.
[66] Ibid., 5. 43. 3.
[67] Aitareya Brahmána, vol. ii. p. 507.
[68] Rig-Veda, 1. 191. 10.
[69] Ibid., 8. 2. 12.
[70] Chips from a German Workshop (R. V. 7. 86. 6).
[71] Manu was a religions and moral lawgiver, whose doctrines united the spirit of Buddhism with that of the Brahmans. One of his translators and commentators, Sir William Jones, believes him to have lived in or before the ninth century B.C. Professor Wilson, one of the translators of the Rig-Veda, places him about the sixth century B.C. Gautama Sâkya (Buddha) is, however, supposed to have lived in the sixth or fifth century B.C. These are discrepancies which we cannot attempt here to reconcile. The extracts in the text are from Sir William Jones’s translation of the “Institutes of Hindoo Law, or the Ordinances of Manu,” chap. xi. Allen & Co.
[72] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. xlii. p. 10 et seq.
[73] Morewood, p. 162, and Table, p. 717.
[74] Ibid., p. 182.
[75] The Natives of India, by James Kerr, pp. 171-173. Allen & Co.
[76] Wanderings of a Pilgrim, vol. ii. pp. 147, 148. Pelham Richardson.
[77] India and its Native Princes, by Louis Rousselet, p. 173. Chapman & Hall.
[78] In Doran’s Table Traits, p. 300 (Bentley), will be found a drinking-song which was sung in the army not very long since during the prevalence of cholera, when, the author says (not defining the exact period), drinking in India was fearful. We extract two verses to show the callousness that prevailed.
[79] Avesta, Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, by Dr. F. Spiegel, vol. i. p. 8. Leipzig: Engelmann.
[80] Haug, Essay on the Religion of the Parsees, p. 282. London: Trübner & Co.
[81] Vendidad, by Dr. Spiegel, vol. i. p. 207.
[82] Vendidad, vol. i. p. 253. See also vol. iii. p. xlix.: “Die Daevas Kunda, Banga und Vibanga als Gegner des Craosha, es sind die Dämonen der Trunkenheit.”
[83] And judging from the Zend-Avesta, to other gross forms of immorality.
[84] Born at Halicarnassus, B.C. 484.
[85] Herodotus, i. 133.
[86] Ibid., i. 126.
[87] Ibid., i. 212.
[88] Ibid., iii. 20-22.
[89] Sale’s Koran, p. 84. F. Warne & Co. “Lots, and images, and divining arrows” are explained to mean “all inebriating liquors and games of chance.” See also sec. v. and chap. ii. p. 23, where it is said that “in lots and wine there is great sin.”
[90] Sale’s Koran, p. 199.
[91] Ibid., pp. 95, 96. Also the present chapter and the chapter on the Egyptians; also Morewood, p. 721, table, from which it will be seen that there were imported into Turkey between the years 1827 and 1834 inclusive, 229,460 gallons of spirits, besides wines, beer, and ale, and that 11,272 gallons of wine were exported from Turkey during the same period.
[92] Morewood, pp. 85-89.
[93] Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft, by Dr. G. Klemm, vol. ii. pp. 338, 339. Leipzig: Romberg.
[94] Fraser’s Persia, p. 332. Oliver & Boyd.
[95] Through Persia by Caravan, by Arthur Arnold, vol. ii. p. 322. Tinsley. See also Klemm’s Culturwissenschaft, p. 323: “Man geniesst den Wein vornehmlich gern des Abends,” he says of all Moslems.
[96] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 20.
[97] Ibid., vol. i. p. 283.
[98] Max Müller’s Chips from a German Workshop, vol. i. p. 161.
[99] The Parsees, by Dosabhoy Framjee. Smith, Elder, & Co.
[100] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine.”
[101] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, by Rev. W. Ritchie, D.D., p. 224, and elsewhere, Houlston & Wright; and “The Basis of Temperance Reform,” by Rev. D. Burns, chap. v., Pitman; and “Bacchus Dethroned,” by F. Powell, chap. vii. Kempster.
[102] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine.”
[103] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 68.
[104] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 65.
[105] Exod. xxix. 40, 41; Lev. xxiii. 13; Judges ix. 12, 13: “Then said the trees unto the vine, Come thou and reign over us. And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees?”
[106] The Talmud, by H. Polano, pp. 349, 355. F. Warne.
[107] The Mishna, De Sola and Raphael, pp. 7-9. The author has to thank the Rev. M. Joseph of Liverpool for some of these references.
[108] Babylonian Talmud, Treatise Berachot, fol. 35 a.
[109] The Mishna, De Sola and Raphael, p. 48.
[110] Lev. x. 9.
[111] Num. vi. 3, 20.
[112] Jer. xxxv. 7.
[113] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine;” also note at end of chapter i. of this treatise.
[114] Polano’s Talmud, p. 261; also Isa. xxii. 14.
[115] Gen. xxvii. 28, 37; Deut. vii. 13, xi. 14, xxvii. 51; 2 Chron. xi. 11; Ps. civ. 15; Song of Solomon v. i.; Lam. ii. 12; and Hosea xiv. 7, where wine is named amongst the blessings to be restored to Israel.
[116] Isa. lv. 1.
[117] Polano’s Talmud, p. 247.
[118] Gen. xiv. 18.
[119] Polano’s Talmud, p. 291.
[120] Gen. xviii. 9-20.
[121] Gen. xix. 35.
[122] Prov. xxiii. 29-32.
[123] Isa. v. 11.
[124] Poland’s Talmud, p. 254.
[125] Joel iii. 3.
[126] Luke i. 15; Matt. iii. 4; Mark i. 6.
[127] Luke vii. 33, 34.
[128] John ii. 7 et seq.
[129] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 184.
[130] Tim. v. 23.
[131] 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3, 8.
[132] Rom. xiv. 21.
[133] Rom. xiv. 2-4.
[134] Rom. xiii. 13.
[135] 1 Cor. vi. 10. The early Christian fathers, to whose teachings concerning drunkenness we shall refer hereafter, found the vice to prevail almost wherever they went as missionaries, in Africa, Gaul, Britain, and elsewhere, and they denounced it in the most vehement terms.
[136] See the remarks on Inebriate Asylums in our chapter on America.
[137] Gen. xl. 11. This was, however, the unfermented juice of the grape.
[138] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. p. 4. Murray.
[139] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. pp. 45, 46, 52, 53.
[140] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 127. Bohn.
[141] Pliny’s Natural History, vol. iii. p. 247. Bohn. Those who are disposed to study the conflict of evidence further should refer to Bishop H. Browne on Gen. xl. 9, &c., and Wilkinson’s note to Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 77.
[142] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 55. Bohn.
[143] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 56.
[144] Dionysus is considered by some authors to be the same as the Egyptian Osiris. Diodorus, i. 11. Wilkinson’s Egyptians, i. 285.
[145] Smith’s Larger Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Dionysia,” by Dr. L. Schmitz.
[146] Buckley’s Odyssey, Book ix. p. 118 et seq. Bohn.
[147] Odyssey, p. 292. Circe, too, intoxicates her admirers with “Pramnian wine” (Ibid., Bk. x.) and drunkenness is a constant theme throughout the book.
[148] Bohn’s Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 682.
[149] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Helotes,” by Philip Smith.
[150] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 229, and vol. ii. p. 731.
[151] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.
[152] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.
[153] Pliny was born in the north of Italy, A.D. 23. He served as a soldier in Germany, and practised as a special pleader in Rome. He was killed at the age of fifty-six whilst observing an eruption of Vesuvius, for he was an ardent lover of nature. Our extracts and references are found in his “Natural History.” Bohn.
[154] Natural History, vol. iii. pp. 252, 253, et seq.
[155] About 220 B.C.
[156] Pliny, p. 252. See also the account of the miracle of Cana, John ii. 10.
[157] A measure of about six pints.
[158] Pliny, p. 255.
[159] Pliny, p. 215.
[160] For farther particulars concerning the process of wine-making in Rome, the reader is referred to Smith’s “Dictionary of Antiquities,” Art. “Vinum,” by W. Ramsay, which contains a large amount of useful and interesting information on the subject.
[161] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 218 (Book xiv.).
[162] Ibid., p. 222 et seq.
[163] The “Kölnische Zeitang,” Friday, November 23, 1877. “Vermischte Nachrichten.” See also “The Chemistry of Wine,” p. 374, by Mulder. Churchill.
[164] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 239.
[165] Pliny, vol. iv. p. 259.
[166] Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 772.
[167] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Vinum.”
[168] Athenæus, p. 738 et seq.
[169] Ibid., p. 747.