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The History of Java, v. 1-2

Chapter 127: FOOTNOTES:
By Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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About This Book

An extensive study of Java combining political history, natural history, and cultural description, it surveys the island's physical geography, climate, resources, and indigenous institutions while documenting languages, religious practices, arts, and everyday customs. The author examines colonial administration and its effects, offers critical observations on governance, and reports on economic activities and social organization. Sections discuss antiquities, local laws and ceremonies, and summaries of flora and fauna based on contemporary inquiry, aiming to present both empirical observations and broader reflections on society and colonial interaction.

APPENDIX E.​—No. I.
A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE MALAYU, JAVAN, MADURESE, BALI, AND LAMPUNG LANGUAGES.

ENGLISH. MALÁYU. JAVAN. MADURESE. BÁLI. LAMPUNG.
Jáwa. Bása kráma. Súnda. Madúra. Sumenáp.
Memorandum.​—The above Comparative Vocabulary was formed in the following manner.​—Copies of the Vocabulary, in the Malayan character, arranged by the late Dr. Leyden, were circulated in different parts of Java, and completed in the different languages and dialects by the natives. After collections of these were made, several intelligent natives were, from time to time, assembled from different parts of the island, and also from Báli, Lampung, Madura, and Sumenap, and the Vocabulary in each language was carefully revised in concert with them, at the same time that it was re-copied in the native and roman characters.
God túhan; álah' yéwang wídi; pang'éran; gusti; alah ​ hongyéwang; sang-yéwang; pangéran álah batára alah; gusti
Creation ka-jádian ka-dádian kadadósan ka-jádian ka-dádian ka-dádian ka-dádian ka-jádian
Eternity kakálan kaleng'gang'an ​ kakálan; láng-geng'an kaláng-gang'an láng-gang kúkuán; láng-gang ka-kálan
Angel maláikat maláikat ​ mala-ékat malaékat mala-ékat dewáta mali-kat
Soul jíwa; niáwa niówo; yétmo ​ súkma; niáwa niába niáwa jiwa; átma nia-wa
Life idup; hidop úrip gesang irup ódi údi úrep húghé
Demon or ghost hantu antu ​ antu anto antu mamídi; antu hántu
World dúnia jágat búwana dúnia dúnia dúnia marcha-páda dún-nia
Heaven súrga súwarga súwarg'i súrga seárga súar-ga úarga sáwa-ghága
Sky láng'it láng'it akása láng'it láng'it láng'é angkása; lang-it lang'it
Light cháhia cháhia ​ cháhia sadja; cháhia cháhia depta; cháhia chaháya
Star bintang lintang ​ benteung bintang bintang bintang bintang
Halo of the moon pagar-búlan kaláng'an-wúlan kalang'an-sási kaláng'an-búlang ​ kalang'an-búlan káng'an-búlan kandok-búlan
Planet bintang-berjálan lintang lúmáku lintang-lúmampa bentéung-léumpang bintang-ájalan bintang-ájalan pelálintáng'an ​
Saturn bintang zahil lintang zohal ​ bentéung-júhel bintang-jóhal bintang súhal ​ ​
Jupiter bintang mastri lintang mústarí ​ bentéung-mustari bintang-mustári bintang-mustári ​ ​
Mars bintang marikh lintang marih ​ bentéung-marih bintang-maríh bintang marih ​ ​
Venus bintang zahára lintang johra ​ bentéung-júhára bintang-johro bintang-súhara ​ ​
Mercury bintang átarad lintang átarad ​ bentéung-utára bintang-ng'alárid bintang álarad ​ ​
Sun mata-hári sreng'eng'é súria matápoék ng'areh áré mata-nai; súria mata-gháni
Moon búlan wúlan; rembúlan sási búlan búlan búlan búlan; sásih búlan
A comet bintang ber-ikur lintang-kumúkus ​ bentéung-buntútan ​ bintang-abúntok bintang-kúkus bintang-bugúndang
The milky way bima-sákti bima-sákti ​ bima-sákti ​ preng-sadápur láwat yih-patánu ​
Sunrise terbet-máta-hári plétek-sreng'éng'é médal-súria bijel-matápoék kalúar-áreh kalúar-ári; medal ári handag-matánai máta-gháni-chá ka
North pole bintang-utára lintang-útára ​ bentéung-útára bintang-útára bintang-kelod ​ ​
South pole bintang-selátan lintang-slátan ​ sela-búmi bintang-salátan bintang-salátan bintang-kája ​
Equator gáris-sa-teng'ah-dúnia gára-s-teng'ah-jágat ​ gáres-siteng'ah-jágat gáris-sátan-g'ah-dúnia gáris-sátan-g'ah-dúnia gui-tang'ah-marcha-páda ​
Ecliptic âlan-máta-hári dálan-sreng'éng'é margi-súria jàlan-máta poék jálan-áreb jálan-ári margan-matánai ​
Aries bintáng-hamel lintáng-kámel ​ bentéung-kámel bintang-kámel ​ ​ ​
Taurus bintáng-thur lintáng-táred ​ bentéung-sur bintang-tor ​ ​ ​
Gemini bintáng-júza lintáng-jus ​ bentéung-júja bintang-jus ​ ​ ​
Cancer bintáng-sertan lintáng-sertan ​ bentéung-sertan bintang-sertan ​ ​ ​
Leo bintáng-ásad lintáng-ásad ​ bentéung-ásad bintang-ásad ​ ​ ​
Virgo bintáng-sánbla lintáng-sumbúla ​ bentéung-sanblah bintang-sanbla ​ ​ ​
Libra bintáng-mírzan lintáng-mízan ​ bentéung-mérjan bintang-mérgan ​ ​ ​
Scorpio bintáng-kála lintáng-kála ​ bentéung-kála bintang-kála ​ ​ ​
Sagittarius bintáng-kos lintáng-kos ​ bentéung-kus bintang-kos ​ ​ ​
Capricorn bintáng-jádi lintáng-júdi ​ bentéung-jadi bintang-júdi ​ ​ ​
Aquarius bintáng-dálu lintáng-dálwi ​ bentéung-delu bintang-dálui ​ ​ ​
Pisces bintáng-hot lintáng-khot ​ bentéung-hut bintang-khot ​ ​ ​
Rainbow úlar-dánu kúku-wung ​ kúku-wung kóbong andang yang-lálah ghóneh
East timur wítan; timur ​ timur timur témor témur ka-ng'in
South slátan selátan ​ perna-ang'in slátan slátan kája ​
West bárat bárat ​ bárat bárat bárat kao ​
North útára útára ​ utára témor-dáya utára klod ​
Earth búmi búmi buntála tánéu tánah; búmi búmi; tána gúmi búmi
Island púlau púlo núsa núsa póloh púlau; gili púlo púlau
Mountain gúnung gúnung rédi gúnung gúnung gúnung gúnung ghú-gok
Stone bátu wátu sela bátu báto bátu bátu bátu
Rain újan údan jáwuh újan újan újan hujan; sábéuh lábong
River súngái; káli kali; bang'awan lépen wálung'an; káli song'ai song'ai túkad bátang-ághi

Extract From the Dasa Nama.[298]

1. Madia ning mangsa from ordinary thought comes knowledge of time or season.
j.b. Mángsa season, time.
j.b. Kála time.
k. Dók the same.
b. Tak-kála the same.
b. Panjenáng'an the time, as applied to the reign of a sovereign or governor, a dynasty, a rule.
j.b. Jáman the same.
k. Titika, or kútika the same.
b. Dáweg or dáwak present time.
j.b. Láji future time.
j.b. Waktu time.
j.b. Usum the season of any thing, as the paddy season or fruit seasons, season for breed of cattle.
j.b. Mangsa ren-dang season or time of rain.
j.b. Ka-telu (3) commencement of the rain.
j.b. Ka-pat (4) rains.
j.b. Ka-lima (5) ditto.
j.b. Ka-nam (6) ditto, rivers full.
j.b. Ka-pitu (7) heavy rains.
j.b. Ka-wólu (8) rains commence falling off.
j.b. Ka-sáng'a (9) rains nearly over.
Mangsa trang dry or clear seasons.
b. Kása-dása (10) commencement of dry season.
j.b. Dasta autumnal, or season of the falling of the leaves.
j.b. Sadá season of heavy dews.
j.b. Kása clear, dry, and cloudless season.
j.b. Káro the season in which trees commence to throw out their leaves and flowers.
2. Mangsa ren-dang ing ardi the rainy season comes from the hills or mountains.
k. Parwáka mountains from which wind comes.
k. Gíri stupendous, abrupt mountains, which create awe on looking on them.
k. Purwáta original mountains, the first or primitive mountains.
k. Chála mountain.
k. Mandála the base or foot of a mountain.
k. Liwáwan, or himáwan. distant mountains.
b. Ardi stupendous mountains.
j.b. Gúnung. mountains or hills.
j.b. Kendeng low ranges of hills.
j.b. Sengkan the acclivity of a hill.
j.b. Mádik the same.
j.b. Jujúrang the space between two hills above the valleys.
k. Sárung the valley or bottom of the space between two hills.
j.b. Papéreng the steep part of a hill which cannot be ascended.
j.b. Héring or iring the same.
3. Ardi akátah séla the hills have many stones.
b. Séla stones, large stones.
j.b. Ka-rikil small stones, pebbles.
j.b. Kamlása small fine stones, gravel.
j.b. Wátu stones.
k. Mánik. a kind of hard black stone.
j.b. Párang a sort of stone neither hard or soft.
k. Redjeng the same.
j.b. Gamping lime stone.
j.b. Wádas a kind of stone.
j.b. Chúri a particular kind of stone, rather harder than redjeng.
k. Cháni a sort of stone which when taken from the quarry is soft and easily cut, but afterwards becomes hard on exposure to air.

APPENDIX E.​—No. II.
Comparative Vocabulary of the Sanscrit, Kawi, and Pali.

ENGLISH. SÁNSCRIT. KÁWI. PÁLI.
One eka eka ek-ka.
Two dui dui do.
Three tri tri tri.
Four chátur chátor chatwa.
Five pancha pancha pancha.
Six shash or shat sat cho.
Seven sapta sapta sap.
Eight ashta asta at-tha.
Nine náva náwa no-wa.
Ten dása dása thotsa.
Man (homo) manúshya or manúsha manúsa manut.
Man (vir) jána, purúsha jána, purúsia burútsa.
Woman strí, varángána istri, waranggána ​—​—
Father pita or pitri pita bida.
Mother máta or mátri máta manda.
Head mastáka mastáka két.
Eye nétra, akshi, cháksu sótia nét.
Nose nása, ghrána grána ​—​—
Hair késa késa késa.
Teeth danta dánti thanta.
Belly garbha, udára gerba úthon.
Hand hasta asta hat-tha.
Foot páda páda bát.
Blood lohita, sonita, rudhira, &c. rah, ludira lóhit.
Day dina, divása, &c. dina, méra ​—​—
Night rátri rátri, kúlam rátri.
Sleep nidra nindra nitsa.
Dead préta, párata, mrita parátra muai.
White sita séta ​—​—
Black kála kála, krísna ​—​—
Bad dushkrita dústa ​—​—
Fire agni agni, bráma, geni ak-khi.
Water jála, ápa, &c. jalánidi khongkha.
Stone sila séla sinla.
Hog varáha, sukára wráhas, sukára súkon.
Bird paksha paksi paksa, paksi.
Egg anda endog ​—​—
Fish mín, massya mína, matsia min.
Sun súrya, prabáhkara, áditya súria, prabang-kára, raditia súria, áthit.
Moon chandra, sitángsu chandra; sitángsu pera-chan.
Stars tára tára dara.
God iswára (Lord), déva (a god) déwa (a god) pra, pra-chao.
Eating bhojanam bója swoi, chhan.

APPENDIX E.​—No. III.
Vocabulary of Kawi Words, with the meaning attached to them by the Panambahan of Sumenap.

ENGLISH. KAWI.
God sang yang-jágat-ke-rána, sang-yang-suksma, yang-wídi, murbeng buána, yang-táya, sang-yang-wisésa, sang-yang-jágat, ráya, sang-yang-mánon, yang'ing-jágat, mur-ba wi-sésa, hong.
Make, do; or work ang'dé, andé, ayása, kirtia, panéron, amáng'un.
The work; what is made or done wináng'un, inámer, iniket.
Pen tanáser.
Paper delánchang.
A vessel; pot; receiver tapéla, pranji, gáta.
Heaven súra láya, indra-kila, súra-lóka suréndra, kayáng'an.
Situation, place, office sing'ng'angsána, pa-paláng-kan, patma-sána.
World rat, buána, marcha-páda, jamánda, yatri.
Place patmánda, kahánan, sána, láya, astána, lóka, panápa.
Hell tambra-gomúka, ya-máni, tambra-múka, yáma, pápasána.
Sky gagána, diu, baráka, antariksa, ambar-tála, marútoam, marutpála, margawútma, nasúnia, sam-bára, biuma, aksa, 'ngáh.
Atmosphere (between the sky and the earth.) wiat, madia-gantang, táwang, láyang.
Light prába, kúmut-deú-jiu, tesa, téja, máya.
Sun baskára, raditia, pra tangga-páti, arúna, hári, karába, tála, súbandagni, angka, náku, kanúman, asúman, diankára, dáta-páti, niwása, súria, sasra-súman.
Moon chándra, sadára, sas-ángka, idupáti, sú-ma, sasálan-chána, nisáka, sitángsu, si-tarasmi, sási, ráti, basánta, indung.
The first day of the month (moon) sukla-paksa.
The sixteenth day of the moon krisna-paksa.
Names of the months tití-mása, púspita-war-si, kusúma-wichitra, puspa-darsina, dar-ma kusúma, anta warsi, rahúwandáni, warsan dáni, chakra kulána, sandáya kráma, dirga moriang, renji sári, rasmin-dran déni.
Neither east nor west sunia darsári.
Day mahira.
Sunday riti or dite.
Monday sóma.
Tuesday ang'gára.
Wednesday budha.
Thursday raspáti.
Friday sukra.
Saturday sanischára.
Star tranggána, úyut, turá-sa, tindra, úchu, tá-rang, manggárang.
Wind marúta, sámi-rána, prábanchána, anila, báyu, lisus, indria, pancha, waráyang, sabda-gáti, aníla, ganda-wasta, nása-mira, sarsa, práli wawálar, sindung.
Clouds widi-yúta, sadáli, da-wáta, ambúsun, am-báka, samíta, gána, toyáda, páyuwáha, trangga, ambu-mor-cha, ima-ima, jála-dára, jaláda, imang kamúra, imaláya.
Rain warsa, jáwah, truh, trah, riris, wresti.
Dark anda, taméra, áwuk.
Cold mertia, sátis, átis.
Hot usna, tiksna, landap.

APPENDIX E.​—No. IV.
Specimen of the Mystical Meaning, attached to the Letters of the Alphabet, &c. according to the Interpretation of the Panambahan of Sumenap.

LETTERS of the ALPHABET, &c. MEANING ATTACHED IN
JAVAN. ENGLISH.
Ha áh
Na anáne it is or it was.
Cha etcha-nána the test of.
Ra wádon woman.
Ka iku that.
Da tatkála when.
Ta sira thou or thee.
Sa káya alike or as a.
Wa or va wong man.
La lanji remove.
Pa pasti certainly.
Dha ásor low.
Ja kárep wish (to).
Ya panedáne request.
Nia ​—​—
Ma tanárep do not want, or do not wish.
Ga asmára love, or to love.
Ba káduk cannot help.
Ta ála bad or badness.
Nga sira thee or thou.
Ha-na wonten it was, there was, or were a.
Cha-ra satria a nobleman.
Ka-da-ta aráne Aji sáka named Aji sáka, or his name was Aji sáka.
Sa-wa-la wuskóchap jero túlis was mentioned in the writing, or among the letters.
Pa-da-ja sáking núsa jáwa on the Island of Jáwa, or in the city of Jáwa (hi).
Ya-nia-ma. dádi-bujángga became a great writer.
Ga-ba ing buána in the world or of this world.
Ta-nga kang kedep who know, or whose eyes are open.
Hang ápa what.
Nang chang tinálinan to tie or make fast.
Rang kang gódong'i Pandan leaf of the Pandan.
Dang tang kangginúba which is made.
Wang dening wong by the people.
Lang dadíne it became.
Pang ápang branches.
Pang muláne because.
Sang tudúhe it is pointing.
Dang jang kabángkit áne his knowledge or art.
Yang gusti God or the Lord.
Yang bágus handsome or beautiful.
Niang ing álap taken up.
Mang mangke by and by, afterwards.
Mang kaláyan with or with the.
Gang árum sweet scent.
Bang kambang flowers.
Tang sinéleh or sinálah to lay upon.
Ngang rambut the hair.
Hi-ni kaláwan with or by.
Chi-ri túlis pratánda the mark or sign of writing.
Ki iki this.
Di-ti áji-sáka
Si kang apásian who have given.
Wi-li wúruk to teach or give instruction.
Pi-di-ji máring rátu to the rátu or king.
Yi-nyi páda hestú-kena every one might agree to it.
Mi-gi niáta clear, quite plain.
Bi-ti-ngi úlih kagúng'an to have property.
Hing áng'ing but.
Ning ána is, was, were.
Ching ka-ting'al appear.
Ring lámun if or if it.
King lára-bránta the pains of love.
Ding dadálan in the way.
Ting sang'at very much.
Sing bárang any thing.
Wing kang wenang suitable; proper.
Ling pang'úchap word or words.
Ping ing'at remember.
Ding suára sound or voice, noise.
Jing jeng'er see or look at.
Ying bániu water.
Nying mánah the mind or heart.
Ming ewuh don't know what to do.
Ging bódo foolish or stupid.
Bing gáwok astonished or surprised.
Ting seng'it hate or dislike.
Nging sira you or thou, thee.
Hu ang'úndang to call or bawl out.
Nu ing teng'ah marga on the way or at road.
Chu pegel quite tired.
Ru ang'uláti seeking for.
Ku ingsun me.
Du kanching buttons.
Tu kalámbi garment or jacket.
Su lu-wih more or much more.
Wu ewuh lost, confused.
Lu sang'et very much.
Pu súsah troublesome or tedious.
Du srúne crying, or the sound of crying.
Ju iman or eman pity.
Yu áyu beauty.
Niu sira thou or you.
Mu tan-árep do not wish.
Gu meneng be quiet or silent.
Bu lemah the earth or ground.
Tu nguláti behold or look at.
Ngu ngupáya seeking.
Hung sembah to make obeisance.
Nung langgeng eternal or for ever.
Chung sánget very.
Rung mádep to give up the mind to any thing.
Kung asmára thoughtful.
Dung panebúti the offering.
Tung landep sharp.
Sung pápa-ring'e his gift or present.
Wung málih more.
Lung lukta always.
Pung karépi desire, or his desire.
Dung páda the same as, or equal to.
Jung prau a boat or vessel.
Yung páyung an umbrella.
Niung sira thou or you.
Mung ang'éprih wishes.
Gung águng great or large.
Bung gamlan music.
Tung úng'ele sound or voice.
Ngung sira thou or you.

FOOTNOTES:

[298] j. is intended to shew that the word is used in the common or Javan dialect.

b. ​—​— that it is used in the Basa or Basa Krama, the polite language.

k. ​—​— that it belongs to the Kawi language; where two initials occur it is used in both.