FOOTNOTES:
1 McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 1.
2 Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ p. 17. In his later works, however, Dr. Post has changed his opinion (see, especially, ‘Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 58).
3 Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 479.
4 Ibid., p. 480.
5 McLennan, loc. cit. p. 5.
6 ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,’ vol. xviii. pp. 245-269.
7 Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 487.
8 Muir, ‘Original Sanskrit Texts,’ vol. ii. p. 327.
9 Goguet, ‘The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences,’ vol. iii. pp. 311, 313.
10 Ibid., vol. i. p. 22.
11 Goguet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 19.
12 v. Düben, ‘Lappland och Lapparne,’ p. 330.
13 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ix. p. 16.
14 Günther, ‘Introduction to the Study of Fishes,’ p. 163.
15 Wood, ‘Illustrated Natural History,’ vol. iii. p. 3.
16 Espinas, ‘Des sociétés animales,’ p. 416.
17 Milne Edwards, ‘Leçons sur la physiologie et l’anatomie comparée,’ vol. viii. p. 496.
18 Espinas, p. 417.
19 The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling herself about either of these duties (Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 324).
20 Ibid., p. 285. These statements concerning birds are taken from Brehm’s ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv., the same author’s ‘Bird-Life,’ and Hermann Müller’s ‘Am Neste.'
21 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 679.
22 Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 593, 594, 599.
23 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 578.
24 Rengger,‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ p. 354.
25 Brehm, vol. iii. p. 206.
26 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 256. Espinas, p. 447.
27 Brehm, vol. iii. p. 124.
28 Rengger, p. 240.
29 Brehm, vol. ii. p. 270.
30 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 263.
31 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 39.
32 Ibid., vol. i., p. 347.
33 Ibid., vol. i. p. 387.
34 Rengger, pp. 147, et seq.
35 Brehm, vol i. p. 535.
36 Ibid., vol. i. p. 224.
37 Rengger, p. 62.
38 Ibid., pp. 20, 38.
39 Schomburgk, ‘Reisen in Britisch-Guiana,’ vol. iii. p. 767.
40 Brehm, vol. i. p. 228.
41 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p. 97.
42 ‘Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xvi. p. 177.
43 Mohnike, ‘Die Affen auf den indischen Inseln,’ in ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850. See also Hartmann, ‘Die menschenähnlichen Affen,’ p. 230.
44 Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 93.
45 Savage, ‘Description of Troglodytes Gorilla,’ pp. 9, et seq.
46 Du Chaillu, ‘Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 349.
47 Reade, ‘Savage Africa,’ p. 214.
48 Ibid., pp. 218, 214.
49 v. Koppenfells, ‘Meine Jagden auf Gorillas,’ in ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, pp. 418, et seq.
50 Savage, ‘On Troglodytes Niger,’ in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. p. 385.
51 ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.
52 Waitz, ‘Anthropologie der Naturvölker,’ vol. iii. p. 109. Carver, ‘Travels through the Interior Parts of North America,’ p. 367.
53 Powers, ‘Tribes of California,’ p. 222.
54 Heriot, ‘Travels through the Canadas,’ p. 338.
55 Azara, ‘Voyages dans l’Amérique méridionale,’ vol. ii. p. 22.
56 King and Fitzroy, ‘Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle,’ vol. ii. p. 182.
57 v. Tschudi, ‘Reisen durch Südamerika,’ vol. ii. p. 283.
58 Lumholtz, ‘Among Cannibals,’ p. 161.
59 Fison and Howitt, ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 206.
60 Meyer, ‘Manners and Customs of the Encounter Bay Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 186.
61 Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 373.
62 Martin, ‘Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands,’ vol. ii. p. 167.
63 Pritchard, ‘Polynesian Reminiscences,’ p. 134.
64 Johnston, ‘Maoria,’ pp. 28, et seq.
65 Kotzebue, ‘Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea,’ vol. iii. p. 173.
66 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 14.
67 Ibid., vol. i. p. 139.
68 Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 386.
69 Wilson and Felkin, ‘Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan,’ vol. ii. p. 90.
70 Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209.
71 Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. p. 441.
72 Rosset, ‘On the Maldive Islands,’ in ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute,’ vol. xvi. pp. 168, et seq.
73 Stewart, ‘Notes on Northern Cachar,’ in ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 614.
74 Emerson Tennent, vol. ii. pp. 458, et seq. note 1.
75 Schwaner, ‘Borneo,’ vol. i. p. 199.
76 Fytche, ‘Burma,’ vol. ii. p. 73.
77 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.
78 Rossbach, ‘Untersuchungen über die römische Ehe,’ p. 32, &c.
79 Dall, ‘Alaska and its Resources,’ p. 196.
80 Buchanan, ‘Sketches of the History, Manners, and Customs of the North American Indians,’ p. 323.
81 Im Thurn, ‘Among the Indians of Guiana,’ p. 221. Cf. v. Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp. 247, 645, 688.
82 Wilkes, ‘United States Exploring Expedition,’ vol. v. p. 363. Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ pp. 216, 221, &c.
83 Dalton, ‘Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal,’ p. 40.
84 Bickmore, ‘Travels in the East Indian Archipelago,’ p. 205.
85 Strabo, ‘Γεωγραφικά,’ book xv. p. 727.
86 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 515.
87 Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,’ p. 147.
88 Freycinet, ‘Voyage autour du monde,’ vol. ii. pp. 227, et seq.
89 Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 125.
90 Hooper, ‘Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski,’ p. 100.
91 Endemann, ‘Mittheilungen über die Sotho-Neger,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 40.
92 Jellinghaus, ‘Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche der Munda-Kolhs in Chota Nagpore,’ ibid., vol. iii. p. 370.
93 ‘Union d’un homme et d’une femme, faite dans les formes légales’ (Larousse, ‘Grand dictionnaire universel de XIXe siècle,‘ vol. x. p. 1174).
94 ‘Die Verbindung zweyer Personen verschiedenen Geschlechts zum lebenswierigen wechselseitigen Besitz ihrer Geschlechtseigenschaften’ (Kant, ‘Die Metaphysik der Sitten,’ vol. i. p. 107).
95 Schäffner, ‘Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs,’ vol. iii. p. 186.
96 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 649.
97 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 479.
98 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 400.
99 Ibid., vol. i. p. 299.
100 The Orang-utan is said to be not full-grown till fifteen years of age (Mohnike, in ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850). Cf. Fiske, ‘Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy,’ vol. ii. pp. 342, et seq.
101 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 894.
102 ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.
103 Hyades, in ‘Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,’ vol. vii. pp. 377, et seq.
104 Moore, ‘Marriage Customs, Modes of Courtship,’ &c., p. 292.
105 Klemm, ‘Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii. p. 75.
106 Rowney, ‘The Wild Tribes of India,’ pp. 203, et seq. v. Siebold, ‘Die Aino auf Yesso,’ p. 31. Gray, ‘China,’ vol. ii. p. 304.
107 Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 80.
108 Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 153.
109 Nachtigal, ‘Sahara und Sudan,’ vol. ii., p. 177.
110 Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186.
111 Erman, ‘Ethnographische Wahmehmungen an den Küsden des Berings-Meeres,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 162.
112 Harkness, ‘The Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 116.
113 Bérenger-Féraud, ‘Le mariage chez les Nègres Sénégambiens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, pp. 286, et seq.
114 Blumentritt, ‘Versuch einer Ethnographic der Philippinen,’ pp. 27, et seq.
115 ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.
116 Ibid., p. 103.
117 St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Transactions of the Ethnological Society,’ new series, vol. ii. p.237. Low, ‘Sarawak,’ p. 195. Wilken, ‘Plechtigheden en gebruiken bij verlovingen en huwelijken bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel,’ in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 442.
118 Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.
119 Lewin, ‘Wild Races of South-Eastern India,’ p. 202.
120 v. Zmigrodzki, ‘Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes,’ pp. 246-248. Cf. Man, ‘On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p.81 (Andamanese).
121 Powers, loc. cit. p. 239.
122 Schoolcraft,‘Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge,’ vol. v. p. 272.
123 Wagner, ‘Handwörterbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iv. p. 862. Gruenhagen, ‘Lehrbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iii. p. 528. Cf. Haycraft, ‘Some Physiological Results of Temperature Variations,’ in ‘Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. p. 130.
124 Janke, ‘Die willkürliche Hervorbringung des Geschlechts,’ pp. 220-222.
125 Gruenhagen, vol. iii. p. 528.
126 Thus, the bat pairs in January and February (Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p. 299); the wild camel in the desert to the east of Lake Lob-nor from the middle of January nearly to the end of February (Prejevalsky ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 91); the Canis Azarae and the Indian bison in winter (Rengger, loc. cit. p. 147). (Forsyth, ‘The Highlands of Central India,’ p. 108); the wild-cat and the fox, in February (Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. pp. 453, 662); the weasel, in March (ibid., vol. ii. p. 84); the kulan, from May to July (ibid., vol. iii. p. 19); the musk-ox, at the end of August (ibid., vol. iii. p. 377); the elk, in the Baltic provinces, at the end of August, and, in Asiatic Russia, in September or October (ibid., vol. iii. p. 111); the wild yak in Tibet, in September (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 192); the reindeer in Norway, at the end of September (Brehm, vol. iii. p. 123); the badger, in October (ibid., vol. ii. p. 149); the Capra pyrenaica, in November (ibid., vol. iii. p. 311); the chamois, the musk-deer, and the orongo-antelope, in November and December (ibid., vol. iii. pp. 274, 95. Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 205); the wolf, from the end of December to the middle of February (Brehm, vol. i. p. 534).
127 Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 275, 302. Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. pp. 199, 206.
128 Brehm, vol. i. pp. 370, 404, 431; vol. ii. pp. 6, 325, 420; vol. iii. pp. 111, 158, 159, 578, 599.
129 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 313.
130 Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 699, 723.
131 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 482.
132 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 440.
133 Ibid., vol. i. pp. 119, 147, 182, 228. Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 767.
134 Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 480. It is also remarkable that the birds on the Galapagos Islands, which are situated almost on the equator, seem to have no definite breeding season (Markham, ‘Visit to the Galapagos Islands,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 753).
135 Reade, loc. cit. p. 214.
136 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850. Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 230. Huxley, ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ p. 33.
137 Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol i. p. 248.
138 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 224.
139 Powers, loc. cit. p. 206.
140 Foreman, ‘The Philippine Islands,’ p. 212.
141 This statement, however, seems to be an exaggeration (cf. Curr, ‘The Australian Race,’ vol. i. pp. 310, et seq.).
142 Oldfield, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 230.
143 Bonwick, ‘Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians,’ p. 198.
144 Dalton, loc. cit., pp. 196, et seq.
145 Ibid., p. 300.
146 Watson and Kaye, ‘The People of India,’ vol. i. no. 2. Rowney, loc. cit. p. 76.
147 Shortt, ‘Contribution to the Ethnology of Jeypore,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vi. p. 269.
148 Idem, ‘Account of the Hill Tribes of the Neilgherries,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 282.
149 Bancroft, ‘Native Races of the Pacific States,’ vol. i. pp. 551, et seq.
150 Fritsch, ‘Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s,’ p. 328.
151 Rowley, ‘Africa Unveiled,’ p. 165.
152 Kovalevsky, ‘Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia,’ pp. 10, et seq.
153 Westropp and Wake, ‘Ancient Symbol Worship,’ p. 26.
154 Mannhardt, ‘Wald-und Feldkulte,’ vol. i. ch. v. §§ 8-11, especially pp. 449, 450, 469, 480, et seq. See also Kulischer, ‘Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der Urzeit,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 152-156.
155 Wargentin, ‘Uti hvilka Månader flera Människor årligen födas och dö i Sverige,’ in ‘Kongl. Vetenskaps-academiens Handlingar,’ vol. xxviii. pp. 249-258.
156 Wappäus, ‘Allgemeine Bevölkerungsstatistik,’ vol. i. p. 237.
157 Sormani, ‘La fecondità e la mortalità umana in rapporto alle stagioni ed ai clima d’Italia;’ quoted by Mayr, ‘Die Gesetzmässigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben,’ p. 242.
158 Mayr, p. 240. Beukemann, ‘Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung über die Vertheilung der Geburten nach Monaten,’ pp. 15-22.
159 Haycraft, in ‘Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. pp. 119, et seq.
160 Mayr, loc. cit., p. 241.
161 Beukemann, loc. cit. p. 26.
162 Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 252. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 237.
163 Wappäus, vol. i. pp. 250, 237.
164 Hill, ‘The Life Statistics of an Indian Province,’ in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxviii., p. 250.
165 See, for instance, Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p. 414; Wappäus, vol. i. pp. 239, 247.
166 Rousselet, ‘India and its Native Princes,’ p. 173.
167 Reclus, ‘Nouvelle géographie universelle,’ vol. viii. p. 70.
168 Tod, ‘Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han,’ vol. i. p. 495.
169 Villermé. quoted by Quetelet, ‘Treatise on Man,’ p. 21.