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The History of Java, v. 1-2

Chapter 75: NATIVE PROVINCES.
By Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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About This Book

An extensive study of Java combining political history, natural history, and cultural description, it surveys the island's physical geography, climate, resources, and indigenous institutions while documenting languages, religious practices, arts, and everyday customs. The author examines colonial administration and its effects, offers critical observations on governance, and reports on economic activities and social organization. Sections discuss antiquities, local laws and ceremonies, and summaries of flora and fauna based on contemporary inquiry, aiming to present both empirical observations and broader reflections on society and colonial interaction.

No. Names of Di​­vi​­sions. To​­tal Pop​­u​­la​­tion. Mal​­es. Fe​­mal​­es. At­tach­ed to the Cul­ti­va­tion of the Soil. Em­ploy­ed in Oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. Buf​­fa​­loes. Hor​­ses. Plo​­ughs. JAV​­ANS. CHI​­NESE AND OTH​­ER FOR​­EIGN​­ERS.
To​­tal Jav​­ans. Mal​­es. Fe​­mal​­es. Class of Cul­ti­va­tors. Em­ploy­ed in Oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. Buf​­fa​­loes. Hor​­ses. Plo​­ughs. To​­tal Chi​­nese. Mal​­es. Fe​­mal​­es. Class of Cul­ti­va­tors. Em­ploy­ed in Oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. Buf​­fa​­loes. Hor​­ses. Plo​­ughs.
REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated land, 60 rupees.
GENERAL REMARKS.
In the district of Probolingo the population is but scanty, when compared to the extent of land; the country is, in general, well watered, and there is abundance of land fit for cultivation, could people be procured from a neighbouring country to work it; in the divisions adjoining Besuki district there are very extensive teak forests, which run inland.
Besuki.​—This district is indifferently watered, and has very little land fit for culture, that is not now under cultivation; the population is more numerous for its size than any of the adjoining districts. It was supposed, that by the introduction of the tenement tax paid by householders, that the population would be induced to emigrate to the neighbouring district of Bandawasa, which has not answered the purpose so well as was at first expected.
Penarukan.​—This is an extensive district, with fine flat table land throughout, but it is badly watered; and towards that adjoining the Banyuwangi district, there is scarce a small rivulet to the same; the population of this district is extremely scanty.
Bandawasa, including Pugar, a very extensive district but scantily inhabited; the soil is extremely wet and productive, and with a greater population would be one of the finest districts in the residency.
Lamajang, an extensive district on the South Coast; the land is very well watered, level, and extremely well adapted to the purpose of cultivation, but the population is very scanty at present; but could it be increased, Lamajang would be a very productive district.
1 Probolingo 6070 3068 3002 2235 759 1626 254 725 5978 3016 2962 2235 713 1626 254 725 92 ​— 46 52 40 ​— ​— ​—
2 Tongas 2362 1140 1222 1089 111 822 30 411 2362 1140 1222 1089 811 822 30 411 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
3 Katapang 5199 2615 2584 2118 187 2818 92 1409 5161 2597 2564 2118 169 2818 92 1409 38 ​— 18 18 20 ​— ​— ​—
4 Dringo 4651 2414 2237 2090 147 2301 89 1149 4640 2408 2232 2090 142 2301 80 1149 11 ​— 5 6 5 ​— ​— ​—
5 Ginding 5314 2505 2809 2271 258 2304 106 1152 5241 2471 2770 2253 236 2290 101 1145 73 18 22 34 39 14 5 7
6 Pajarakan 3329 1668 1661 1245 278 1320 69 660 3264 1640 1624 1245 241 1320 60 660 65 ​— 37 28 37 ​— ​— ​—
7 Jogopaten 3954 2033 1921 1645 273 1616 68 808 3898 2008 1890 1645 247 1616 68 808 56 ​— 26 25 51 ​— ​— ​—
8 Kuraxun 2960 1418 1542 1433 347 966 69 487 2808 1341 1467 1393 269 937 62 474 152 40 48 77 75 29 7 13
9 Jabong 3509 1715 1794 1188 600 1061 86 621 3323 1624 1699 1185 524 1059 80 620 186 3 85 91 95 2 6 1
10 Panton 6650 3290 3360 3221 495 2909 100 1361 6525 3232 3293 3206 345 2896 99 1355 125 15 60 58 67 13 1 6
11 Besuki 13330 6119 7211 3626 2436 1990 632 937 13093 6003 7090 3571 2374 1976 602 930 237 55 62 116 121 14 30 7
12 Binor 1172 585 587 231 69 517 48 318 1138 568 570 228 60 515 45 317 34 3 9 17 17 2 3 1
13 Banyukurta 4467 2199 2268 1519 708 730 534 685 4441 2186 2255 1500 702 724 532 682 26 10 6 18 13 6 2 3
14 Kutu 4042 1982 2060 1483 426 592 308 273 3938 1928 2010 1478 384 592 303 273 104 5 42 54 50 ​— 5 ​—
15 Blanulngan 3666 1828 1838 1153 434 1018 342 709 3594 1793 1801 1144 427 1004 340 702 72 9 7 35 37 14 2 7
16 Bungatan 2366 1199 1167 689 338 318 264 318 2334 1183 1151 637 327 316 260 317 32 2 11 16 16 2 4 1
17 Panarukan 4331 2072 2259 1643 586 1483 581 751 4232 2021 2211 1627 546 1473 578 746 99 16 40 51 48 10 3 5
18 Patokan 1998 1000 998 922 74 863 96 475 1998 1000 998 922 74 863 96 475 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
19 Patokingan 4744 1952 2792 2259 584 1581 175 774 4716 1937 2779 2259 580 1581 175 774 28 ​— 4 15 13 ​— ​— ​—
20 Kapongan 2452 1204 1248 1136 28 1614 74 555 2452 1204 1248 1136 98 1614 74 555 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
21 Klatakan 1654 832 822 510 98 938 92 469 1654 832 822 510 98 938 92 469 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
22 Kalitukus 1145 543 602 558 7 572 53 296 1145 543 602 558 7 572 53 286 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
23 Pugur 1854 884 970 348 45 468 404 238 1854 884 970 348 45 468 101 238 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
24 Bandawasa 9037 4126 4911 2104 117 4250 479 2651 9037 4126 4911 2164 117 4250 479 2851 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
25 Lamajang 4103 2112 1991 1863 ​— 1089 239 487 4103 2112 1991 1683 ​— 1089 239 487 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
Total 104359 50503 53856 38520 9364 35766 4963 18609 102929 49797 53132 38344 8736 35660 4895 18658 1430 176 528 706 724 106 68 51

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF BANYUWANGI, 1815.
No. Na­mes of Dis​­tricts. Num​­ber of Vil​­lages. To​­tal Land. Land in Vil​­lages. Land not in​­clud​­ed in Vil​­lages. Cul​­ti​­vat​­ed Land. Sa​­wah. Te​­gal. Free Land. Cof​­fee Gro​­unds. Teak For​­ests. Gov​­ern​­ment Land. Land in use in Vil​­lages. Ca​­pa​­ble of be​­ing Cul​­ti​­vat​­ed. Un​­fit Land. Jun​­gle Land. Land not in use in Vil​­lages. Es​­ti​­mat​­ed Pro​­duce. Es​­ti​­mat​­ed Val​­ue of Pro​­duce. To​­tal Es​­ti​­mat​­ed Val​­ue.
Pa​­ri. Mai​­ze. Of Pa​­ri. Of Mai​­ze.
Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Jun​­gs. B. Ama​­ts. G. Ama​­ts. G. J. Ru​­pees. St. J. Ru​­pees. St. J. Ru​­pees. St.
1 North 47 — — 527 3 360 2 109 3 57 2 — — 2 3 — 321 1 — — — — 25032 0 6486 0 29204 0 6290 0 35494 0
2 South 93 — — 452 0 422 3 2 1 27 2 — — — — 278 2 — — — — 27048 0 123 0 31556 0 120 0 31676 0
Total 140 — — 980 1 783 1 112 0 85 0 — — 2 — 559 3 — — — — 52080 0 6609 0 60760 0 6410 0 67170 0
No. Na­mes of Dis​­tricts. To­tal Pop­u­la­tion. Ma­les. Fe­ma­les. At­tach­ed to the Cul­ti­va­tion of the Soil. Em­ploy­ed in oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. To­tal Num­ber of Buf­fa­loes. To­tal Num­ber of Hor­ses. To­tal Num­ber of Plo­ughs. JA­VANS. CHI­NESE and oth­er For­eign­ers.
To­tal Ja­vans. Ma­les. Fe­ma­les. Class of Cul​­ti​­va​­tors. Em­ploy­ed in oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. Num­ber of Buf­fa­loes. Num­ber of Hor­ses. Num­ber of Plo­ughs. To­tal Chi­nese. Ma­les. Fe­ma­les. Class of Cul​­ti​­va​­tors. Em­ploy­ed in oth­er Av­o­ca­tions. Num­ber of Buf­fa­loes. Num­ber of Hor­ses. Num­ber of Plo­ughs.
REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated Land, 70 J. Rupees.
1 North 5820 2949 2871 4541 1279 1594 792 1035 5501 2783 2718 4541 960 1585 770 1035 319 ​— 319 166 153 9 22 ​—
2 South 3053 1514 1539 2564 489 1112 476 682 3053 1514 1539 2564 489 1112 476 682 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​—
Total 8873 4463 4410 7105 1768 2706 1268 1717 8554 4297 4257 7105 1449 2697 1246 1717 319 ​— 319 166 153 9 22 ​—

MADURA.

This island having been ceded to the Dutch, in the same manner as the other possessions on Java, the Sultan of Madúra and the chiefs of Pamakásan and Súmenap were always considered by them in nearly the same light as the other regents along the coast, with the exception only of a higher title and some more personal consideration granted especially to the Sultan of Bankálan, usually styled the Sultan of Madúra, both on account of his birth and of some important services rendered in the war of Java, from 1740 to 1748.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF BANGKALAN.
Names of Divisions. CATTLE. TREES. JUNGS OF LAND.
Horses and Mares. Bulls and Cows. Buffaloes. Sheep. Goats. Cocoa-nut Trees bearing fruit. Arien. Sawayan. Pinang. Gabang. Cultivated. Cotton-fields. Sugar-Cane.
Madura:
Bangkalan 1603 15647 8410 94 722 56621 15923 2322 26631 2161 ​— 388 7
Balega 44 1095 719 4 85 3423 1878 146 1304 323 3020 69 ​—
Sampang 120 766 607 ​— 13 7371 517 548 428 240 ​— 35 ​—
Parmakasan 487 5604 840 178 181 8786 542 581 3225 781 870 13½ 2
Totals 2254 23102 10576 276 1001 76201 18860 3597 31588 3505 3890 505½ 9
Names of Divisions. Towns and Villages. Europeans. Chinese. Parnakans or half cast Chinese. Malayus and other Islanders &c. Slaves. Madurese. General Population.
Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Chiefs. Priests. Males above 50 years. Females ditto. Males between 20 and 50 years. Females ditto. Young Men. Young Women. Boys. Girls.
Madura:
Bangkalan 447 60 602 518 411 400 152 74 124 232 60 4722 5088 15351 15724 4112 4009 5888 6247 63714
Balega 68 ​— 66 50 96 101 2 ​— ​— 33 21 400 369 1863 1823 183 387 783 356 6534
Sampang 55 ​— 105 85 93 93 1 ​— ​— 46 35 972 956 1507 1006 281 377 1044 902 7503
Parmakasan 159 ​— 212 189 239 277 260 220 23 115 29 1488 1576 2075 2297 1358 1525 2589 3012 17485
Totals 729 60 985 842 839 871 415 294 147 425 145 7582 7989 20796 20850 5934 6298 10304 10517 95236
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF SUMENAP.
Names of Divisions. CATTLE Jungs of Land. COCOA-NUT TREES. Aren Trees. Bambu Groves. GEBANG TREES. Ju​­ngs of Népa or Adap. Lontar or Sewálan Trees.
Horses. Mares. Bulls or Oxen. Cows. Buffaloes. Sheep. Goats. Sawah. Tegal. Cotton. Old. Young. Above Five Years Old. Above Two Years Old. Under Two Years Old. Old. Young.
Sumenap 790 539 9099 10941 831 1030 1657 2770 2579 27 109983 124316 1861 12275 11876 13072 25107 30 35898 11329
Islands.
Sapodi 67 24 507 786 ​— 120 49 95 750 171 1920 1020 89 457 4022 20590 105 ​— 665 105
Ráas 16 24 155 495 ​— 10 54 63 98 5 578 300 ​— 91 24 136 33 ​— 55 42
Gila Ginting 8 9 159 209 2 16 26 2 137 ​— 4380 4706 8 82 5 24 ​— ​— 897 108
Gila Raja 2 ​— 109 241 ​— 7 76 5 131 ​— 80 176 ​— 47 47 303 43 ​— 40 13
Gila Eyang 2 1 203 225 ​— 115 50 ​— 43 7 235 477 ​— 13 4 15 2 ​— 62 58
Putran 25 30 476 581 ​— 72 267 5 252 3 7065 4829 ​— 899 215 14 4 ​— 11200 2582
Kang'ean 125 150 ​— ​— 1144 35 60 648 26 ​— 1620 1204 2031 2941 288 304 704 0½ 1000 163
Total 1135 777 10708 13478 1977 1405 2239 3591 4019 215 125862 137028 3989 16805 16481 34458 25998 30½ 49817 14400
Names of Divisions. Towns and Villages. Madurese. Malayus and other Mahometans. Chinese. Parnakans, or half-cast Chinese. General Population.
Chiefs. Priests. Males above Fifty years. Females above Fifty years. Males middle aged. Females middle aged. Young men. Young women. Boys. Girls. Chief. Priest. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
Sumenap 355 1407 970 3833 6135 25038 25379 6100 6713 6938 9111 1 ​— 739 734 575 494 1034 999 96200
Islands
Sapodi 24 20 56 215 259 1348 1348 363 393 548 719 ​— ​— 386 364 25 19 261 278 6602
Ráas 20 23 46 100 135 740 740 151 184 213 220 ​— ​— 156 148 ​— ​— ​— ​— 2856
Gila Ginting 10 24 46 92 119 421 421 125 134 170 301 ​— ​— 2 1 3 4 ​— ​— 1862
Gila Raja 7 8 48 58 60 340 340 117 126 587 210 ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— ​— 24 20 1938
Gila Eyang 6 7 13 69 101 349 369 96 137 104 115 ​— ​— 75 ​— ​— ​— 20 32 1568
Putran 32 27 86 238 349 1305 1356 378 486 699 892 ​— ​— 440 374 14 20 70 84 6818
Kang'ean 23 116 49 380 460 1012 1012 253 268 5 478 ​— ​— 470 454 24 21 46 37 5580
Total 477 1634 1314 4985 7618 30553 30965 7583 8441 9757 12046 1 ​— 2266 2106 691 558 1455 1450 123424

NATIVE PROVINCES.

This extensive portion of the island was divided, agreeably to the settlement of 1754, between the Susuhúnan and Sultan. It consists of a number of separate provinces or districts. Those still belonging to the Susúnan are:

In an Eastern Direction from the Capital:

  • 1. Sríngat and Blítar (forming one province).
  • 2. Kedíri.
  • 3. Pranarága.
  • 4. Paché.
  • 5. Charúban.
  • 6. Kadúwang, (in part).
  • 7. Jagarága.
  • 8. Sukawáti, (in part).

And the smaller Districts of

  • 1. Anju.
  • 2. Lorog.
  • 3. Pangol.
  • 4. Sumbreng.
  • 5. Rongkok.

In the Western Direction from the Capital:

  • 1. Banyumas.
  • 2. Dayu Lúhur.
  • 3. Aya.
  • 4. Matárem, (in part).
  • 5. Pamarden.
  • 6. Pasir.
  • 7. Bag'len, (in part).

Besides several smaller districts.

The ground on which the fort of Súra Kérta is built, with a small part of the adjoining territory, has been ceded to the European government, as has been also that portion of the immediate site of the forts of Boyaláti and Klaten, which was formerly the property of the Susúnan. These dominions are divided among,

1. The eight active Tumúng'gungs, or Regents, (the first of which is the Raden Adipáti, or prime minister), who constantly resides at court.

2. The Tumung'gungs residing in the distant or Mancha Nagára districts.

3. The princes of the blood.

4. The particular favourites of the Susúnan.

5. (Which only respects the smaller territories) a number of Demangs and Mantris.

A considerable portion of the provinces of Matárem and the adjoining districts, towards the southern part of the island, called by the Javans Ardi Kidul, or southern hills, of the province of Kadúwang and of the district of Sukawáti containing altogether four thousand cháchas, having been ceded by the predecessors of the present Susúnan, under the settlement of 1752, to the prince Mangku Nagára, are still held and exclusively enjoyed by his successors, the Pangérang Aria Prábo Prang Wedóna.

The eight active Tumung'gungs, who reside constantly at court, and belong to the state and household of the Susúnan, are Tumung'gungs of the exterior (Tumung'gung Jawi), and Tumung'gungs of the interior (Tumung'gung lebat). The four former are mostly charged with external commissions or orders, or those that do not immediately concern the household of the prince; the four latter, or internal Tumung'gungs, are mostly occupied near the person of the Susúnan, and have alternately the care of the watch of the Kráton at night.

The following tables exhibit the result of a census taken during the British government in Java; but as the information they convey rests principally upon native authority, the same reliance cannot be placed upon them as upon the tables for the provinces under the immediate direction of the European government. There is no reason, however, to believe they are essentially wrong, as they were framed with great care and every attention to accuracy, on the part of the native officers employed.