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The Inhabitants of the Philippines

Chapter 176: D.
By Frederic H. Sawyer
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About This Book

Drawing on fourteen years in the islands and extensive travel, the author offers a sympathetic, observational account of native manners, languages, and economic life while disputing harsher contemporary judgments. He details land tenure, local customs, craftsmanship, education, and public works such as telegraphs, railways, water and harbour improvements, and technical schools. The narrative critiques Spanish administration and religious orders yet acknowledges their infrastructural contributions, and it warns that American military occupation risks prolonged unrest. Practical political proposals are advanced, including regional self-government with centralized services to secure peace and facilitate orderly development.

Value of Land.

Manila-Dagupan Railway.

First Section—Manila to San Fernando.
First sub-section, Manila to Polo.
Second sub-section, Polo to Guiguinto.
Third sub-section, Guiguinto to Calumpit.
Fourth sub-section, Calumpit to San Fernando.
Second Section—San Fernando to Tarlac.
First sub-section, San Fernando to Angeles.
Second sub-section, Angeles to Bamban.
Third sub-section, Bamban to Capas.
Fourth sub-section, Capas to Tarlac.
Third Section—Tarlac to Dagupan.
First sub-section, Tarlac to Panique.
Second sub-section, Panique to Moncada.
Third sub-section, Moncada to Bayambang.
Fourth sub-section, Bayambang to San Carlos.
Fifth sub-section, San Carlos to Dagupan.

An Estimate of the Population of the Philippines in 1890.

Peninsular Spaniards, including the garrisons, friars, officials and private persons. 14,000
Spaniards born in the islands. 8,000
Spanish mestizos 75,000
Foreigners of white races 2,000
Foreign mestizos 7,000
Chinese 125,000
Chinese mestizos 500,000
Moros of Mindanao, Joló, Tawi-tawi, Basilan, Balábac, and other islands 600,000
Heathen in all the archipelago—Igorrotes, Manobos, Subanos, Montéses, Ibilaos, Aetas, Ifugaos, etc., etc. 800,000
Christian natives 5,869,000
Total 8,000,000

The above is taken from a pamphlet called ‘Filipinas’ Fundamental Problem,’ by a Spaniard long resident in those islands, published in Madrid, 1891, by D. Luis Aguado. The pamphlet itself is a violent attack on Rizal and those who sympathised with him, and holds out as the only remedy against insurrection the encouragement of Spanish immigration on an extensive scale.

Estimate of Philippine Income and Expenditure, 1896–97.

$
Direct Taxes—
Property tax, $140,280; industrial and commercial tax, $1,400,700; cédulas personales, 1$5,600,000; capitation tax on Chinese, $510,190; acknowledgment of vassalage from outlaws and heathen, $20,000; tax of 10 per cent. on railway fares, $32,000; various surtaxes, $63,000; tax of 10 per cent. on the pay of employés paid by local funds, $80,000; tax of 10 per cent. on the pay of employés paid by the State, $650,000 8,496,170
Custom House—
Imports, $3,600,000; exports, 2$1,292,550; loading tax, $410,000; unloading, $570,000; trans-shipment, $1000; warehousing, $4000; fines, surtaxes, etc., $22,000; tax on consumable goods, 3$301,000 6,200,550
Monopoly—
Opium contract (farmed out)4 576,000
Stamps—
Stamped paper, do. for fines, for bills of exchange, post office stamps, patent medicine stamps, stamps for telegrams, receipts, signatures, passports, less $200,000 paid to Bolmao and Hong Kong Cable Co., etc. 646,000
Lottery—
Profits of the Manila lottery, licenses for raffles, etc. 1,000,000
Crown Property—
Rents of mining claims, $2000; royalties on forest produce, $170,000; sale of Crown lands, of buildings, and fines 257,000
Miscellaneous—
Unexpended balances, $50,000; produce of convict labour, $4000; sale of buildings and stores of War Department and Navy, $3800; profits on coining money, $200,000; sundry receipts, $40,500 298,300
Total 5$17,474,020

$
General charges—
Ministry of the Colonies, Court of Audit, expenses of Fernando Po, civil, military and naval pensions, interest on savings bank deposits, passages of Government employés 1,507,900
State—
Diplomatic and consular expenses 74,000
Grace and Justice—
Courts of Justice, register of property, gaols, the clergy, missionaries, public worship, passages of missionaries, college for missionaries 1,896,277
Army—
Pay and allowances, provisions, forage, clothing, war-like stores, invalids, orphans, extraordinary credit for the campaign in Mindanao ($624,680) 6,042,442
Treasury—
Central administration, mint at Manila, provincial administration, pay and allowances of corps of carbineers (custom house guards), cost of selling stamped paper, of collecting taxes, of working the lottery 1,393,184
Navy—
Pay and allowances, victualling and clothing, material for the station, for the squadron, material for the arsenal ($1,260,652) 3,566,528
Civil Service—
Colonial Secretary (pay and allowances), Governor-General, civil governors, political and military governors, council of administration, the Guardia Civil, post office, telegraph, health officers of ports 2,198,350
Education and public works—
Technical schools, nautical do. of drawing, painting, sculpture and engraving, university, normal school, observatory of Manila ($20,000 per annum), pay and allowances of engineers and assistants of public works, of the woods and forests, of mines, and of the model farms 615,198
Total 17,293,879

N.B.—Expenditure on Army and Navy $9,608,970, considerably more than half the total revenue.

Value of Land.

Official valuation of land required for the construction of the Manila-Dagupan Railway. The expropriation commenced in 1888 and continued up to end of 1892, and the prices paid were far in excess of estimate.

First Section. Second Section. Third Section.
Sub-section 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
From kil. 0 13.8 29.2 45.8 60.7 75.5 90.5 107.3 116.5 134.6 149.2 162.9 179.3
To kil. 13.8 29.2 45.8 60.7 75.5 90.5 107.3 116.5 134.6 149.2 162.9 179.3 192.3
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Water meadows or irrigated rice land 480 240 240 240 220 200 120 100 88 80 100 140 180
Rice lands (dry), 1st class 200 192 180 168 120 108 40 40 40 32 48 72 80
Rice lands (dry), 2nd class 168 160 160 152 72 60 24 24 24 16 28 40 44
Cane fields, 1st class 272 240 260 100 80 60 28 20 20 16 32 40 48
Cane fields, 2nd class 200 160 192 80 56 40 20 12 12 8 20 28 32
Stony land near the sea 140 120
Buyo (betel) plantations 240 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 72
Nipa palm groves 88 80 72 60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24
Mangrove swamp 76 60 48 32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 16
Gardens and building lots 200 180 180 160 100 88 32 28 28 20 32 48 56
Forest land .. .. .. .. .. 10 6.4 4 2.4 1.6 4 4
Bush land .. .. .. .. .. 8 4.8 2.4 1.6 1.6 2.4
Pasture .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 10

Price is given in Mexican dollars per acre.

1

The total receipts from this tax are $7,000,000
The local funds receive 20 per cent., say $1,400,000
Remainder $5,600,000

2 See Table of dues on Exports.

3 See Table of this tax.

4 In August 1900 the Straits Settlements Government received offers for the opium and spirit farms in Singapore, Penang and Malacca, for three years from January 7th, 1901, amounting to $385,000 per month.

5 In 1886–87 the revenue only amounted to $9,324,974; the Army estimates for 1888 were $3,918,760, the Navy $2,573,776. If to the revenue of 1896–97 we add the amount paid over to local funds, the total will be double the revenue raised ten years before.

List of Spanish and Filipino Words Used in the Work, and the Pages where their Meaning is Explained.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

  • Escribano 26
  • Espediente 41
  • Estanco 43
  • Estera 159

F.

G.

  • Gangalia 368
  • Ganta 371
  • Garbanzos 68
  • Gayang or Sayang 255
  • Gobernadorcillo 10
  • Gogo 179
  • Guardia Civil 28
  • Guíjo 309
  • Guilálo 161
  • Guinára 283
  • Guingon 159–251

H.

  • Hacienda 73

I.

J.

K.

L.

M.

  • Maestro de Campo 310, 343
  • Maestro Cook 181
  • Mainguel 256
  • Majarasin 368
  • Mali-mali 168
  • Manbunung 259
  • Mandarines 367
  • Manta 226
  • Mantos de Ilocos 251
  • Maradiadina 368
  • Marcha Réal 188
  • Marina Sutil 361
  • Matandang-sa-naya 226
  • Mayordomo 180
  • Meilupa 2O9
  • Meritórios 26
  • Molave 141
  • Mongo 131
  • Monsoon 174
  • Moro-moro 369

N.

O.

P.

Q.

R.

S.

T.

V.

  • Varadero 33
  • Vicario foráneo 68
  • Viernes Santo 187
  • Vino de Nipa 242
  • Vintas 161, 362
  • Visita 312

Y.

Cardinal Numbers in Seven Dialects.

Peninsula and Islands. Luzon. Borneo. Three Dayak Dialects. North Borneo.
Malay. Tagal. Pampango. Sabuyan. Lara. Salakan. Ida’an.
1 Satu. Isa. Isa or metung. Sat. Asa. Asa. Iso or san.
2 Dua. Daláua. Adua. Dua. Dua. Dua. Duo.
3 Tiga. Tatlo. Atlu. Tiga. Taru. Talu. Telo.
4 Ampat. Apat. Apat. Ampat. Apat. Ampat. Apat.
5 Lima. Lima. Lima. Lima. Rima. Lima. Limo.
6 Anam. Anim. Anam. Anam. Unum. Anam. Anam.
7 Tujoh. Pito. Pitu. Tujoh. Ijo. Tujoh. Turo.
8 Dŭlapan. Uálo. Ualu. Lapan. Mahi. Delapan. Walo.
9 Sŭmbilan. Siam. Siam. Sambilan. Pire. Sambilau. Siam.
10 Sa’puloh. Sang puot. Apulu. Sapulo. Sapuloh. Sapuloh. Opod.