INDEX
- Acre: siege of 130;
- defence of by Templars 171.
- Alaric: served in Roman army 61.
- Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon 324.
- Alexis: treats with crusaders 139;
- death of 143.
- Anastasius: wealth of 51;
- builds long wall 51.
- Anglicanism, see Church of England.
- Antwerp: rise of 201;
- Architecture: Italian 88;
- Armada: defeated by yeomen 256;
- loss of 287.
- Army, see Police.
- Art: decline of 380, 381;
- see Architecture.
- Articles, ecclesiastical: Six 232, 268;
- Attila: ransoms Constantinople 50;
- vision of 63.
- Aureus: depreciation of 27;
- passes by weight 31.
- Baldwin, Count of Edessa: 105;
- King of Jerusalem 105.
- Baldwin, Emperor of the East: 146;
- reproved by Innocent 147.
- Bank of England: incorporated 303;
- Bank of Genoa: 168.
- Bank of Venice: 168, 169.
- Bankers: mediæval 168;
- Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors 39;
- Boadicea: revolt of 37.
- Boleyn, Anne: 212;
- Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of 213.
- Boniface VIII.: character of 172;
- Bosra: retreat from 119;
- Boulton, Matthew: rise of 314;
- Bullion Committee: 328, 329.
- Burleigh, Lord: rise of 213;
- Cæsar: army of 363.
- Capital: centres at Constantinople 28;
- Carthusians: martyrdom of 221.
- Cecil, see Burleigh.
- Champagne: fairs of 158;
- Chantries: confiscation of 259.
- Child, Sir Josiah: rise of 294;
- estimates England’s wealth 295.
- Church, Catholic: see Early Christian;
- becomes dominant in Italy 63;
- secular character of mediæval clergy of 71;
- secular clergy of 73;
- claims of under Hildebrand 75;
- makes papacy self-perpetuating 75;
- emancipates itself from civil power 76, 77;
- schism of with Constantinople 78;
- character of clergy of at Reformation 264, 265;
- miracles of, see Miracles, Cluny, Convents.
- Church, Early Christian: socialistic 60;
- Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors 78–88;
- Church of England: an economic phenomenon 228;
- Henry supreme head of 228;
- robbed by landlords 230;
- orthodox under Henry VIII. 232;
- spoiled by Edward VI. 259, 260;
- Calvinistic 262;
- docile to lay dictation 264;
- faith of regulated by statute 266;
- without fixed faith 268;
- ruled by Elizabeth 269;
- hated by Puritans and Catholics 270;
- divine right distinctive doctrine of 271;
- organized as police by landlords 272;
- mercenary 273;
- types of clergy of 275;
- great bishops of 276 et seq.;
- upheld by James I. 284;
- persecutes Puritans under Bancroft 285.
- Clairvaux: foundation of 109;
- appeals to pope against Philip the Fair 172;
- see Saint Bernard.
- Claudius, Appius: a usurer 7;
- Clement V.: election of 178;
- Clermont: council of 83.
- Clive, Lord: birth of 306;
- Cluny: founded 72;
- Cobden: attacks landlords 341;
- origin of 341.
- Cobham, Lord: trial of 193;
- attempts conventual confiscation 195.
- Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade 130;
- treats with Saladin 131.
- Coinage, Roman: copper 15;
- silver 20;
- debasement of 26;
- becomes gold monometallic 27, 30;
- passes by weight 31;
- of Constantinople 55;
- debasement of coinage of Constantinople 56;
- becomes silver under Charlemagne 129;
- Venetian 129;
- gold of thirteenth century 129;
- debasement of French pound 170;
- debasement of English penny 195;
- base money of Henry VIII. 206;
- standard restored by Elizabeth 300;
- recoinage by William III. 302;
- depreciation in eighteenth century 303;
- English gold of nineteenth century 330;
- passes by weight 326, 330;
- see Gold standard.
- Coloni: debtors 33;
- Commerce: see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving, West Indies.
- Commons: rights of tenants in 244;
- Communes: rise of 157;
- Constantine: built Constantinople 28;
- Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world 28;
- prosperity of after fall of Western Empire 49, 50;
- colonized by Roman capitalists 49;
- taxation of 49;
- poverty of under Theodosius II. 50;
- prosperity of under Justinian I. 51;
- population changes under Heraclius 52;
- becomes an Asiatic city 52;
- declines in eleventh century 53;
- civilization of economic 53;
- description of by Rabbi Benjamin 53;
- population of economic and cowardly 54;
- economic condition of in twelfth century 87;
- army of 88;
- sack of 144;
- see Coinage and Architecture.
- Convents: mediæval founders of 68;
- efficacy of intercession of 69;
- Benedictine 72;
- early discipline of 72;
- consolidation of 72;
- Cluny 73;
- control papacy 78;
- armies organized by 99;
- fortresses built by 99;
- patronized for miracles 109;
- wealth of 154;
- attacked by feudal nobles 155;
- hostile to communes 160, 161;
- taxed by Philip the Fair 172;
- revenues seized by Edward I. 195;
- attacked by Lollards 196;
- bill to suppress 231;
- visitation of 235;
- visitors of 235–238;
- spoliation of 239.
- Corn: price of at Rome 17;
- Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council of 1076 75;
- Cranmer: rise of 278;
- Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century 167;
- Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides 252;
- Cromwell, Thomas: rise of 208;
- Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra 119;
- see Relics.
- Crusade: first 84;
- takes Jerusalem 85;
- second, preached by Saint Bernard 112;
- suffers before Atalia 115;
- defeat of 118;
- crusading becomes commercial 124;
- third, led by Cœur-de-Lion 129;
- takes Acre 130;
- of Constantinople, preached 132;
- reaches Venice 134;
- diverted by Dandolo 139;
- attacks Zara 138;
- sacks Constantinople 145;
- of Damietta 150;
- defeated in Egypt 151.
- Currency: regulated by Charlemagne 129;
- Dalhousie, Lord: administration of 356.
- Damietta, see Crusade.
- Dandolo, Henry: character of 132;
- Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of 216;
- Denarius: depreciation of at Rome 26;
- Diocletian: a slave 27;
- Divine right: defined 272;
- see Church of England.
- Divorce: see Domestic relations.
- Domestic relations: ancient and modern 365 et seq.
- Dovercourt: rood of 200.
- Drake: rise of 255;
- Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of 251;
- East India Companies: organized 292;
- Eastern Empire, see Constantinople.
- Eastern trade: in Rome 23, 24;
- Edessa: position of 86;
- Egypt: cheap labour of 19;
- Elizabeth: greed of 257;
- England: Lollardy in 186;
- Reformation in, an economic phenomenon 190;
- debasement of currency in 194;
- martyrdoms in 199;
- condition of in Middle Ages 202;
- new nobility of 212 et seq.;
- convents suppressed in 233 et seq.;
- population of in Middle Ages 243;
- social revolution in, in sixteenth century 245, 246;
- not originally maritime 254;
- seamen of 255;
- prosperity of in seventeenth century 292;
- industrial revolution in 315;
- distress in after 1815 332;
- ruin of aristocracy of 341, 348;
- money-lenders autocratic in 344;
- see Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.
- Exchanges: see Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Venice.
- Fairs, see Champagne.
- Fetish, see Relics.
- Fisher: temperament of 277.
- Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair 165.
- France: convents of in tenth century 72;
- Cluny 73;
- decentralization of in eleventh century 80;
- money of 80;
- barbarian invasions of 80;
- seat of Gothic architecture 89;
- ogive introduced into 95;
- emotional in eleventh century 107;
- disintegration of in tenth century 152;
- kings of enjoy supernatural powers 153;
- alliance of crown with clergy 154;
- consolidation of under Philip Augustus 158;
- centralization of under Saint Louis 165;
- depreciation of coinage of 170;
- estates of sustain Philip the Fair 174;
- castles of 202.
- Frumentariæ Leges, see Corn.
- Gardiner, Stephen: on True Obedience 265;
- Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves 39;
- Glastonbury: suppression of 240.
- Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem 85;
- Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire 30;
- Gold standard: in Rome 31;
- Gunther: chronicle of 137;
- sails with Dandolo 138.
- Hanse of London: organization of 158;
- Hastings: Governor-General 310;
- policy of 311.
- Hattin: battle of 123.
- Hawkins, John: a slaver 289.
- Héloïse, hymn of 368.
- Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand 75;
- Henry VIII.: court of 212;
- Heraclius: disasters under 52.
- Hildebrand: prior of Cluny 74;
- Holland: decay of 318.
- Hospital, see Knights of.
- Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of 214;
- Hugh Capet: elected by clergy 153.
- Hugh du Puiset, see Louis the Fat.
- Hun, Richard: death of 198.
- Imagination: basis of mediæval Church 60;
- gives power to priesthood 63;
- cause of relic worship 64;
- vivid in age of decentralization 69;
- most intense in tenth century 72;
- evolves Cluny 73;
- cause of Hildebrand’s power 78;
- cause of crusades 82;
- inspires Gothic architecture 89;
- strong in Saint Bernard 108;
- weakness of Louis VII. 117:
- lacking in Venetians 126;
- its power in France in thirteenth century 136;
- strength of in Church up to 1200 148;
- a weakness in war 151;
- economic mind lacks 162;
- cause of Templars’ martyrdom 183;
- lacking in English reformers 191;
- Anglican clergy without 259;
- Tudor aristocracy without 268;
- strong in early Christians 373;
- in contempt in nineteenth century 380, 381.
- India: failure of Romans to conquer 12;
- Industrial revolution: begins 313;
- caused by Indian treasure 314.
- Innocent III.: incites crusade 132;
- Inquisition: organized 191.
- Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie 163.
- Jerusalem: capture of 85;
- Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa: 105;
- Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism 187;
- Justinian I.: prosperity of 51;
- Karak: castle of 86, 121.
- Kett, see Rebellion.
- Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of 97, 98;
- Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain 262;
- Krak des Chevaliers: 100.
- Lambert: martyrdom of 281.
- Landlords: Roman 21;
- enslave their tenants 33;
- form aristocracy of Empire 41;
- not martial 42;
- English mercenary 212;
- rise of 227;
- confiscate Church property 230;
- evict yeomen 245;
- despoil chantries 259, 200;
- control Crown 267;
- without faith 268;
- organize Church 272;
- fear army 273;
- not martial 227, 245, 254, 255, 256, 267, 268, 283;
- persecute Nonconformists 295;
- persecute adventurers 295;
- conquered in 1688 297;
- jealous of Clive and Hastings 309;
- suffer after 1815 332;
- distressed in 1841 340;
- attacked by Cobden 341;
- ruined 348;
- of Oude 356.
- Latimer: describes his father’s farm 247;
- martyrdom of 282.
- Leo the Great: visits Attila 63.
- Leo IX.: election of 75.
- Licinian Laws 10;
- effect of 11.
- Lollards: description of 187;
- London: hot-bed of Lollardism 197;
- Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset 155;
- obtains Montlhéri 157.
- Louis VII.: character of 112;
- Madre-de-Dios: capture of 257.
- Mahrattas: conquest of 358;
- disappearance of 350.
- Margat: castle of 101.
- Marriage: see Domestic relations.
- Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo 138;
- steals relics 148.
- Marwaris: 357;
- destroy Mahrattas 359.
- Milo, Archbishop of Rheims: 71.
- Miracles: early Christian 63;
- mediæval 64 et seq.;
- see Bosra, Relics.
- Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris 180;
- burned 184.
- Monasticism: see Convents.
- Money: Rome depleted of 23;
- centres at Constantinople 28;
- rises in value under Empire 35;
- falls in value under Charlemagne 129;
- rises in value in thirteenth century 169;
- rises in fifteenth century 194;
- rises under Henry VIII. 206;
- falls after opening of Potosi 207;
- abundant stimulates movement 299;
- a form of energy 304;
- hoarded in India 304;
- falls at close of eighteenth century 320;
- rises in nineteenth century 337, 360;
- see Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.
- Mons Sacer: secession to 9.
- Monte Casino: founded 72.
- Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade 132;
- leaves Dandolo 138.
- Montlhéri: lords of 156;
- castle 157.
- Nantes: revocation of Edict of 318.
- Napoleon: decline of 324;
- Nobility: feudal French 154;
- Nogaret: captures Boniface 176, 177.
- Northumberland: see Dudley.
- Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo 103;
- Ogive: of Eastern origin 95;
- appears in transition architecture 96.
- Overstone, Lord: rise of 336;
- Panic: under Tiberius 25;
- Passive obedience: see Divine right.
- Patricians: usurers 7;
- Pauperism: under Henry VII I. 249;
- in 1848 345.
- Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street 330;
- Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade 150.
- Penny: the Roman, see Denarius;
- Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of 65;
- Philip the Fair: character of 171;
- Pilgrimage of Grace: see Rebellion.
- Plassey: battle of 308;
- effect of 313.
- Plebeians: farmers 6;
- Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians 39;
- an effect of money 45;
- organized by Augustus 45;
- makes capital autocratic at Rome 46;
- impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack 79;
- lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 99, 121, 122;
- the weapon of an economic community 164;
- an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization 165;
- in England under Henry VIII. 245;
- destroys martial type 245;
- drives adventurers from England 254;
- resistless in nineteenth century 353.
- Pompey: defeat of 364.
- Potosi: discovery 207.
- Prices: fall of, under Trajan 33;
- rise of in thirteenth century 167;
- fall of in fifteenth century 203;
- rise of in sixteenth century 207, 283;
- rise of after Plassey 319;
- culminate in 1809 324;
- fall of in England after 1815 330;
- depressed by gold standard 337;
- fall of after Bank Act 339;
- rise of after 1849 345;
- fall of since 1873 349.
- Producers: predominance of 321;
- Puritans: reject royal supremacy 264;
- Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry 11;
- defeat of 11.
- Raleigh: family of 255;
- Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney 107;
- Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace 216;
- Reformation: an economic movement 188;
- Reginald de Chatillon 121.
- Regulus: poverty of 15.
- Relics: magical 64;
- Rent: rise of money value of in Rome 32;
- Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament 261;
- burned 282.
- Robinson, John: congregation of 285.
- Rome: early society of 1;
- classes in 2;
- law of debt in 2–4;
- early army of 9;
- not maritime 12;
- slavery in 13;
- economic revolution in 14;
- a plutocracy 15;
- annexes Egypt 17;
- senators land-owners 21;
- great domains of 21;
- conquests of 23;
- unable to compete with Asia 23;
- foreign exchanges unfavourable to 23;
- insolvent 28;
- decline of 37;
- ceases breeding soldiers 40;
- later emperors of foreign adventurers 40;
- governed by a monied oligarchy 41;
- economic type autocratic in 42;
- women of emancipated 43;
- paid police of 45;
- barbarian invasions 46, 47;
- domestic relations in 369;
- art of 372;
- architecture of 381;
- see Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.
- Rothschilds: rise of 322;
- establish house in London 323.
- Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of Abbot of Glaston 241.
- Saint Bernard: birth of 108;
- Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of 239.
- Saint Denis: Abbey of 154.
- Saint Riquier: sacrilege at 162.
- Saint Sophia: architecture of 89, 377;
- desecration of 145.
- Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of 65.
- Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist 67.
- Saladin: sends physician to Richard 94;
- Saracens: architecture of 89, 90;
- Schism: Greek 78.
- Seymour, Protector: confiscations under 261;
- executed 261.
- Sicily: cheap labour in 16;
- Silver: Roman standard 26;
- discarded in Rome 31;
- restored by Charlemagne 128;
- ratio of to gold in Rome 30;
- to gold in thirteenth century 169;
- Potosi 204;
- Spaniards plundered of 288;
- brought to England by piracy 291;
- ratio to gold in seventeenth century 300;
- standard in England 300;
- exported to India in eighteenth century 299–302;
- in 1810 320;
- discarded by England 330;
- by Germany 347;
- relation to Asiatic competition 360;
- see Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.
- Slavery: for debt in Rome 5;
- Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system 34;
- Smith, Captain John: career of 295.
- Solidus: see Aureus.
- Somerset: Duke of, see Seymour.
- Spain: empire of 286;
- Spanish America: revolution of 324.
- Suez Canal: effect of 355.
- Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer 81;
- proposes a crusade 83.
- Syria: industrial 25;
- see Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.
- Temple, see Knights of the.
- Tenures: primitive Roman 1;
- Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of 332.
- Tiberias: battle of, see Hattin.
- Tortosa: fortress of 101;
- surrender of 171.
- Trade, see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.
- Urban II.: preaches at Clermont 83.
- Usurers: form Roman aristocracy 2;
- Usury: a patrician privilege 2;
- Vagrant Acts: English 248.
- Venice: rise of 125;
- Vézelay: second crusade preached at 112;
- feud with Counts of Nevers 161.
- Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of 132.
- Virginia: story of 8.
- War: see Police.
- Watt, James: invents engine 314;
- partnership with Boulton 316.
- West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from 287;
- Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of 241.
- Wickliffe: begins his agitation 192.
- William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple 97;
- Wiltshire: Earl of, see Boleyn.
- Yeomen: form British infantry 243;
- Zara: attack on 134;
- stormed 138.
- Zenghi: rise of 103;
- captures Edessa 103.