CHAPTER XII.
GAVESTON, THE ORDAINERS, AND BANNOCKBURN.
| Character of Edward II.. | 236 | |
| 1307. | Peter Gaveston Earl of Cornwall. | 238 |
| 25 Jan., 1308. | Marriage of Edward with Isabella of France. | 239 |
| 25 Feb. | Coronation of Edward II. | 239 |
| Power and unpopularity of Gaveston. | 240 | |
| 8 May. | Gaveston exiled. | 241 |
| July 1309. | Return of Gaveston condoned by Parliament at Stamford. | 242 |
| 1310. | Renewal of the opposition of the barons to Gaveston. | 243 |
| 16 Mar. | Appointment of the lords ordainers. | 244 |
| Sept. | Abortive campaign against the Scots. | 245 |
| Character and policy of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. | 245 | |
| 1311. | The ordinances. | 247 |
| Nov., 1311, Jan., 1312. | Gaveston's second exile and return. | 249 |
| The earls at war against Edward and Gaveston. | 250 | |
| Gaveston's surrender at Scarborough. | 250 | |
| 19 June, 1312. | Murder of Gaveston. | 251 |
| Consequent break up of the baronial party. | 252 | |
| Oct., 1313. | Edward and Lancaster reconciled. | 253 |
| May. | Death of Archbishop Winchelsea. | 254 |
| 1312. | Fall of the Templars. | 254 |
| Walter Reynolds Archbishop of Canterbury. | 256 | |
| Complaints of papal abuses. | 256 | |
| Progress of Bruce's power in Scotland. | 257 | |
| 1314. | The siege of Stirling. | 258 |
| An army collected for its relief. | 259 | |
| 24 June, | Battle of Bannockburn. | 260 |
| The results of the battle. | 262 |
CHAPTER XIII.
LANCASTER, PEMBROKE, AND THE DESPENSERS.
| Failure of the rule of Thomas of Lancaster. | 264 | |
| 1315. | Revolts of Llewelyn Bren. | 267 |
| 1315. | Rising of Adam Banaster. | 267 |
| 1316. | The Bristol disturbances.. | 268 |
| 1315. | Edward Bruce's attack on the English in Ireland. | 268 |
| 1317. | Roger Mortimer in Ireland.. | 271 |
| 1318. | Death of Edward Bruce at Dundalk. | 272 |
| Lancaster's failure and the break up of his party. | 272 | |
| Pembroke and the middle party. | 273 | |
| 9 Aug. | Treaty of Leek and the supremacy of the middle party. | 274 |
| 1314-18. | Progress of Robert Bruce.. | 275 |
| 1319. | Renewed attack on Scotland. | 275 |
| Battle of Myton. | 276 | |
| Rise of the Despensers. | 277 | |
| 1317. | The partition of the Gloucester inheritance. | 279 |
| 1320. | War between the husbands of the Gloucester heiresses in South Wales. | 280 |
| June, 1321. | Conferences at Pontefract and Sherburn. | 281 |
| July. | The exile of the Despensers. | 281 |
| Break up of the opposition after their victory. | 282 | |
| 23-31 Oct., 1321. | The siege of Leeds Castle. | 282 |
| Jan.-Feb., 1322. | Edward's successful campaign in the march. | 284 |
| 11 Feb. | Recall of the Despensers. | 284 |
| The king's march against the northern barons. | 284 | |
| 16 Mar. | Battle of Boroughbridge. | 285 |
| 22 Mar. | Execution of Lancaster. | 286 |
| 2 May. | Parliament at York and repeal of the ordinances. | 287 |
| The triumph of the Despensers. | 288 |
CHAPTER XIV.
THE FALL OF EDWARD II. AND THE RULE OF ISABELLA AND MORTIMER.
| Aug. | Renewed attack on the Scots. | 289 |
| Oct. | Edward II.'s narrow escape at Byland. | 289 |
| Mar., 1323. | Treason and execution of Andrew Harclay. | 290 |
| Incapacity of the Despensers as administrators. | 290 | |
| Their quarrels with the old nobles. | 290 | |
| 1324. | Their breach with Queen Isabella. | 291 |
| Their chief helpers: Walter Stapledon and Ralph Baldock. | 292 | |
| Reaction against the Despensers. | 293 | |
| 1303-14. | Relations of England and France. | 294 |
| 1314-22. | Edward's dealings with Louis X. and Philip V. | 294 |
| 1322. | Accession of Charles IV. | 295 |
| 1324. | Affair of Saint-Sardos. | 295 |
| Renewal of war. Sequestration of Gascony. Charles of Valois' conquest of the Agenais and La Réole. | 296 | |
| Isabella's mission to Paris. | 297 | |
| Edward of Aquitaine's homage to Charles IV. | 297 | |
| 1325. | Treachery of Charles IV. and second sequestration of Gascony. | 297 |
| 1326. | Relations of Mortimer and Isabella. | 298 |
| The Hainault marriage. | 298 | |
| 23 Sept. | Landing of Isabella and Mortimer. | 299 |
| Riots in London: murder of Stapledon. | 299 | |
| 26 Oct. | Execution of the elder Despenser. | 300 |
| 16 Nov. | Capture of Edward and the younger Despenser. | 300 |
| Triumph of the revolution. | 301 | |
| 7 Jan., 1327. | Parliament's recognition of Edward of Aquitaine as king. | 301 |
| 20 Jan. | Edward II.'s resignation of the crown. | 302 |
| 24 Jan. | Proclamation of Edward III. | 302 |
| 22 Sept., 1328. | Murder of Edward II. | 303 |
| 1327-30. | Rule of Isabella and Mortimer. | 304 |
| 1327. | Abortive Scottish campaign. | 304 |
| April, 1328. | Treaty of Northampton; "the shameful peace". | 305 |
| Character and ambition of Mortimer. | 306 | |
| Oct. | Mortimer Earl of the March of Wales. | 306 |
| Henry of Lancaster's opposition to him. | 307 | |
| Mar., 1330. | Execution of the Earl of Kent. | 307 |
| Oct. | Parliament at Nottingham. | 308 |
| 19 Oct. | Arrest of Mortimer. | 308 |
| 29 Nov. | His execution. | 309 |
| 1330-58. | Later life of Isabella. | 309 |
CHAPTER XV.
THE PRELIMINARIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR.
| Character and policy of Edward III. | 310 | |
| 1330-40. | The rule of the Stratfords. | 314 |
| 1337. | The new earldoms. | 314 |
| Scotland during the minority of David Bruce. | 315 | |
| Edward Balliol and the Disinherited. | 315 | |
| 6 Aug., 1332. | The Disinherited in Scotland. | 317 |
| Battle of Dupplin Moor. | 318 | |
| 6 Aug.-16 Dec. | Edward Balliol's brief reign and expulsion. | 319 |
| Treaty of Roxburgh. | 319 | |
| 1333. | Attempt to procure his restoration. | 319 |
| Siege of Berwick. | 319 | |
| 19 July. | Battle of Halidon Hill. | 320 |
| Edward Balliol restored. | 320 | |
| 12 June, 1334. | Treaty of Newcastle, ceding to Edward south-eastern Scotland. | 321 |
| Failure of Edward Balliol. | 300 | |
| 1334-36. | Edward III.'s Scottish campaigns. | 322 |
| 1341. | Return of David Bruce from France. | 323 |
| 1327-37. | Relations of England and France. | 323 |
| 31 Mar., 1327. | Treaty of Paris. | 324 |
| Edward's lands in Gascony after the treaty of Paris. | 324 | |
| 1328. | Accession of Philip of Valois in France. | 325 |
| Protests of the English regency. | 325 | |
| 1328. | The legal and political aspects of the succession question. | 326 |
| Edward III.'s claim to France. | 327 | |
| 6 June, 1329. | Edward's homage to Philip VI. | 327 |
| 8 May, 1330. | Convention of the Wood of Vincennes. | 328 |
| 9 Mar., 1331. | Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. | 300 |
| April. | Interview of Pont-Sainte-Maxence. | 328 |
| Crusading projects of John XXII.. | 329 | |
| 1336. | Abandonment of the crusade by Benedict XII. | 329 |
| Strained relations between England and France. | 330 | |
| 1337. | Mission of the Cardinals Peter and Bertrand. | 330 |
| Edward and Robert of Artois. | 330 | |
| The Vow of the Heron. | 331 | |
| Preparations for war. | 331 | |
| Breach with Flanders and stoppage of export of wool. | 332 | |
| Alliance with William I. and II. of Hainault. | 332 | |
| Edward's other Netherlandish allies. | 332 | |
| 1337. | Breach between France and England. | 333 |
| Nov. | Sir Walter Manny at Cadzand. | 334 |
| Fruitless negotiations and further hostilities. | 334 | |
| July, 1338. | Edward III.'s departure for Flanders. | 335 |
| 5 Sept. | Interview of Edward and the Emperor Louis of Bavaria at Coblenz. | 335 |
| The Anglo-imperial alliance. | 335 | |
| Further fruitless negotiations. | 336 | |
| Renewal of Edward's claim to the French crown. | 337 | |
| The responsibility for the war. | 337 |
CHAPTER XVI.
THE EARLY CAMPAIGNS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR.
| 1339. | Edward's invasion of France. | 339 |
| Oct. | Campaign of the Thiérache. | 340 |
| 23 Oct. | The failure at Buironfosse. | 340 |
| Alliance between Edward and the Flemish cities. | 341 | |
| James van Artevelde. | 342 | |
| Jan., 1340. | Edward III. at Ghent. | 343 |
| His proclamation as King of France. | 344 | |
| 20 Feb. | His return to England. | 344 |
| 22 June. | His re-embarkation for Flanders. | 344 |
| Parallel naval development of England and France. | 344 | |
| The Norman navy and the projected invasion of England. | 345 | |
| 24 June. | Battle of Sluys. | 346 |
| Ineffective campaigns in Artois and the Tournaisis. | 347 | |
| 25 Sept. | Truce of Esplechin. | 348 |
| 30 Nov. | Edward's return to London. | 349 |
| The ministers displaced and a special commission appointed to try them. | 349 | |
| 30 Nov. | Controversy between Edward and Archbishop Stratford. | 350 |
| 23 April, 1341. | Parliament at London supporting Stratford and forcing Edward to choose ministers after consulting it. | 350 |
| 1 Oct. | Edward's repudiation of his concessions. | 351 |
| April, 1343. | Repeal of the statutes of 1341. | 351 |
| John of Montfort and Charles of Blois claim the duchy of Brittany. | 352 | |
| War of the Breton succession. | 353 | |
| June, 1342. | The siege of Hennebont raised. | 354 |
| 1343. | Battle of Morlaix. | 354 |
| 19 Jan., 1343. | Edward III. in Brittany. | 354 |
| Truce of Malestroit. | 355 | |
| Edward's financial and political troubles. | 355 | |
| End of the Flemish alliance. | 356 | |
| June, 1345. | Henry of Derby in Gascony. | 357 |
| 21 Oct. | Battle of Auberoche. | 358 |
| 1346. | Siege of Aiguillon and raid in Poitou. | 358 |
| Preparations for Edward III.'s campaign. | 359 | |
| >July-Aug. | The march through Normandy. | 359 |
| 26 July. | Capture of Caen. | 360 |
| Aug. | The march up the Seine valley. | 360 |
| The retreat northwards. | 361 | |
| The passage of the Somme at the Blanche taque. | 361 | |
| 26 Aug. | Battle of Crecy. | 362 |
| 17 Oct. | Battle of Neville's Cross. | 364 |
| 4 Sept. | Siege of Calais. | 366 |
| 3 Aug., 1347. | Capture of Calais. | 367 |
| 20 June. | Battle of La Roche Derien. | 368 |
| 28 Sept. | Truce of Calais. | 368 |
CHAPTER XVII.
FROM THE BLACK DEATH TO THE TREATY OF CALAIS.
| 1347-48. | Prosperity of England after the truce. | 369 |
| 1348-50. | The Black Death and its results. | 370 |
| 1351. | Statute of labourers. | 372 |
| Social and economic unrest. | 374 | |
| Religious unrest. | 376 | |
| The Flagellants. | 376 | |
| The anti-clerical movement. | 377 | |
| 1351. | First statute of provisors. | 377 |
| 1353. | First statute of præmunire. | 378 |
| Richard Fitzralph and the attack on the mendicants. | 379 | |
| 1354. | Ordinance Of the Staple. | 380 |
| 1352. | Statute of treasons. | 380 |
| 1349. | Foundation of the Order of the Garter. | 380 |
| Dagworth's administration of Brittany. | 381 | |
| Hugh Calveley and Robert Knowles. | 382 | |
| 27 Mar., 1351. | Battle of the Thirty. | 382 |
| 1352. | Battle of Mauron. | 383 |
| Fighting round Calais. | 383 | |
| 1352. | Capture of Guînes. | 384 |
| 29 Aug., 1350. | Battle of the Spaniards-on-the-sea. | 384 |
| 6 April, 1354. | Preliminaries of peace signed at Guînes. | 385 |
| 1355. | Failure of the negotiations and renewal of the war. | 385 |
| Failure of John of Gaunt in Normandy. | 386 | |
| Sept.-Nov. | Black Prince's raid in Languedoc. | 386 |
| 1356. | Operations of John of Gaunt in Normandy in alliance with Charles of Navarre and Geoffrey of Harcourt. | 387 |
| 9 Aug.-2 Oct. | Black Prince's raid northwards to the Loire. | 388 |
| 19 Sept. | Battle of Poitiers. | 390 |
| 23 Mar., 1357. | Truce of Bordeaux. | 392 |
| Oct. | Treaty of Berwick. | 393 |
| 1357-71. | The last years of David II. | 393 |
| 1371. | Accession of Robert II. in Scotland. | 393 |
| 1358. | Preliminaries of peace signed between Edward III. and John. | 393 |
| State of France after Poitiers. | 394 | |
| 24 Mar., 1359. | Treaty of London. | 395 |
| The rejection of the treaty by the French. | 395 | |
| Nov., 1359-April, 1360. | Edward III.'s invasion of Northern France Champagne and Burgundy. | 396 |
| 11 Jan., 1360. | Treaty of Guillon. | 396 |
| 7 April. | Siege of Paris. | 396 |
| 8 May. | Treaty of Brétigni. | 396 |
| 24 Oct. | Treaty of Calais. | 396 |
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR FROM THE TREATY OF CALAIS TO THE TRUCE OF BRUGES.
| Difficulties in carrying out the treaty of Calais. | 399 | |
| Guerilla warfare: exploits of Calveley, Pipe, and Jowel. | 400 | |
| 16 May, 1364. | Battle of Cocherel. | 401 |
| 29 Sept. | Battle of Auray. | 401 |
| 1365. | Treaty of Guérande. | 402 |
| Exploits of the free companies: John Hawkwood. | 402 | |
| 1361. | The charters of renunciation not exchanged. | 402 |
| 1364. | Death of King John: accession of Charles V.. | 403 |
| 1366. | Expulsion of Peter the Cruel from Castile by Du Guesclin and the free companies. | 404 |
| Feb., 1367. | The Black Prince's expedition to Spain. | 404 |
| 3 April. | Battle of Nájera. | 405 |
| The Black Prince's rule in Aquitaine. | 406 | |
| His difficulties with the great nobles. | 407 | |
| Jan., 1368. | The hearth tax imposed. | 408 |
| Jan., 1369. | Renewal of the war. | 408 |
| Changed military and political conditions. | 409 | |
| Relations of England and Flanders. | 409 | |
| 1371. | Battle in Bourgneuf Bay. | 410 |
| Successes of the French. | 411 | |
| Sept., 1370. | Sack of the cité of Limoges. | 412 |
| 1371. | The Black Prince's return to England with shattered health. | 413 |
| 1370. | Futile expeditions of Lancaster and Knowles. | 413 |
| Treason of Sir John Minsterworth. | 413 | |
| Battle of Pontvallain. | 414 | |
| 1370-72. | Exploits of Sir Owen of Wales. | 414 |
| 23 June, 1370. | Defeat of Pembroke at La Rochelle. | 415 |
| Aug. | Defeat of Thomas Percy at Soubise. | 415 |
| 1372. | Edward III.'s last military expedition. | 416 |
| Expulsion of the English from Poitou and Brittany. | 416 | |
| July-Dec., 1373. | John of Gaunt's march from Calais to Bordeaux. | 417 |
| 1374. | Ruin of the English power in France. | 417 |
| 27 June, 1375. | Truce of Bruges. | 418 |
CHAPTER XIX.
ENGLAND DURING THE LATTER YEARS OF EDWARD III.
| Glories of the years succeeding the treaty of Calais. | 419 | |
| 1361-69. | John Froissart in England. | 419 |
| His picture of the life of court and people. | 420 | |
| The national spirit in English literature. | 420 | |
| Gower and Minot. | 420 | |
| Geoffrey Chaucer. | 421 | |
| The standard English language. | 421 | |
| Lowland Scottish. | 422 | |
| The national spirit in art. | 422 | |
| "Flowing decorated" and "perpendicular" architecture. | 422 | |
| Contrast between England and Scotland. | 423 | |
| The national spirit in popular English literature. | 423 | |
| William Langland. | 423 | |
| His picture of the condition of the poor. | 424 | |
| The national spirit and the universities. | 424 | |
| Early career of John Wycliffe. | 425 | |
| Spread of cultivation among the laity. | 426 | |
| The national spirit in English law. | 426 | |
| The national spirit in commerce. | 426 | |
| Edward III.'s family settlement. | 427 | |
| Marriage of the Black Prince and Joan of Kent. | 428 | |
| Marriages of Lionel of Antwerp with Elizabeth de Burgh and Violante Visconti. | 429 | |
| Lionel in Ireland. | 429 | |
| Statute of Kilkenny. | 429 | |
| 1361-69. | Philippa of Clarence's marriage with the Earl of March. | 430 |
| John of Gaunt and the Duchy of Lancaster. | 430 | |
| Continuation of ancient rivalries between houses now represented by branches of the royal family. | 431 | |
| The great prelates of the end of Edward III.'s reign. | 431 | |
| Feb., 1371. | Parliament: clerical ministers superseded by laymen. | 432 |
| Clerical and anti-clerical, constitutional and court parties. | 433 | |
| Edward III.'s dotage. | 434 | |
| Alice Perrers. | 434 | |
| Struggle of parties at court. | 434 | |
| Increasing bitterness of the opposition to the courtiers. | 434 | |
| April-July, 1376. | The "Good Parliament". | 435 |
| Fall of the courtiers. | 436 | |
| 8 June. | Death of the Black Prince. | 437 |
| John of Gaunt restored to power. | 438 | |
| Jan., 1377. | Packed parliament, and the reaction against the Good Parliament. | 438 |
| Persistence of the clerical opposition. | 439 | |
| The attack on John Wycliffe. | 439 | |
| 10 Feb. | Wycliffe before Bishop Courtenay. | 439 |
| John of Gaunt's substantial triumph. | 440 | |
| 21 June. | Death of Edward III. | 441 |
| Characteristics of his age. | 441 |
APPENDIX.
ON AUTHORITIES.
(1216-1377.)
| Comparative value of records and chronicles. | 443 |
| Record sources for the period. | 443 |
| Chancery Records:— | 400 |
| Patent Rolls. | 444 | |
| Close Rolls. | 444 | |
| Rolls of Parliament. | 444 | |
| Charter Rolls. | 445 | |
| Inquests Post-Mortem. | 445 | |
| Fine Rolls. | 445 | |
| Gascon Rolls. | 445 | |
| Hundred Rolls. | 446 |
| Exchequer Records. | 446 |
| Plea Rolls and records of the common law courts. | 447 |
| Records of local courts. | 448 |
| Scotch and Irish records. | 449 |
| Ecclesiastical records. | 448 |
| Bishops' registers. | 449 | |
| Monastic Cartularies. | 450 | |
| Papal records. | 450 |
| Chroniclers of the period. | 451 |
| St. Alban's Abbey as a school of history. | 451 |
| Matthew Paris. | 451 |
| Later St. Alban's chroniclers. | 452 |
| Other chroniclers of Henry III. | 454 |
| Other monastic annals. | 455 |
| Chroniclers of Edward I. | 455 |
| Civic chronicles. | 457 |
| Chroniclers of Edward II. | 457 |
| Chroniclers of Edward III. | 458 |
| Scottish and Welsh chronicles. | 459 |
| French chronicles illustrating English history. | 459 |
| The three redactions of Froissart. | 460 |
| Other French chroniclers of the Hundred Years' War. | 460 |
| Legal literature. | 461 |
| Literary aids to history. | 461 |
| Modern works on the period. | 462 |
| Maps. | 464 |
| Bibliographies. | 464 |
| Note on authorities for battle of Poitiers. | 464 |
| INDEX. | 465 |