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The history of England, from the accession of George III. to the close of Pitt's first administration, 1760-1801 cover

The history of England, from the accession of George III. to the close of Pitt's first administration, 1760-1801

Chapter 7: ERRATA.
By William Hunt
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About This Book

The work provides a political history of Britain spanning the monarch's accession through the end of the first Pitt administration, tracing successive ministries, parliamentary conflicts, and ministerial policy. It examines diplomatic and military actions alongside peace negotiations, fiscal and imperial measures, and the governmental responses that provoked colonial resistance and eventual rebellion. Chapters intersperse constitutional debate, party tactics, and administrative reform with treatments of social and economic change, cultural life, and imperial administration. The narrative is supported by chronological detail, discussion of primary authorities, and appendices intended to assist students and general readers in following the period's complex political developments.

CHAPTER XIII.

Social and Economic Progress, 1760-1801.

General character of the period 255
Amusements, gambling, racing, the drama, etc. 256
Travelling and the state of the roads 258
Literature: poetry, fiction, and serious prose works 259
The arts, architecture, painting, etc. 262
Natural science 263
Voyages of discovery 263
Religion 264
The criminal law 265
The prisons and transportation 266
The police system 267
Increase of trade and manufactures 268
The mercantile system and laissez-faire 269
Steam and water power: iron manufacture 270
Canals 271
Manufacture of textile fabrics 271
Failure of domestic industries 272
Wages of agricultural labourers 273
Regulation of corn trade 273
Improvements in agriculture 274
Enclosures 275
Combinations of workmen to raise wages 277
The poor law 277
Sufferings of the poor and specially of factory children 278

CHAPTER XIV.

Early Years of Pitt's Administration.

1784. Significance of Pitt's victory 280
Change in office of prime minister and in house of lords 281
Pitt's character and management of parliament 282
The Westminster election 283
1784-85. Pitt's finance 284
Aug., 1784. His bill for the government of India 286
18 April, 1785. His bill for parliamentary reform 287
May. His resolutions on Irish trade 288
1786. Establishment of the sinking fund 291
26 Sept. Commercial treaty with France 293
1787. Consolidation of customs and excise 294
Bill for relief of dissenters 295
1788. The slave trade question 295
Foreign policy 296
1785. Austrian aggression 297
1786-87. French influence in the United Provinces 298
Oct., 1787. Restoration of the stadholder 300
April, 1788. Triple alliance—Great Britain, Prussia, and the United Provinces 301

CHAPTER XV.

The Regency Question.

1785. Return of Hastings to England 302
1786. Pitt and the charges against Hastings 303
13 Feb., 1788. Trial of Hastings begun 304
1788-93. Cornwallis as governor-general of India 305
Feb., 1788. Pitt's (India) declaratory bill 305
May, 1787. The Prince of Wales's debts paid 307
5 Nov., 1788. The king's insanity 309
10 Dec. Fox asserts the prince's right to the regency 311
Pitt's resolutions 312
10 Mar., 1789. The king's recovery announced 314
The Irish parliament and the regency 314
The French revolution begins 315
English opinions on events in France 317
1790. Dispute with Spain relating to Nootka Sound 319
28 Oct. Convention with Spain 321

CHAPTER XVI.

Declaration of War by France.

1790. General election 322
1795. Acquittal of Hastings 323
1791-92. Struggle for the abolition of the slave trade 323
1792. Fox's libel bill 324
Pitt's foreign policy 324
1791. The Russian armament 326
Nov., 1790. Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution 328
May, 1791. Rupture between Burke and Fox 329
27 Aug. The Declaration of Pilnitz 331
Revolutionary propaganda 331
1792. Dismissal of Thurlow 332
A whig scheme of coalition 333
French proposals 333
21 May. Proclamation against seditious writings 335
Aug. British ambassador recalled from Paris 336
French conquest of Flanders 337
The provocations received by England 338
Dec. Disruption of the whig party 340
21 Jan., 1793. Execution of Louis XVI. 342
1 Feb. France declares war on England 342
War necessary for the safety of Great Britain 342
Conduct of C. J. Fox 343

CHAPTER XVII.

The First Coalition.

1793. Change in Pitt's domestic policy 345
Pitt as a war minister 346
Loans raised by Pitt 348
Formation of the coalition 349
April. The conference at Antwerp 349
Success of the allies 350
Their discordant aims 351
Aug. The surrender of Toulon 352
8 Sept. York before Dunkirk: the battle of Hondschoote 353
Dec. Attempted co-operation with the Vendeans 354
Siege and evacuation of Toulon 355
Mar. Traitorous correspondence bill 357
1793-94. Repressive proceedings 357
1794. The opposition in parliament 359
Selfish conduct of Prussia and Austria 360
The British retreat through Holland 362
The coalition in a shattered state 363
Aug. British conquest of Corsica 363
28 May-1 June. Naval victory: the glorious First of June 364
Portland whigs coalesce with government 366
1791. Ireland. Society of United Irishmen founded 367
1793. Catholic relief act 368
1794. Catholic emancipation question 368
Feb., 1795. The recall of Fitzwilliam 370

CHAPTER XVIII.

England's Darkest Days.

1795. A desire for negotiation 372
8 April. Marriage of the Prince of Wales 373
Difference between Pitt and Grenville 373
5 April. Treaty of Basle 374
Treaties with Austria and Russia 374
Feeble conduct of war in the Mediterranean 375
June. The expedition to Quiberon 376
War in the West Indies 377
Scarcity, riots, and democratic agitation 378
Nov. Repressive legislation 379
1796. Bonaparte's campaign in Italy 380
British fleet evacuates the Mediterranean 381
Overtures and unsuccessful negotiations for peace 382
Financial difficulties: the Loyalty loan 384
Ireland—United Irishmen adopt a military organisation 386
Dec. French attempt an invasion of Ireland 386
27 Feb., 1797. Suspension of cash payments 387
14. Battle of Cape St. Vincent 388
18 April. Preliminaries of peace between France and Austria signed at Leoben 390
The mutinies in the navy 391
Negotiations at Lille 396
17 Oct. Treaty of Campo Formio 397
11. Battle of Camperdown 398
A partial secession of whigs from parliament 399
Nov. The triple assessment 400

CHAPTER XIX.

Irish Rebellion and Naval Supremacy.

1798. Threatened invasion of England 401
The Irish peasantry look to France for help 404
1797-98. Rebellion in Ulster averted by severities 405
12 Mar., 1798. Arrest of rebel leaders in Dublin 407
Cruel measures adopted in midland and southern counties 407
23 May. Outbreak of rebellion in Kildare 408
Rebellion in Wexford 409
21 June. Rebels routed on Vinegar hill 411
20 Aug. French under Humbert land in Killala bay 413
27. "The race of Castlebar" 413
Other attempts at invasion 414
1 Aug. The Battle of the Nile 416
Mar.-May, 1799. The defence of Acre 418
4 May. Storming of Seringapatam and death of Tipú 420
1798. Paul of Russia proposes a coalition 421
Dec., 1798. - Jan., 1799. The second coalition formed 423
1798. British troops withdrawn from San Domingo 424

CHAPTER XX.

Isolation in Europe and the Irish Union.

1799. Campaign of Suvorov 425
A French fleet in the Mediterranean 426
June. Nelson and the Neapolitan jacobins 427
Aug.-Oct. The expedition to the Helder 429
Paul of Russia deserts the coalition 431
9 Oct. Bonaparte returns to France 432
Jan., 1800. The convention of El Arish 432
25 Dec, 1799. Bonaparte's letter to the king 433
April. Payment of the income tax 434
Scarcity of wheat 435
April, 1800. Investment of Genoa 436
14 June. The battle of Marengo 437
Bonaparte proposes a naval armistice 438
Unprofitable expeditions 439
9 Feb., 1801. The Treaty of Lunéville: isolation of England 440
Paul's anger against England 440
Dec., 1800. The armed neutrality 441
Great Britain's maritime supremacy 443
Scarcity and desire for peace 443
Irish independence a source of weakness 445
Oct., 1798. Pitt contemplates union on a protestant basis 446
1799. Hopes of the catholics excited 447
How the government secured a majority 448
1 Aug., 1800. The union enacted 450
Sept. Pitt proposes catholic emancipation 451
Feb., 1801. The king refuses his assent: Pitt will resign 452
20. The king's insanity 453
Mar. Pitt's promise to the king 454
14. Pitt resigns office 455
Appendix I. On Authorities 459
II. Administrations of Great Britain, 1760-1801 470
III. The Grenvilles 476

MAPS.

(At the End of the Volume.)

1. Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation.
2. The United States of America (northern section) } illustrating the War of Rebellion and the Treaty of Sept. 3, 1783.
3. The United States of America (southern section)

ERRATA.

[Transcribers' Note: These corrections to errata have been applied to the e-book]

Page 4, line 25, for "George" read "William".

" 10, note, for "From about 1760" read "From the Revolution".

" 49, line 23, for "of state in Egremont's place" read "and took the northern department".

" 55 " 4, for "1657" read "1660".

" " " 9, for "cotton" read "grain".

" 71, lines 8, 9, omit comma after "matters," and for "including taxation. The court party" read "whatsoever. Some of the king's household".

" 115, line 23, for "northern" read "southern".

" " " 24, for "southern" read "northern".

" 121 " 3, for "cousin" read "aunt".

" 130, lines 11, 12, for "French laws and customs were swept away" read "The administration of the law was confused".

" 135, line 7, for "astride on iron rails" read "to ride upon a rail".

" 144 " 29, for "up" read "down".

" 220 " 29, for "stony" read "strong".

" 245 " 36, for "1788" read "1778".

" 259 " 33, for "1774" read "1770".

" 263 " 5, for "steel" read "copper".

" 282 " 12, for "than" read "to".

" 351 " 31, for "1,500 (Austrians)," read "11,000".

" 394 " 27, for "Commander" read "captain".

" 467 " 40, for "Karl von Martens" read "F. de Martens".

" 468 " 41, for "Clerque" read "Clergue".

" 470. Newcastle's administration, secs. of state, E. of Egremont, for "succ. March, 1761," read "succ. Oct., 1761"; for E. of Bute, "succ. Oct., 1761", read "succ. March, 1761". Ld. privy seal, after "E. Temple" read "D. of Bedford succ. Nov., 1761".

" 471. Grenville's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. for "E. of Sandwich" read "E. of Halifax, succ. Sept., 1763"; n. dept. for "E. of Halifax" read "E. of Sandwich, succ. Sept., 1763".

Rockingham's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. after Conway read "D. of Richmond, succ. May, 1766"; n. dept. for "D. of Richmond" read "H. S. Conway, succ. May, 1766".

" 473. North's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. for "E. of Sandwich, E. of Halifax, E. of Suffolk, Visct. Stormont" read "E. of Rochford, succ. Dec, 1770, Viscount Weymouth, succ. Nov., 1775, E. of Hillsborough, succ. Nov., 1779"; n. dept. for "Viscount Weymouth, E. of Hillsborough," read "E. of Sandwich, succ. Dec, 1770, E. of Halifax succ. Jan., 1771, E. of Suffolk succ. June, 1771, Viscount Stormont succ. Oct., 1779".

" 475. Pitt's administration, admiralty, for "Hood" read "Howe".

" 478, col. 1, line 32, for "afterwards" read "previously".

" " " 2 " 50, Bridgewater, for "Earl of" read "Duke of".

" 481 " 1 " 27, Cumberland, for "George" read "William".

" 482 " 1 " 26, Emmet, for "Robert" read "Thomas".

" 487 " 1 " 51, Lincoln, for "Earl of (Clinton), 195, 197, 198" read "American general, 195, 198".

" 491 " 2 " 25, Queensberry, for "Earl of" read "Duke of".