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The History of Java, v. 1-2

Chapter 79: FOOTNOTES:
By Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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About This Book

An extensive study of Java combining political history, natural history, and cultural description, it surveys the island's physical geography, climate, resources, and indigenous institutions while documenting languages, religious practices, arts, and everyday customs. The author examines colonial administration and its effects, offers critical observations on governance, and reports on economic activities and social organization. Sections discuss antiquities, local laws and ceremonies, and summaries of flora and fauna based on contemporary inquiry, aiming to present both empirical observations and broader reflections on society and colonial interaction.

General Abstract of the Monthly Return of Sick on the Island of Java and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1813, to 30th October, 1814.
Months. No. of Troops. Remained on the 1st. Admitted. Discharged. Dead. Remaining last month. To­tal Proportion of Sick. Proportion of Deaths to Cures.
Eu­ro­pe­ans. Na­tives. Fe­ver. Dys­en­ter­y. Oth­er Dis­eases. To­tal. Fe­ver. Flux. Hep­a­ti­tis. Rheu­ma­tism. Syph­i­lis and Gon­or­rhe­a. Ul­cers. Oth­er Dis­eases. Eu­ro­pe­ans. Na­tives.
1813.
Nov. 2,262 5,196 938 997 981 5 19 6 30 176 216 10 61 101 195 144 289 635 1 to 8 1 to 32.70
Dec. 2,399 4,962 963 908 974 3 37 14 54 150 205 9 73 95 149 164 266 577 1 to 9.90 1 to 18
1814.
Jan. 2,089 5,536 955 852 895 1 24 11 36 144 196 11 79 99 170 177 232 644 1 to 8.70 1 to 24.86
Feb. 1,233 4,865 677 474 477 3 14 6 23 99 144 2 63 84 113 146 141 510 1 to 9.33 1 to 27.39
Mar. 2,154 5,845 744 733 834 6 19 6 31 146 152 1 69 183 102 116 124 575 1 to 11.52 1 to 26.911
Apr. 1,818 4,962 620 662 620 5 18 5 28 149 131 5 51 80 80 144 177 457 1 to 10.67 1 to 22.14
May 1,781 6,509 848 876 805 8 35 4 47 169 201 7 87 107 131 160 195 667 1 to 9.61 1 to 17.12
June 1,677 5,790 763 934 820 11 30 13 54 168 182 12 80 103 127 151 216 607 1 to 9 1 to 15.18
July 1,663 5,560 839 1,082 880 7 30 10 47 304 199 15 103 117 104 150 230 764 1 to 7.28 1 to 18.72
Aug. 1,569 5,735 947 945 772 21 17 4 42 440 189 11 89 117 111 121 263 815 1 to 6.77 1 to 18.38
Sept. 2,309 5,863 1,157 915 916 31 38 8 77 395 172 15 107 135 97 159 355 725 1 to 7.55 1 to 11.89
Oct. 2,306 5,562 1,079 876 1,018 9 24 12 45 241 176 9 106 122 91 142 278 609 1 to 8.87 1 to 22.62
General Monthly Average of Sick and Casualties on the Island of Java and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1813, to 31st October, 1814.
Average of the Strength of Corps and Detachments. Average of Sick. Average of Cures. Average of Deaths. Average Proportion of Sick to Well. Average Proportion of Deaths to Cures.
7,470 862 832 42 1 to 8.66 1 to 99.80
Monthly Average of Fatal Diseases, from 1st November, 1813, to 31st October, 1814.
Deaths during the Year. Fevers. Flux. Other Diseases. To­tal.
514 110 305 99 514
Monthly Average 9⅙ 255⁄12 8¼ 4210⁄12
General Abstract of the Monthly Returns of Sick on the Island of Java and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1814, to 31st December, 1815, inclusive.
Months. No. of Troops. Remained on the 1st. Admitted. Discharged. Dead. Remaining last month. To­tal Proportion of Sick. Proportion of Deaths to Cures.
Eu­ro­pe­ans. Na­tives. Fe­ver. Dys­en­ter­y. Oth­er Dis­eases. To­tal. Fe­ver. Flux. Hep­a­ti­tis. Rheu­ma­tism. Syph­i­lis and Gon­or­rhe­a. Ul­cers. Oth­er Dis­eases. Eu­ro­pe­ans. Na­tives.
N.B.​—The monthly returns from Maccassar for November and December, and of the 5th Volunteer Battalion Javan Corps, and of a Detachment of H.M. 78th for December, had not been received when this table was framed.
1814.
Nov. 2,272 6,283 906 820 784 11 21 7 39 211 154 5 104 132 112 185 229 674 1 to 9.47 1 to 20⅒
Dec. 2,325 6,268 890 797 815 13 22 11 46 211 132 10 84 123 116 150 229 597 1 to 104⁄10 1 to 17
1815.
Jan. 2,106 6,233 842 693 776 6 18 8 32 157 119 18 88 105 118 127 188 539 1 to 11.47 1 to 24¼
Feb. 2,211 5,962 714 601 601 6 7 4 17 141 106 8 102 87 117 124 195 502 1 to 11.72 1 to 35.35
Mar. 2,172 5,700 595 642 600 1 10 5 16 184 96 6 79 68 90 98 173 448 1 to 12.67 1 to 37½
Apr. 2,050 5,481 623 706 648 5 10 4 19 182 122 5 81 79 101 92 178 484 1 to 11.37 1 to 34⅒
May 2,082 5,983 658 723 677 4 6 4 14 158 122 8 77 109 111 108 220 470 1 to 11.68 1 to 48.35
June 2,002 5,862 691 682 663 4 12 5 21 204 107 5 81 110 95 103 200 495 1 to 11.31 1 to 31.57
July 1,442 5,227 609 540 551 4 6 3 13 177 109 4 64 72 83 76 149 436 1 to 114⁄10 1 to 42.38
Aug. 1,339 4,836 584 545 554 5 5 4 14 139 102 3 64 74 82 97 152 409 1 to 111⁄140 1 to 39.57
Sept. 1,324 4,595 497 444 467 2 1 5 8 101 91 4 49 60 73 88 123 343 1 to 127⁄10 1 to 58.37
Oct. 1,326 4,770 420 384 387 2 6 5 13 88 58 4 59 64 88 63 77 327 1 to 1511⁄30 1 to 29.76
Nov. 821 4,404 443 407 392 1 6 5 12 101 78 4 53 70 72 68 42 404 1 to 11½ 1 to 32⅔
Dec. 772 3,170 344 388 343 2 5 3 10 83 79 4 36 48 59 70 61 318 1 to 10⅖ 1 to 34⅓
General Monthly Average of Sick and Casualties on the Island of Java and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1814, to 31st October, 1815, inclusive.
Average of the Strength of Corps and Detachments. Average of Sick. Average of Cures. Average of Deaths. Average Proportion of Sick to Well. Average Proportion of Deaths to Cures.
7,487 699 626 21 1 to 11.17 1 to 29.18
State of His Majesty's 1st Battalion 78th Regiment, shewing the Effective Strength and Number died (including those died of Wounds) killed in Action, &c. Half-yearly, from 16th February, 1797, five days after the Regiment's landing in India, to 25th December, 1815.
Serondole, 13th March, 1816.
Head Quarters of the Regiment and Dates. Effective Strength on the under-mentioned Dates. Casualties. To­tal dead, killed, &c. &c. PERIODS.
Serjts. Drs. R & F. Dead, including those that died of wounds, &c. Killed in Action.
Fort William, 16 Feb. 1797[283] 53 25 1,146 ​— ​— 115 16 Feb. 1797, to 24 Dec. 1797.
Berhampore, 25 June 52 22 1,085 25 ​—
On the River, 25 Dec. 52 22 993 90 ​—
Allahabad, 25 June, 1798 52 22 952 45 ​— 79 25 Dec. 1797, to 24 Dec. 1798.
Camp Onoopsher, 25 Dec. 52 22 930 34 ​—
Cawnpore, 25 June, 1792. 52 22 913 27 ​— 58 25 Dec. 1798, to 24 Dec. 1799.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 52 22 888 31 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1800 52 22 869 19 ​— 53 25 Dec. 1799, to 24 Dec. 1800.
Fort William, 25 Dec. 52 22 890 34 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1801 52 22 857 30 ​— 45 25 Dec. 1800, to 24 Dec. 1801.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 52 22 897 15 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1802 52 22 884 12 ​— 78 25 Dec. 1801, to 24 Dec. 1802.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 52 22 865 66 ​—
Camp Rooey, 25 June, 1803 52 22 837 30 ​— 166 25 Dec. 1802, to 24 Dec. 1803.
---- Cuttah, 25 Dec. 62 22 709 89 47
---- Chiohoora, 25 June, 1804 52 22 657 61 ​— 145 25 Dec. 1803, to 24 Dec. 1804.
Old Women's Island, Bombay, 25 Dec. 53 22 683 84 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1805 54 22 636 50 ​— 80 25 Dec. 1804, to 24 Dec. 1805.
Camp at Bombay, 25 Dec. 54 22 604 30 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1806 54 22 683 14 ​— 38 25 Dec. 1805, to 24 Dec. 1806.
Butcher's Island, near Bombay, 25 Dec. 54 22 668 24 ​—
Cabo Island of Goa, 25 June, 1807 54 22 686 17 ​— 24 25 Dec. 1806, to 24 Dec. 1807.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 54 22 520 7 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1808 56 22 706 9 ​— 34 25 Dec. 1807, to 24 Dec. 1808.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 57 22 809 25 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1809 57 22 772 22 ​— 54 25 Dec. 1808, to 24 Dec. 1809.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 57 22 740 32 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1810 55 22 989 22 ​— 43 25 Dec. 1809, to 24 Dec. 1810.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 54 22 991 21 ​—
Lowjee Family Transport, 25 June, 1811 64 22 965 18 ​— 212 25 Dec. 1810, to 24 Dec. 1811.
Surabaya, Java, 25 Dec. 62 22 770 166 28
Ditto, 25 June, 1812 59 22 674 101 ​— 200 25 Dec. 1811, to 24 Dec. 1812.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 54 21 684 93 6
Ditto, 25 June, 1813 54 20 625 59 ​— 81 25 Dec. 1812, to 24 Dec. 1813.
Ung'arang, 25 Dec. 53 21 625 22 ​—
Weltevreeden, Java, 25 June, 1814 54 21 597 28 ​— 80 25 Dec. 1813, to 24 Dec. 1814.
Ditto, 25 Dec. 52 20 623 52 ​—
Ditto, 25 June, 1815 45 20 583 20 ​— 33 25 Dec. 1814, to 24 Dec. 1815.
Serondol, 25 Dec. 45 21 568 13 ​—
1,537 81 1,618
Of Six Companies at Serondol, died from 25th December, 1815, to 13th March, 1816 1
Of One ditto Solo ditto 25th ditto 13th ditto 2
Of Three ditto Weltevreeden, ditto 25th ditto 13th ditto 6
Total 9
Of the above six died at Weltevreeden, one died in consequence of a fall.

Note by N. Currie, Esq. Surgeon of His Majesty's 78th Regiment, on the foregoing Table.

When the 78th regiment first arrived at Java, the men had been long confined on board ship, living on salt provisions, and were afterwards exposed, not only to the fatigues and privations incident to actual warfare, but also to the inclemency of the weather in a tropical climate. All these causes produced a tendency to disease, and when the regiment arrived at Surabáya the quarters were bad; and being in the middle of the town, free access could at all times be had to spirituous liquors. The number of diseases and of casualties was consequently great; but it diminished gradually, as the men were successively accommodated with good barracks at De Noyo. The whole were comfortably lodged in plastered barracks in March or April, 1813, and in May and the following month a very sensible reduction of deaths took place, as may be seen by the abstracts of those months. During the preceding months of January, February, March, and April, the deaths were numerous, but the greater proportion was among the men of a detachment of about two hundred men that joined in January, and continued to be very sickly during those four months. Almost all the men of this detachment had, when attacked, violent diseases.

A very remarkable instance of the bad effects of exposure to night air while asleep, occurred when part of the regiment was sent, in September, 1814, from Weltevreeden to Chemangis, where the barracks were built of wattled bamboos, and the men lying with their heads to the walls, received the current of air directly in their heads. Fifty were seized with a highly inflammatory fever in the course of three days. Delirium was always the first symptom in every case, and it was necessary to bleed several of them largely before they could be sent to the hospital. By referring to the returns it will be seen that almost every increase of sickness happened after a change of quarters, as in the detachment above-mentioned, and after the removal of the regiment from Surabáya to Ung'arang and Sirondol in October, 1813, after the expedition to Bali at Weltevreeden in June, 1814, and to Chemangis in September 1814. An increase of sickness always took place after the use of spirituous liquors on particular holidays, as Christmas, &c.; and on the contrary, the good effects of not exposing the men to morning dews or wet, and of regularity in diet, may be seen in the healthiness of the regiment after the men got settled in good barracks at Surabáya and Weltevreeden.

Java need no longer be held up as the grave of Europeans, for except in the immediate neighbourhood of salt marshes and forests, as in the city of Batavia, and two or three other places on the north coast, it may be safely affirmed that no tropical climate is superior to it in salubrity. By its insular situation, the temperature of the atmosphere is low and equable, and from its lofty mountains it possesses this great advantage, that in a few hours' travelling a climate of any degree of cold may be found.

FOOTNOTES:

[280] It appears, that subsequent to this year, no general list was kept, a list only of the number of children christened in the reformed churches being found among the registers.

[281] Since this year no specific list to be found.

[282] Mr. Robertson's observation and experience led him to give it a greater latitude, from eight or nine in the morning till twelve, and from three to six in the afternoon.

[283] Five days after our arrival in India.