But confirmation of his ideas of human immortality is dependent upon an ability to attain an intellectual vantage-ground high enough to permit him to trace to its source the history of his life, and to throw a previsionary understanding over the destined end of his evolutionary career, wherein the blending of his physical and spiritual immortality is gradually revealed to him. For in the same way that an examination of the evolution of prayer leads to the observation of a change from specific petition to spiritual acquiescence—a change which we may interpret as evidence of the development of the soul of man, and of the collective consciousness of Creation—so in the study of the life-history of mankind we reach a point whence we may behold the unbroken continuity of his physical evolution merging into that of spiritual evolution. That is to say, the physical immortality of mankind as a whole (the varied manifestation of the Spirit of Life through changing species) is crowned by individual consciousness of spiritual immortality, wherein the purpose of the incarnation of life finds fulfilment.
Pride of ancestry is so prominent a characteristic of nations, families, and individuals alike, that there is some justification for calling it a peculiarity of the human race. Men glory in the possession of records that tell of mighty deeds of valour wrought by their progenitors. Pride of kinship with heroes of past times breeds a sense of responsibility as an accompaniment to the inheritance of a noble name, urging the necessity of passing it on to posterity if not enriched, at least untarnished in its purity.
The idea of the immortality of the individual in the race, characterising the Hebrews as recorded in the Books of the Old Testament, is one outcome of this innate pride of birth, which here becomes, as in many other instances, incorporated as part foundation of a religious creed. Ancestor-worship is another such example. Only, be it noted, whereas this idea of the continuity of being finds its chief expression in recognising and revering the link between present and past generations of men, that of the Hebrew is built upon a conception of survival in their children. Both offer a remarkable testimony to the innate desires of men to contribute towards the continuity of humanity in the establishment of the individual's relationship to the Whole of Life. The Hebrew prays that his seed may multiply and cover the face of the earth, seeing therein the security of his own immortality. But the prayer of a devout Chinaman embodies rather his recognition of honour due to his dead ancestors than his desire to secure a prolific progeny. He is the child of the past, rather than, as the Hebrew, a child of expectancy.
With regard to the ideas of spiritual correspondence embodied in the theories of the transmigration and reincarnation of spirits, it would appear that such are an outcome of the same search after truth that found expression nineteen hundred years ago in the Christian doctrine of the spiritual immortality of all men, by reason of their derivative union with God as the Spirit of Life, and which are to-day confirmed and reincorporated in the scientific theories of the evolutionary descent of man and the unity of Nature.
But it is noteworthy that although the Christian idea of immortality is dissociated from that of the survival of the individual in the race, as well as independent of the belief in the transmigration and reincarnation of spirit in ways other than by the transmission of personality from parents to their children, it is by no means antagonistic to, but rather comprehensive of, all these ideas of the continuity of being. Christ's teaching adequately gathers together the truth in all the scattered and imperfect ideas of spiritual survival latent in the tenets of the religious creeds and theories to which reference has been made. But whereas the Hebrew and Chinese ideas inculcate the keeping apart of races and of nations, with a clinging to past tradition necessarily detrimental to progress; and whereas the transmigration and reincarnation theories constitute a practical annihilation of the survival of individual consciousness,—the Christian conception makes for union among men of all peoples of all times, showing immortality to consist not only in men's relationship to past and future generations of their own race, or by connection with the inter-evolution of other organisms, but also and chiefly in their recognition of God as the supreme Spirit of Life manifested through love, and known to them as the Father of their beings. Perception of this truth establishes union among all men, and gives them consciousness of their assured spiritual and individual immortality.
Thus considered, the Christian idea of human immortality may be seen to be a natural growth from the conception of the survival of the individual in the race. It is as remarkable a testimony to the development of spiritual consciousness, regarded as a whole, as is the evolution of prayer from its form of specific petition to that of spiritual acquiescence. For here again we can perceive how spiritual has accompanied physical evolution—how the evolving apprehension of the soul has kept pace with the confirming comprehension of the mind of man. And here again we see how the doctrine of Christ unites past tradition with new developments of intellectual aspiration, His method of instruction following the perfect order of Nature, wherein nothing is irregular or unreasonable, and whereby the indwelling Spirit of Truth affords perpetual evidence of the development of spiritual consciousness through natural evolution. The changing of the old order is a necessary accompaniment to progress. When Christ announced His mission to be that of fulfilment and not of destruction, was He not inferring the expansion of knowledge physically perceived into apprehension of its spiritual significance—an expansion which, foreseen by Him to be the accompaniment of the future development of man, would call for continual verification by the critical testimony of the Spirit of Truth? The insistence laid by Him upon the necessity of the realisation by men of their spiritual union with God as the basis of all effective prayer, is fully corroborated in His teaching relating to human immortality. Indeed, the whole programme of thought and conduct presented by Him to His disciples can be resolved into an advocacy of prayer as the means of obtaining conscious spiritual union with God, with the attendant purpose of establishing thereby the conviction of spiritual immortality. For eternal life is perceived to be the natural inheritance of all who through prayer have established correspondence with God as the Spirit of Life and the Father of their beings, and who therefore know themselves to be partakers of the infinite and illimitable divinity of God.
Whether we consider the brotherly love between men recommended by Christ as the Will of God; or the self-sacrifice of the individual in the interests of the community, advocated by Him as the foundation of true happiness; or the indwelling Spirit of Life in form, manifested by love in Nature and illustrated in His rite of communion—the same realisation of the kinship of all life follows the putting into practice of His commands, with the result that spiritual life is perceived to be the birthright of all the children of God.
Proof of immortality is thus closely associated with the desire to correspond with the Will of God, for through prayer is the Divine Spirit of Life made visible. Born of the prayers of the faithful expectant, the Manifested Deity is the incarnation of the ideal desires of mankind—the accumulated product of those periods of anticipation which constitute the preparation for fulfilment of desire, and thus make possible some special culminating revelation which shall be adapted to human recognition. If the light of God be in men, shall they not by that light perceive His glory? Designed in the image of God, shall not man become like unto God, according as the divinely implanted desire to know God shall lead him towards a more perfect correspondence with His Will?
All revelations of God are representative also of the spiritual progress of mankind. The cultivation of qualities considered admirable in human conduct must be preliminary to the evolution of that type of humanity which shall be capable of appreciating as a divine manifestation the incarnation of certain desired spiritual attributes which are conceived of as partaking of the nature of God.
The Kingdom of God is within us. Therefore must the manifested Divinity be born of the prayers of the devout. Thus only can God be made visible to men. Thus only can His Kingdom be established as heaven on earth. And thus do we learn to regard immortality as the fulfilment of prayer. For since the spiritual progress of mankind is achieved and sustained by an increasing consciousness of the glory of God, men must worship as the manifested Divinity of God the embodiments of those spiritual qualities which represent the ideals of their own desire. Therefore, to bring about the conscious and willing co-operation of Creation with the progressive Will of Love, we have first earnestly to desire the coming of the Kingdom of God, which desire shall be the preparation for our enlightenment, when the pure in heart shall see God. His Kingdom is here at hand, shaping in the midst of us, not approaching from afar as a condemnatory judgment upon our imperfections, but as the increasing revelation of Divine Love—a manifestation which is at once our judgment and our joy. For from the beginning the Word of God, the absolute Truth of God, has been one with His divine glory; and from the beginning the progressive consciousness of Creation has been guided by the revelation of the Will of Love and sustained by the Spirit of Truth.
Therefore, if language be the sign of thought, making for progressive union of men, and thereby promoting the growth of spiritual consciousness; and form be evidence of spirit, productive through love of continuity of the manifestation of spirit; and Nature be the vesture of God, wherein the intercommunion of all God's creatures is shown to rest upon mutual sacrifice for mutual continuity of being—is not the incarnate purpose of all these things the attainment by men of conscious union and co-operation with their God?
INDEX.
Abyssinia, Shihab al Din, 37.
Agricultural Chemical Analysis, Wiley, 55.
Alcyonium, Liverpool Marine Biol. C. Mems., 49.
Americans, The, Münsterberg, 30.
Anarchy and Law, Brewster, 29.
Anatomy, Cunningham Memoirs, 46.
Surgical, of the Horse, 49.
Antedon, Liverpool Mar. Biol. Mems., 49.
Evolution of Religion, Farnell, 12.
Anurida, Liverpool Mar. Biol. Mems., 49.
Apostles and Apostolic Times, Dobschütz, 4; Hausrath, 19; Weinel, 4; Weizsäcker, 7; Zeller, 9.
Statutes of, edit. G. Horner, 26.
Apostolic Succession, Clark, 17.
Arabic, Grammar, Socin, 37.
Arenicola, Liverpool Marine Biol. Mems., 49.
Ascidia, Liverpool Marine Biol. Mems., 48.
Grammar, Delitzsch, 34.
Language, Delitzsch, 34.
Assyriology, Brown, 56; Delitzsch, 10, 34; Evans, 35; Sayce, 15; Schrader, 9.
Astronomy, Cunningham Mems., V., 46; Memoirs of Roy. Astronom. Soc., 62.
Atom, Study of, Venable, 55.
Augustine, St., Confessions of, Harnack, 18.
Babylonia, see Assyriology.
Belief, Religious, Upton, 15.
Beneficence, Negative and Positive, Spencer, Principles of Ethics, II., 31.
Bible, 16.
See also Testament.
Beliefs about, Savage, 25.
Hebrew Texts, 19.
History of Text, Weir, 27.
How to Teach, 22.
Plants, Henslow, 19.
Problems, Cheyne, 11.
Bibliography, Bibliographical Register, 56.
Biology, Bastian, 45; Liverpool Marine Biol. Mems., 49; Spencer, 31.
Botany, Jour. of the Linnean Soc., 48.
Brain, Cunningham Mems., VII., 46.
Calculus, Harnack, 47.
Cancer and Tumours, Creighton, 45.
Canons of Athanasius, Text & Trans. Soc., 38.
Cardium, Liverpool Mar. Biol. Mems., 48.
Celtic, see also Irish.
Heathendom, Rhys, 15.
Ceremonial Institutions, Spencer, Princ. of Sociology, II., 31.
Chaldee, Grammar, Turpie, 38.
Lexicon, Fuerst, 35.
Chemistry, Van't Hoff, 47; Hart, 47; Noyes, 52; Mulliken, 54; Venable, 55.
Chemist's Pocket Manual, 49.
Life of, Keim, 8.
No Product of Evolution, Henslow, 19.
Resurrection of, 13.
Study of, Robinson, 24.
The Universal, Beard, 16.
Christianity, Evolution of, Gill, 18.
History of, Baur, 8; Dobschütz, 4; Harnack, 6, 11, 18; Hausrath, 8, 19; Johnson, 20; Wernle, 4.
in Talmud, Herford, 20.
Liberal, Réville, 11.
Simplest Form of, Drummond, 14.
Spread of, Harnack, 4.
Church, Catholic, Renan, 14.
Catholic, A Free, 27.
Christian, Baur, 8; Clark, 16; Dobschütz, 4; Hatch, 14; Wernle, 4.
Christian, Sacerdotal Celibacy in, 21.
Coming, Hunter, 20.
Codex Palatino-Vaticanus, Todd Lectures, III., 43.
Codium, Liverpool Mar. Biol. Mems., 49.
Comte, Spencer, 32.
Conductivity of Liquids, Tower, 55.
Constellations, Primitive, Brown, 56.
Creed, Christian, 16.
Crown Theological Library, 10.
Cuneiform Inscriptions, Schrader, 9.
Daniel and his Prophecies, C. H. H. Wright, 28.
and its Critics, C. H. H. Wright, 28.
Danish Dictionary, Rosing, 43.
Darwinism, Schurman, 30.
Denmark, Engelhardt, 57.
Doctrine and Principle, Beeby, 16.
Dogma, History of, Harnack, 5.
of Virgin Birth, Lobstein, 10.
Domestic Institutions, Spencer, Princ. of Sociology, I., 31.
Duck Tribes, Morphology of, Cunningham Mems., VI., 46.
Dynamics, Cunningham Mems., IV., 47.
Chemical, Van't Hoff, 47.
Ecclesiastes, Taylor, 26.
Ecclesiastical Institutions, Spencer, Princ. of Sociology, III., 31, 32.
of Holland, Wicksteed, 27.
Echinus, Liverpool Mar. Biol. Mems., 49.
Economy, Political, Mackenzie, 30.
Education, Herbert, 57; Lodge, 41; Spencer, 30; Hagmann, 42.
Educational Works, see Special Catalogue.
Egypt, Religion of, Renouf, 15.
Egyptian Grammar, Erman, 35.
Electric Furnace, The, Moisson, 51.
Electrolytic Laboratories, Arrangements of, 51.
Engineering Chemistry, Stillman, 54.
Enoch, Book of, Gill, 18.
Epidemiology, Trans. of Epidemiolog. Soc., 55
Epizootic Lymphangitis, Treatise on, Pallin, 52.
Ethics, and Religion, Martineau, 22.
Data of, Spencer, Principles of E., I., 31
Individualism and Collectivism, 30.
Induction of, Spencer, Principles of E., I., 31.
Kantian, Schurman, 30.
of Evolution, Schurman, 30.
of Individual Life, Spencer, Principles of E., I., 31.
of Reason, Laurie, 29.
Principles of, Spencer, 31.
Ethiopic Grammar, 34.
Ethnology, Cunningham Mems., X., 46.
of the idea of God, D'Alviella, 14.
of Religious Thought, D'Alviella, 15.
Exodus, Hoerning, 20.
Ezekiel, Mosheh ben Shesheth, 22.
Fisheries, British, Johnstone, 48.
Flinders Petrie Papyri, Cunningham Mems., VIII., IX., 46.
Flora of Edinburgh, Sonntag, 54.
French, Boïelle, 40; Delbos, 40; Eugène, 40; Hugo, 41, 42; Roget, 42; also Special Education Catalogue.
Literature, Roget, 43.
Novels, Army Series, 39.
Gammarus, Liverpool Marine Biol. Mems., 49.
Geography, Ancient, Kiepert, 58.
Geometry, Analytical, Elements of, 47.
Novels, Army Series, 39.
Germany, Marcks, 59.
God, Idea of, D'Alviella, 14.
Gospels, Old and New Certainty, Robinson, 24.
Greek, Modern, Zompolides, 44.
Gymnastics, Medical, Schreber, 53.
Hebrew, Biblical, Kennedy, 35.
Language, Delitzsch, 34.
Lexicon, Fuerst, 35.
New School of Poets, Albrecht, 36.
Scriptures, Sharpe, 25.
Story, Peters, 23.
Synonyms, Kennedy, 35.
Text of O.T., Weir, 27.
Heterogenesis, Bastian, 45.
Horse, Life-size Models of, 48.
Hygiene, Practical, Handbook of, 45.
Hymns, Jones, 21.
Dictionary, Zoega, 44.
Grammar, Bayldon, 39.
Individualism, Spencer, Man v. State, 32.
Infinitesimals and Limits, 47.
Irish, Hogan, 40; Leabhar Breac, 41; Leabhar na H-Uidhri, 41; O'Grady, 42; Todd Lectures, 42; Yellow Book of Lecan, 43.
Religion of, Kuenen, 9.
in Egypt, Wright, C. H. H., 28.
Jeremiah, Mosheh ben Shesheth, 22.
Jesus, Life of, Keim, 8.
Sayings of, 13.
The Real, Vickers, 27.
Times of, Hausrath, 8.
See also Christ.
Job, Book of, Ewald, 8; Hebrew Text, 19, 35; Wright, C. H. H., 28.
Rabbinical Comment. on, Text & Trans. Soc., 38.
Justice, Spencer, Princ. of Ethics, II., 31.
Kant, Schurman, 30.
Kindergarten, Goldammer, 57.
Knowledge, Evolution of, Perrin, 30.
Life and Matter, Lodge, 22.
Ligia, Liverpool Marine Biol. Mems., 49.
Liverpool, History of, Muir, 59.
Lives of the Saints, Hogan, 40.
London Library Catalogue, 57.
Lumbar Curve, Cunningham Mems., II., 46.
Mahabharata, Sörensen, 37.
Malaria, Annett, 45; Boyce, 45; Dutton, 46; Mems. of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 50; Ross, 53; Stephens, 54.
Maori, Dictionary, Williams, 43.
Manual, Maori, 41.
Materialism, Martineau, 22.
Mathematics, Harnack, 47.
See also Logarithms.
Mediæval Thought, Poole, 23.
Mesca Ulad, Todd Lectures, I., 42.
Metallic Objects, Production of, 52.
Metaphysics, Laurie, 29.
Mexico, Religions of, Réville, 15.
Micah, Book of, Taylor, 26.
Microscopy, Journal of the Roy. Micro. Soc., 48; Journal of the Quekett Micro. Club, 48.
Midrash, Christianity in, Herford, 20.
Mineral Systems, Chapman, 47.
Molecular Weights, Methods of Determining, 45.
Monasticism, Harnack, 18.
Moorhouse Lectures, 22.
Mosquitoes, Mems. of Liverpool School of Trop. Medicine, 50.
Municipal Government, A History of, in Liverpool, 59.
Northern, Stephens, 60.
Naturalism and Religion, Otto, 12.
Nautical Terms, Delbos, 40.
Nennius, The Irish, Hogan, 40.
New Guinea, Cunningham Mems., X.,46.
Newman, Mystery of, 16
New Testament, see Testament, 27.
Norwegian Dictionary, Rosing, 42.
Norsemen in the Orkneys, Dietrichson, 57.
Optical Convention, Proceedings of, 52.
Ores, Methods for the Analysis of, 52.
Organic Analysis, Elementary, 45.
Origins, Christian, Johnson, 20.
Handbook, Frankfurter, 35.
Miscellany, 37.
Pathology, Inflammation Idea in, Ransom, 52.
Periodic Law, Venable, 55.
Persian, Avesti Pahlavi, 34.
Grammar, Platts, 37.
Peru, Religions of, Réville, 15.
Philo Judæus, Drummond, 29.
Philosophy, 29.
and Experience, Hodgson, 29.
Jewish Alexandrian, Drummond, 29.
of Religion, Pfleiderer, 9.
Reorganisation of, Hodgson, 29.
Religion of, Perrin, 22.
Political Institutions, Spencer, Princ. of Sociology, II., 31.
Portland Cement, Meade, 49.
Pottery, Seger's Writings on, 54.
Prayers, Common Prayer, 17; Jones, 20; Personal, 23; Sadler, 25; Ten Services, 26.
Printing at Brescia, Peddie, 59.
Professional Institutions, Spencer, Princ. of Sociology, III., 31.
Profit-sharing, Schloss, 59.
Prophets of O.T., Ewald, 8.
and Canticles, Ten Services, 26.
Commentary, Ewald, 8.
of Belief, Pikler, 30.
Principles of, Spencer, 31.
Reconciliation, Henslow, 19.
Reformation, Beard, 14.
Religion, Child and, 12.
and Naturalism, Otto, 12.
and Theology, Ménégoz, 22.
of Philosophy, Perrin, 22.
Philosophy of, Pfleiderer, 9.
Struggle for Light, Wimmer, 10.
See also Christianity, History of.
Religions, National and Universal, Kuenen, 21.
of Authority, Sabatier, 4.
Reviews and Periodical Publications, 61.
Rigveda, Wallis, 38.
Rome, Renan, 14.
Runes, Stephens, 60.
Ruth, Wright, C. H. H., 28.
Sanitation, in Cape Coast Town, Taylor, 54.
in Para, Notes, 51.
Silva Gadelica, O'Grady, 42.
Social Dynamics, Mackenzie, 30.
Statics, Spencer, 32.
Sociology, Descriptive, Spencer, 32.
Principles of, Spencer, 31.
Study of, Spencer, 32.
Soils and Fertilisers, 54.
Solomon, Song of, Réville, 24.
South Place Ethical Society, Conway, 17.
Spanish Dictionary, Velasquez, 43.
Spinal Cord, Bruce, 45.
Sternum, Paterson, 52.
Stereochemistry, Elements of, 47.
Storms, Piddington, 52.
Sun Heat, Cunningham Mems., III., 46.
Surgery, System of, von Bergmann, 45.
Talmud, Christianity in, Herford, 20.
Tennyson, Weld, 60.
Tent and Testament, Rix, 24.
Testament, New, Apologetic of, 13.
Books of, Von Soden, 26.
Commentary, Protestant Commentary, 9.
Textual Criticism, Nestle, 7.
See also Gospels.
Testament, Old, Cuneiform Inscriptions, Schrader, 9.
Introduction to the Canonical Books of, 17.
Literature of, Kautzsch, 21.
Theism, Voysey, 27.
Theological Translation Library, 3.
Theology, Analysis of, Figg, 18.
History of, Pfleiderer, 9.
Thermometer, History of, 45.
Trypanosomiasis, Dutton, 47.
Tuberculosis, Creighton, 46.
Urine Analysis, Text-book of, 49.
Virgil, Henry, 57.
Virgin Birth, Lobstein, 10.
Weissmann, Spencer, 32.
Woman's Labour, Englishwoman's Review, 61; Harrison, 57; Vynne, 60.
Suffrage, Blackburn, 56.
Yellow Fever, Durham, 48.
Zoology, Fasciculi Malayenses, 48; Journal of the Linnean Soc., 48; Liverpool Marine Biology Committee Mems., 48-49.