Subsection I.
Each collector of customs shall permit records made under the provisions of this section to be inspected during office hours, under such reasonable regulations as the collector may establish. Upon the request of any person the collector of customs shall furnish him from the records of the collector's office (1) a certificate setting forth the names of the owners of any vessel, the interest held by each owner, and the material facts as to any bill of sale or conveyance of, any mortgage covering, or any lien or other incumbrance upon, a specified vessel, (2) a certified copy of any bill of sale, conveyance, mortgage, notice of claim of lien, or certificate of discharge in respect to such vessel, or (3) a certified copy as required by subdivision (c) of subsection H. The collector of customs shall collect a fee for any bill of sale, conveyance, or mortgage recorded, or any certificate or certified copy furnished, by him, in the amount of 20 cents a folio with a minimum charge of $1.00. All such fees shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.
PENALTIES.
Subsection J.
(a) If the master of the vessel willfully fails to exhibit the documents of the vessel or the copy of any preferred mortgage thereof, as required by subsection E, the board of local inspectors of vessels having jurisdiction of the license of the master, may suspend or cancel such license, subject to the provisions of "An Act to provide for appeals from decision of boards of local inspectors of vessels and for other purposes," approved June 10, 1918.
(b) A mortgagor who, with intent to defraud, violates any provision of subsection F, and if the mortgagor is a corporation or association, the president or other principal executive officer of the corporation or association, shall upon conviction thereof be held guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisonment not more than 2 years, or both. The mortgaged indebtedness shall thereupon become immediately due and payable at the election of the mortgagee.
(c) If any person enters into any contract secured by, or upon the credit of, a vessel of the United States covered by a preferred mortgage, and suffers pecuniary loss by reason of the failure of the collector of customs, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof, properly to perform any duty required of the collector under the provisions of this section, the collector of customs shall be liable to such person for damages in the amount of such loss. If any such person is caused any such loss by reason of the failure of the mortgagor, or master of the mortgaged vessel, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof, to comply with any provision of subsection E or F or to file an affidavit as required by subdivision (a) of subsection D, correct in each particular thereof, the mortgagor shall be liable to such person for damages in the amount of such loss. The district courts of the United States are given jurisdiction (but not to the exclusion of the courts of the several States, Territories, Districts, or possessions) of suits for the recovery of such damages, irrespective of the amount involved in the suit or the citizenship of the parties thereto. Such suit shall be begun by personal service upon the defendant within the limits of the district. Upon judgment for the plaintiff in any such suit, the court shall include in the judgment an additional amount for costs of the action and a reasonable counsel's fee, to be fixed by the court.
FORECLOSURE OF PREFERRED MORTGAGES.
Subsection K.
A preferred mortgage shall constitute a lien upon the mortgaged vessel in the amount of the outstanding mortgage indebtedness secured by such vessel. Upon the default of any term or condition of the mortgage, such lien may be enforced by the mortgagee by suit in rem in admiralty. Original jurisdiction of all such suits is granted to the district courts of the United States exclusively. In addition to any notice by publication, actual notice of the commencement of any such suit shall be given by the libellant, in such manner as the court shall direct, to (1) the master, other ranking officer, or caretaker of the vessel, and (2) any person who has recorded a notice of claim of an undischarged lien upon the vessel, as provided in subsection G, unless after search by the libellant satisfactory to the court, such mortgagor, master, other ranking officer, caretaker, or claimant is not found within the United States. Failure to give notice to any such person, as required by this subsection, shall not constitute a jurisdictional defect; but the libellant shall be liable to such person for damages in the amount of his interest in the vessel terminated by the suit. Suit in personam for the recovery of such damages may be brought in accordance with the provisions of subdivision (c) of subsection J.
Subsection L.
In any suit in rem in admiralty for the enforcement of the preferred mortgage lien, the court may appoint a receiver and, in its discretion, authorize the receiver to operate the mortgaged vessel. The marshal may be authorized and directed by the court to take possession of the mortgaged vessel notwithstanding the fact that the vessel is in the possession or under the control of any person claiming a possessory common-law lien.
Subsection M.
(a) When used hereinafter in this section, the term "preferred maritime lien" means (1) a lien arising prior in time to the recording and indorsement of a preferred mortgage in accordance with the provisions of this section; or (2) a lien for damages arising out of tort, for wages of a stevedore when employed directly by the owner, operator, master, ship's husband, or agent of the vessel, for wages of the crew of the vessel, for general average, and for salvage, including contract salvage.
(b) Upon the sale of any mortgaged vessel by order of a district court of the United States in any suit in rem in admiralty for the enforcement of a preferred mortgage lien thereon, all preëxisting claims in the vessel, including any possessory common-law lien of which a lienor is deprived under the provisions of subsection L shall be held terminated and shall thereafter attach, in like amount and in accordance with their respective priorities, to the proceeds of the sale; except that the preferred mortgage lien shall have priority over all claims against the vessel, except (1) preferred maritime liens, and (2) expenses and fees allowed and costs taxed, by the court.
Subsection N.
(a) Upon the default of any term or condition of a preferred mortgage upon a vessel, the mortgagee may, in addition to all other remedies granted by this section, bring suit in personam in admiralty in a district court of the United States, against the mortgagor for the amount of the outstanding mortgage indebtedness secured by such vessel or any deficiency in the full payment thereof.
(b) This section shall not be construed, in the case of a mortgage covering, in addition to vessels, realty or personalty other than vessels, or both, to authorize the enforcement by suit in rem in admiralty of the rights of the mortgagee in respect to such realty or personalty other than vessels.
TRANSFERS OF MORTGAGED VESSELS AND ASSIGNMENT OF VESSEL MORTGAGES.
Subsection O.
(a) The documents of a vessel of the United States covered by a preferred mortgage may not be surrendered (except in the case of the forfeiture of the vessel or its sale by the order of any court of the United States or any foreign country) without the approval of the board. The board shall refuse such approval unless the mortgagee consents to such surrender.
(b) The interest of the mortgagee in a vessel of the United States covered by a mortgage, shall not be terminated by the forfeiture of the vessel for a violation of any law of the United States, unless the mortgagee authorized, consented, or conspired to effect the illegal act, failure, or omission which constituted such violation.
(c) Upon the sale of any vessel of the United States covered by a preferred mortgage, by order of a district court of the United States in any suit in rem in admiralty for the enforcement of a maritime lien other than a preferred maritime lien, the vessel shall be sold free from all preëxisting claims thereon; but the court shall, upon the request of the mortgagee, the libellant, or an intervenor, require the purchaser at such sale to give and the mortgagor to accept a new mortgage of the vessel for the balance of the term of the original mortgage. The conditions of such new mortgage shall be the same, so far as practicable, as those of the original mortgage and shall be subject to the approval of the court. If such new mortgage is given, the mortgagee shall not be paid from the proceeds of the sale and the amount payable as the purchase price shall be held diminished in the amount of the new mortgage indebtedness.
(d) No rights under a mortgage of a vessel of the United States shall be assigned to any person not a citizen of the United States without the approval of the board. Any assignment in violation of any provision of this section shall be void.
(e) No vessel of the United States shall be sold by order of a district court of the United States in any suit in rem in admiralty to any person not a citizen of the United States.
MARITIME LIENS FOR NECESSARIES.
Subsection P.
Any person furnishing repairs, supplies, towage, use of dry dock or marine railway, or other necessaries, to any vessel, whether foreign or domestic, upon the order of the owner of such vessel, or of a person authorized by the owner, shall have a maritime lien on the vessel, which may be enforced by suit in rem, and it shall not be necessary to allege or prove that credit was given to the vessel.
Subsection Q.
The following persons shall be presumed to have authority from the owner to procure repairs, supplies, towage, use of dry dock or marine railway, and other necessaries for the vessel: The managing owner, ship's husband, master, or any person to whom the management of the vessel at the port of supply is intrusted. No person tortiously or unlawfully in possession or charge of a vessel shall have authority to bind the vessel.
Subsection R.
The officers and agents of a vessel specified in subsection Q shall be taken to include such officers and agents when appointed by a charterer, by an owner pro hac vice, or by an agreed purchaser in possession of the vessel; but nothing in this section shall be construed to confer a lien when the furnisher knew, or by exercise of reasonable diligence could have ascertained, that because of the terms of a charter party, agreement for sale of the vessel, or for any other reason, the person ordering the repairs, supplies, or other necessaries was without authority to bind the vessel therefor.
Subsection S.
Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the furnisher of repairs, supplies, towage, use of dry dock or marine railway, or other necessaries, or the mortgagee, from waiving his right to a lien, or in the case of a preferred mortgage lien, to the preferred status of such lien, at any time, by agreement or otherwise; and this section shall not be construed to affect the rules of law now existing in regard to (1) the right to proceed against the vessel for advances, (2) laches in the enforcement of liens upon vessels, (3) the right to proceed in personam, (4) the rank of preferred maritime liens among themselves, or (5) priorities between maritime liens and mortgages, other than preferred mortgages, upon vessels of the United States.
Subsection T.
This section shall supersede the provisions of all State statutes conferring liens on vessels, in so far as such statutes purport to create rights of action to be enforced by suits in rem in admiralty against vessels for repairs, supplies, towage, use of dry dock or marine railway, and other necessaries.
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
Subsection U.
This section shall not apply (1) to any existing mortgage, or (2) to any mortgage hereafter placed on any vessel now under an existing mortgage, so long as such existing mortgage remains undischarged.
Subsection V.
The Secretary of Commerce is authorized and directed to furnish collectors of customs with all necessary books and records, and with certificates of registry and of enrollment and license in such form as provides for the making of all indorsements thereon required by this section.
Subsection W.
The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to make such regulations in respect to the recording and indorsing of mortgages covering vessels of the United States, as he deems necessary to the efficient execution of the provisions of this section.
Subsection X.
Sections 4192 to 4196, inclusive, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended, and the Act entitled "An Act relating to liens on vessels for repairs, supplies, or other necessaries," approved June 23, 1910, are repealed. This section, however, so far as not inconsistent with any of the provisions of law so repealed, shall be held a reënactment of such repealed law, and any right or obligation based upon any provision of such law and accruing prior to such repeal, may be prosecuted in the same manner and to the same effect as if this Act had not been passed.
Sec. 31.
That section 4530 of the Revised Statutes of the United States is amended to read as follows:
"Sec. 4530. Every seaman on a vessel of the United States shall be entitled to receive on demand from the master of the vessel to which he belongs one-half part of the balance of his wages earned and remaining unpaid at the time when such demand is made at every port where such vessel, after the voyage has been commenced, shall load or deliver cargo before the voyage is ended, and all stipulations in the contract to the contrary shall be void: Provided, Such a demand shall not be made before the expiration of, nor oftener than once in, five days nor more than once in the same harbor on the same entry. Any failure on the part of the master to comply with this demand shall release the seaman from his contract and he shall be entitled to full payment of wages earned. And when the voyage is ended every such seaman shall be entitled to the remainder of the wages which shall be then due him, as provided in section 4529 of the Revised Statutes: Provided further, That notwithstanding any release signed by any seaman under section 4552 of the Revised Statutes any court having jurisdiction may upon good cause shown set aside such release and take such action as justice shall require: And provided further, That this section shall apply to seamen on foreign vessels while in harbors of the United States, and the courts of the United States shall be open to such seamen for its enforcement."
Sec. 32.
That paragraph (a) of section 10 of the Act entitled "An Act to remove certain burdens on the American merchant marine and encourage the American foreign carrying trade, and for other purposes," approved June 26, 1884, as amended, is hereby amended to read as follows:
"Sec. 10. (a) That it shall be, and is hereby, made unlawful in any case to pay any seaman wages in advance of the time when he has actually earned the same, or to pay such advance wages, or to make any order, or note, or other evidence of indebtedness therefor to any other person, or to pay any person, for the shipment of seamen when payment is deducted or to be deducted from a seaman's wages. Any person violating any of the foregoing provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100, and may also be imprisoned for a period of not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. The payment of such advance wages or allotment, whether made within or without the United States or territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, shall in no case except as herein provided absolve the vessel or the master or the owner thereof from the full payment of wages after the same shall have been actually earned, and shall be no defense to a libel suit or action for the recovery of such wages. If any person shall demand or receive, either directly or indirectly, from any seaman or other person seeking employment, as seaman, or from any person on his behalf, any remuneration whatever for providing him with employment, he shall for every such offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be imprisoned not more than six months or fined not more than $500."
Sec. 33.
That section 20 of such Act of March 4, 1915, be, and is, amended to read as follows:
"Sec. 20. That any seaman who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment may, at his election, maintain an action for damages at law, with the right of trial by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United States modifying or extending the common-law right or remedy in cases of personal injury to railway employees shall apply; and in case of the death of any seaman as a result of any such personal injury the personal representative of such seaman may maintain an action for damages at law with the right of trial by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United States conferring or regulating the right of action for death in the case of railway employees shall be applicable. Jurisdiction in such actions shall be under the court of the district in which the defendant employer resides or in which his principal office is located."
Sec. 34.
That in the judgment of Congress, articles or provisions in treaties or conventions to which the United States is a party, which restrict the right of the United States to impose discriminating customs duties on imports entering the United States in foreign vessels and in vessels of the United States, and which also restrict the right of the United States to impose discriminatory tonnage dues on foreign vessels and on vessels of the United States entering the United States should be terminated, and the President is hereby authorized and directed within ninety days after this Act becomes law to give notice to the several Governments, respectively, parties to such treaties or conventions, that so much thereof as imposes any such restriction on the United States will terminate on the expiration of such periods as may be required for the giving of such notice by the provisions of such treaties or conventions.
Sec. 35.
That the power and authority vested in the board by this Act, except as herein otherwise specifically provided, may be exercised directly by the board, or by it through the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation.
Sec. 36.
That if any provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional or the application of any provision to certain circumstances be held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of such provisions to circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid shall not be affected thereby.
Sec. 37.
That when used in this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "person," "vessel," "documented under the laws of the United States," and "citizen of the United States" shall have the meaning assigned to them by sections 1 and 2 of the "Shipping Act, 1916," as amended by this Act; the term "board" means the United States Shipping Board; and the term "alien" means any person not a citizen of the United States.
Sec. 38.
That section 2 of the Shipping Act, 1916, is amended to read as follows:
"Sec. 2. (a) That within the meaning of this Act no corporation, partnership, or association shall be deemed a citizen of the United States unless the controlling interest therein is owned by citizens of the United States, and, in the case of a corporation, unless its president and managing directors are citizens of the United States and the corporation itself is organized under the laws of the United States or of a State, Territory, District, or possession thereof, but in the case of a corporation, association, or partnership operating any vessel in the coastwise trade the amount of interest required to be owned by citizens of the United States shall be 75 per centum.
"(b) The controlling interest in a corporation shall not be deemed to be owned by citizens of the United States (a) if the title to a majority of the stock thereof is not vested in such citizens free from any trust or fiduciary obligation in favor of any person not a citizen of the United States; or (b) if the majority of the voting power in such corporations is not vested in citizens of the United States; or (c) if through any contract or understanding it is so arranged that the majority of the voting power may be exercised, directly or indirectly, in behalf of any person who is not a citizen of the United States; or (d) if by any other means whatsoever control of the corporation is conferred upon or permitted to be exercised by any person who is not a citizen of the United States.
"(c) Seventy-five per centum of the interest in a corporation shall not be deemed to be owned by citizens of the United States (a) if the title to 75 per centum of its stock is not vested in such citizens free from any trust or fiduciary obligation in favor of any person not a citizen of the United States; or (b) if 75 per centum of the voting power in such corporations is not vested in citizens of the United States; or (c) if, through any contract or understanding it is so arranged that more than 25 per centum of the voting power in such corporation may be exercised, directly or indirectly, in behalf of any person who is not a citizen of the United States; or (d) if by any other means whatsoever control of any interest in the corporation in excess of 25 per centum is conferred upon or permitted to be exercised by any person who is not a citizen of the United States.
"(d) The provisions of this Act shall apply to receivers and trustees of all persons to whom the Act applies, and to the successors or assignees of such persons."
Sec. 39.
That this Act may be cited as the Merchant Marine Act, 1920.
Approved June 5, 1920.
[34] Public, No. 261, 66th Congress.
An Act to provide for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine, to repeal certain emergency legislation, and provide for the disposition, regulation, and use of property acquired thereunder, and for other purposes.
APPENDIX III
PROTEST
The following is a specimen of a marine protest. It is taken from Lawrence v. Minturn, 17 How. 100. It was signed by all the officers and by such of the crew as could write:
At sea, on board ship Hornet of New York, William W. Lawrence, master, bound from New York to San Francisco, California.
We, the undersigned, master, officers and mariners of the ship Hornet, of New York, do, after mature and serious deliberation, enter this solemn protest: That on August 26th, 1851, the ship Hornet being then in or about the longitude of 49° W., latitude 37° N., experiencing a gale of wind from the south, veering to N. W.: and that during said gale, which lasted until the night of the 27th of August, the weight of the deck load, consisting of two boilers, with furnaces attached, and two steam chimneys (the whole supposed to be of the weight of forty tons or thereabouts), did cause the ship to labor very hard, rolling gunwale deep, shipping large bodies of water, straining the ship in her upper works and decks, causing the ship to leak badly, and her pumps constantly worked, placing our lives, ship and cargo in imminent peril for their safety. We now, therefore, do most seriously and solemnly assert, that for the future preservation of the ship, and thereby our lives and cargo, the said boilers, furnaces and chimneys are unsafe on the decks, and for the safety of the whole should be thrown overboard as soon as possible, the weather and sea permitting.
In testimony whereof to the above, we hereby subscribe our respective names.
TABLE OF CASES
| PAGE | |
| Aguan, 48 Fed. 320 | 53 |
| Albany, The, 44 Fed. 431 | 46, 188, 206 |
| Albert Dumois, 177 U. S. 240 | 151 |
| Albina Ferry Co. v. Imperial and S. G. Reed, 38 Fed. 614 | 167 |
| Allanwilde Transport Corp. v. Vacuum Co., 248 U. S. 377 | 90 |
| Ambrose Light, 25 Fed. 408 | 199 |
| Amelie, 6 Wall. (U. S.) 18 | 20, 50 |
| America. See Eads v. Brazelton, 22 Ark. 499 | 208 |
| America. See Gracie v. Palmer, 8 Wheat. (U. S.) 605 | 95 |
| American Sugar Refining Co. v. Maddock, 93 Fed. 980 | 42 |
| Ancaios, 170 Fed. 106 | 53 |
| Anderson v. Munson, 104 Fed. 913 | 102 |
| Arcturus, 17 Fed. 95 | 44 |
| Atlantic, 53 Fed. 607 | 41, 129 |
| Atlas, 3 Otto (U. S.) 302 | 152 |
| Atlee v. Union Packet Co., 21 Wall. (U. S.) 389 | 148, 215 |
| Attorney General's Opinion, 29 Op. 188 | 27 |
| Aurora, 1 Wheat. (U. S.) 96 | 50, 140 |
| Australasian Steam Navigation Co. v. Morse, L. R. 4 P. S. 222, 1 Aspin. 407, 27 LT. Rep. N. S. 357, 8 Moore P. C. N. S. 482, 20 Weekly Rep. 728, 17 Eng. Reprint 393 | 47 |
| Barker v. The Swallow, 44 Fed. 771 | 73 |
| Barnard v. Adams, 10 How. (U. S.) 270 | 189 |
| Barnstable, 181 U. S. 464 | 33, 104 |
| Behrens v. Furnessia, 35 Fed. 798 | 82 |
| Belden v. Chase, 150 U. S. 674 | 150 |
| Belfast, 7 Wall. (U. S.) 624 | 4 |
| Belgenland, 114 U. S. 355 | 158 |
| Benefactor, 103 U. S. 247 | 124 |
| Blake, 107 U. S. 418 | 147 |
| Bold Buccleugh, The, 7 Moore P. C. 267 | 130 |
| Boskenna Bay, 36 Fed. 697 | 110 |
| Boston, The, Blatch & H. 309 | 40 |
| Bowring v. Thebaud, 56 Fed. 520 | 87 |
| Boyce v. Bayliffe, 1 Campbell 58 | 80 |
| Brewster, 95 Fed. 1000 | 49 |
| Bristol, 29 Fed. 867 | 126 |
| Brown v. Lull, 2 Sumner 559 | 54 |
| Bulkley v. Insurance Co., Fed. Cas. No. 2, 118 | 89 |
| Burlington, 73 Fed. 258 | 188 |
| Burrill, 65 Fed. 104 | 111 |
| Burt. See Murphy v. Dunham, 38 Fed. 503 | 188, 202, 206 |
| Calderon v. Atlas Steamship Co., 170 U. S. 272, 42 L. ed. 1033 | 100 |
| Caledonia, 157 U. S. 124 | 70 |
| Calypso, 230 Fed. 962 | 41 |
| Carib Prince, 170 U. S. 655 | 121 |
| Catalonia, 236 Fed. 554 | 68 |
| Cayuga, 16 Wall. (U. S.) 177 | 168 |
| Centurion, 57 Fed. 412 | 110 |
| Cervantes, 135 Fed. 573 | 31 |
| Chamberlain v. Chandler, 3 Mason 242 | 80 |
| Chamberlain v. Ward, 21 How. (U. S.) 548 | 31 |
| Charlotte, The, 3 W. Rob. Adm. 68 | 184 |
| Chicago, 235 Fed. 538 | 68 |
| China, The, 7 Wall. (U. S.) 53 | 126, 174, 178 |
| Citizen. See Quickstep, 9 Wall. (U. S.) 665 | 163 |
| City of Norwich, 118 U. S. 468 | 123, 124 |
| City of Panama, 101 U. S. 453 | 82 |
| Civilta and Restless, 13 Otto 699 | 167, 169 |
| Clara Clarita, 23 Wall. (U. S.) 1 | 166, 169 |
| Clark v. Burns, 118 Mass. 275 | 79 |
| Clifton, The, 3 Hagg. Adm. 14, 48 | 180 |
| Compania de Navigacion La Flecha v. Brauer, 168 U. S. 104 | 93 |
| Company v. Dexter, 52 Fed. 152 | 41 |
| Constable v. National Steamship Co., 154 U. S. 51 | 76, 90 |
| Cope v. Drydock Co., 119 U. S. 625 | 180 |
| Craig v. Insurance Co., 141 U. S. 638 | 204 |
| Crapo v. Kelly, 16 Wall. 610 | 15 |
| Crossman v. Burrill, 179 U. S. 100 | 110 |
| Dallemagne v. Moison, 197 U. S. 169 | 68 |
| Dan, 40 Fed. 691 | 85 |
| Daniel Kane, The, 35 Fed. 785 | 26 |
| Davidson v. Baldwin, 79 Fed. 95 | 36 |
| Davies v. Mann, 10 M. & W. 546 | 217 |
| Delaware Ins. Co. v. Gossler, 6 Otto (U. S.) 645 | 140 |
| Dempster Shipping Co. v. Pouppirt, 125 Fed. 732 | 82 |
| Dene, 103 Fed. 983 | 111 |
| DeSmet, The, 10 Fed. 483 | 137 |
| Dixie, 46 Fed. 403 | 111 |
| Dixon v. Whitworth, 4 Asp. M. L. C. 138, 327 | 188 |
| Dutton v. Strong, 1 Black 23 | 212, 215 |
| Dyer. See Scotland, 118 U. S. 507 | 123 |
| Eads v. Brazelton, 22 Arkansas 499 | 208 |
| Edgar F. Coney. See Marie Palmer, 191 Fed. 79 | 161 |
| Egypt. See Constable v. National Steamship Co., 154 U. S. 51 | 76 |
| Ellis Warley. See North Star, 106 U. S. 17 | 156 |
| Elton, 83 Fed. 519 | 45 |
| Ely, 110 Fed. 563 | 111 |
| Emily B. Souder, 15 Blatch. 185, Fed. Cas. No. 4, 458 | 184 |
| Empire Shipbuilding Co., 221 Fed. 223 | 144 |
| Endora, 190 U. S. 169 | 68 |
| Erastina, 50 Fed. 126 | 160 |
| Europa, 2 Eng. L. & E. 559 | 149 |
| Fair American, 1 Peters Adm. 87, 4 Fed. Cas. No. 1874 | 184 |
| Field Line v. South Atlantic Co., 201 Fed. 301 | 92 |
| Fitzgerald, 212 Fed. 678 | 85 |
| Fleming v. Fire Assoc., 147 Mich. 404 | 24 |
| Fortuna. See Barnstable, 181 U. S. 464 | 104 |
| Frances. See Delaware Ins. Co. v. Gossler, 6 Otto (U. S.) 645 | 140 |
| Francis, 21 Fed. 715 | 110 |
| Freeman, 18 How. (U. S.) 182 | 34, 42, 92 |
| Future City, 184 U. S. 247 | 216 |
| Gardner v. Gold coins, 111 Fed. 552 | 187 |
| Garland, The, 16 Fed. 283 | 18, 135 |
| General Cass, 1 Brown Adm. 334 | 2 |
| Germania Ins. Co. v. Lady Pike, 21 Wall. (U. S.) 1 | 72 |
| Gillespie v. Winberg, 4 Daly (N. Y.) 318 | 38 |
| Goddard, T. A., 12 Fed. 174 | 104 |
| Gould v. Jacobson, 58 Mich. 288 | 18 |
| Gracie v. Palmer, 8 Wheat. (U. S.) 605 | 95 |
| Grant v. Norway, 10 C. B. 665 | 42 |
| Grant v. Poillon, 20 How. (U. S.) 162 | 4 |
| Grapeshot, 9 Wall. (U. S.) 129 | 139, 147 |
| Gratitudine, The, 3 C. Rob. Adm. 240 | 189 |
| Great Eastern, 24 Fed. Cas. 14, 110 | 183 |
| Guildhall, 58 Fed. 796 | 93 |
| Hagar v. Clark, 78 N. Y. 45 | 91 |
| Hales. See Niagara, 77 Fed. 329 | 153 |
| Hamilton, The, 207 U. S. 398 | 15 |
| Harlem, 27 Fed. 236 | 85 |
| Hattie Thomas, 29 Fed. 297 | 41 |
| Hattie P., 63 Fed. 1015 | 85 |
| Hector. See Sturgis v. Boyer, 24 How. (U. S.) 110 | 170 |
| Hercules, 28 Fed. 475 | 213 |
| Herman v. Mill, 69 Fed. 646 | 126 |
| Hobart et al v. Drogan, 10 Peters (U. S.) 108 | 184 |
| Holmes, 1 Wall. Jr. 1, 26 Fed. Cas. No. 15, 383 | 194 |
| Hopkins v. Forsyth, 14 Pa. St. 38 | 27 |
| Hornet, The. See Lawrence v. Minturn, 17 How. (U. S.) 100 | 74, 189 |
| Hostetter v. Park, 137 U. S. 30 | 88 |
| Hough v. Western Transportation Co., 3 Wall. (U. S.) 20 | 4, 32, 126 |
| Hunter v. Prinsep, 10 East 378 | 77 |
| Huus v. Co., 182 U. S. 392, 395, | 12, 24 |
| Imberhorne, 240 Fed. 830 | 68 |
| Indrapura, 171 Fed. 929 | 88 |
| Insurance Co. v. Dunham, 11 Wall. (U. S.) 1 | 4 |
| Intrepid. See Liverpool &c. Navigation Co. v. Brooklyn Eastern Dist. Terminal, U. S. Supreme Court Advance Sheets, 85 | 170 |
| Ixion, 237 Fed. 142 | 68 |
| Jackson v. Union Marine Insurance Co., L. R. 10 C. P. 125 | 107 |
| Jefferson, The, 215 U. S. 130 | 181, 188 |
| Jenkins, S. S. Co. v. Preston, 186 Fed. 108 | 53 |
| J. C. Pfluger, 109 Fed. 93 | 184 |
| J. E. Rumbell, 148 U. S. 1 | 142, 147 |
| John Buddle, 5 Notes of Cas. 387 | 151 |
| John G. Stevens, 170 U. S. 113 | 129, 137 |
| John Jay, 17 How. (U. S.) 399 | 24 |
| Joseph B. Thomas, 86 Fed. 658 | 58 |
| Kate, 164 U. S. 458 | 133 |
| Kate Aitken. See Wilson v. Charlestown Pilots' Association, 57 Fed. 227 | 175 |
| Kensington, 183 U. S. 263 | 85 |
| Kentucky. See The China, 7 Wall. (U. S.) 53 | 178 |
| Keokuk, The, &c. v. Home Ins. Co., 9 Wall. (U. S.) 526 | 72 |
| Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Stewart, 253 U. S. 149 | 57 |
| La Bourgogne, 210 U. S. 95 | 124 |
| Larch, 2 Curt. 434 | 27 |
| Larsen, Ex parte, 233 Fed. 708 | 60 |
| Lawrence v. Minturn, 17 How. (U. S.) 100 | 46, 74 |
| Leamington, 86 Fed. 675 | 182 |
| Lehigh Valley R. R. Co. v. Cornell Steamboat Co., 218 U. S. 264 | 155 |
| Liverpool &c. Navigation Co. v. Brooklyn Eastern Dist. Terminal, U. S. Supreme Court Advance Sheets, 85 | 112, 114, 170 |
| Lizzie Burrill, 115 Fed. 1015 | 42 |
| Lombard S. S. Co. v. Anderson, 134 Fed. 568 | 53 |
| Lottawanna, 21 Wall. (U. S.) 558 | 137 |
| Luckenbach v. McCahan Sugar Ref. Co., 248 U. S. 139 | 118 |
| McConochie v. Kerr, D. C. 9 Fed. 50 | 184 |
| McLean v. Fleming, L. R. 2 H. L. Sc. 128 (English cases) | 42 |
| Mac, 7 P. D. 126 | 3 |
| Majestic, 166 U. S. 375 | 79 |
| Majestic, 56 Fed. 244 | 85, 110 |
| Malek Adhel, 2 How. (U. S.) 210 | 112, 195 |
| Manitoba, 104 Fed. 145 | 85 |
| Marcadier v. Ins. Co., 8 Cranch (U. S.) 39 | 199 |
| Margharita, 140 Fed. 820 | 59 |
| Marie Palmer, 191 Fed. 79 | 161, 165, 166 |
| Marjorie, The, 151 Fed. 183 | 127, 128 |
| Mary, The, 1 Sprague 19 | 189 |
| Max Morris, The, 137 U. S. 1 | 58 |
| Mencke v. Sugar, 187 U. S. 248 | 111 |
| Minnetonka, 146 Fed. 509 | 79 |
| Mitchell v. Chambers, 43 Mich. 150 | 38 |
| Mohawk, The, 3 Wall. (U. S.) 566 | 12 |
| Moore v. Sun Printing &c. Association, 183 U. S. 642 | 109 |
| Morgan v. Parham, 16 Wall. (U. S.) 471 | 12 |
| Morning Light, 2 Wall. (U. S.) 550 | 148 |
| Mosher, 17 Fed. Cas. No. 9874 | 164 |
| Murphy v. Dunham, 38 Fed. 503 | 188, 202, 206 |
| Mystic, 30 Fed. 73 | 160 |
| Nebraska, The, 75 Fed. 598 | 40, 53 |
| Neilson et al v. Rhine Shipping Co., 248 U. S. 205 | 65 |
| New World v. King, 16 How. (U. S.) 469 | 176 |
| Niagara, The, 21 How. (U. S.) 7 | 39, 40, 45, 53 |
| Niagara, 77 Fed. 329 | 153 |
| Nicaragua. See Mosher, 17 Fed. Cas. No. 9874 | 164 |
| Normannia, 62 Fed. 469 | 85 |
| North Star, 106 U. S. 17 | 156 |
| O'Brien v. Miller, 168 U. S. 287 | 124, 147 |
| Ocean Spray, 4 Sawy. 105 | 62 |
| Ole Olson, 20 Fed. 384 | 62 |
| Onderdonk v. Smith, et al, 27 Fed. 874 | 210 |
| Oregon, 158 U. S. 186 | 151 |
| Orleans v. Phœbus, 11 Peters (U. S.) 175 | 28, 44 |
| Osceola, 187 U. S. 190 | 68 |
| Patapsco Ins. Co. v. Coulter, 3 Peters (U. S.) 222 | 199 |
| Pendleton v. Benner Line, 246 U. S. 353 | 118, 124 |
| Pfluger, J. C., 109 Fed. 93 | 184 |
| Pickwick. See Gould v. Jacobson, 58 Mich. 288 | 18 |
| Ponce, 178 Fed. 76 | 53 |
| Post v. Jones, 19 How. (U. S.) 150 | 47 |
| Prendergast v. Compton, 8 C. & P. 454 | 80 |
| Pulaski, 33 Fed. 383 | 129 |
| Quickstep, 9 Wall. (U. S.) 655 | 163 |
| Ragland v. Norfolk & Washington Steamboat Co., 163 Fed. 376 | 42 |
| Railway Co. v. Myers, 80 Fed. 361 | 82 |
| Ralli v. Troop, 157 U. S. 386 | 174, 191 |
| Rebecca-Ware, Fed. Cas. No. 11,629 | 124 |
| Relief. See Wilson v. Charlestown Pilots' Association, 57 Fed. 227 | 175 |
| Republic. See Sturgis v. Boyer, 24 How. (U. S.) 110 | 170 |
| Reward, 1 W. Rob. 174 | 185 |
| Richardson v. Harmon, 222 U. S. 96 | 118, 124, 215 |
| River Mersey, 48 Fed. 686 | 207 |
| Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U. S. 275 | 60, 68 |
| Rock Island Bridge, 6 Wall. (U. S.) 213 | 129 |
| Ronalds, 109 Fed. 905 | 111 |
| Rosenthal, 57 Fed. 254 | 110 |
| Ross v. McIntyre, 140 U. S. 453 | 68 |
| Royal Sceptre, 187 Fed. 224 | 75, 115 |
| Rumbell, J. E., 148 U. S. 1 | 142, 147 |
| Rupert, 213 Fed. 263 | 53 |
| St. Clair v. U. S. 154 U. S. 134 | 199 |
| St. Jago de Cuba, 9 Wheat. (U. S.) 409 | 132 |
| Sandberg v. McDonald, 248 U. S. 185 | 65 |
| Sandringham, 10 Fed. 556 | 182, 187 |
| Scotland, 118 U. S. 507 | 123 |
| Scotland, 105 U. S. 24 | 124 |
| Scotia, 14 Wall. (U. S.) 170 | 158 |
| Seabrook v. Raft, 40 Fed. 596 | 3, 148 |
| Shawnee, 45 Fed. 769 | 58 |
| Sheehan v. Dalrymple, 19 Mich. 239 | 30 |
| Sherlock v. Alling, 93 U. S. 99 | 33 |
| Shooting Star. See Wm. H. Webb, 14 Wall. (U. S.) 406 | 168 |
| Skinner, 248 Fed. 818 | 188 |
| Smith v. Burnett, 173 U. S. 430 | 211 |
| South Coast S. S. Co. v. Rudnbach, 251 U. S. 519 | 133 |
| Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205 | 56 |
| Southern Pacific Co. v. Ky. 222 U. S. 632 | 15 |
| Southwark, 191 U. S. 1 | 122 |
| Spedden, 184 Fed. 283 | 53 |
| Spedden v. Koenig, 24 C. C. A. 189; 78 Fed. 504 | 37 |
| Sprott, 70 Fed. 327 | 110 |
| Stach Clark, 54 Fed. 533 | 201 |
| Steamship Co. v. Schmidt, 241 U. S. 245 | 68 |
| Strathearn, 239 Fed. 583 | 68 |
| Strathearn S. S. Co. v. Dillon, 252 U. S. 348 | 65 |
| Stratton v. Jarvis, 8 Peters (U. S.) 4 | 186 |
| Sturgis v. Boyer, 24 How. (U. S.) 110 | 170, 179 |
| Sumner v. Caswell, 20 Fed. 249 | 85 |
| Sun Printing &c. Association v. Moore, 183 U. S. 642 | 109 |
| Syracuse, 18 Fed. 828 | 161 |
| Syracuse, The, 12 Wall. (U. S.) 167 | 168 |
| Tabor v. U. S., 1 Story 1 | 14 |
| T. A. Goddard, The, 12 Fed. 174 | 104 |
| Tamplin Steamship Co. v. Anglo-Mexican Products Co., Ltd., 2 A. C. 397 | 108 |
| Teutonia v. Erlanger, 248 U. S. 521 | 182 |
| Tornado, 108 U. S. 342 | 78 |
| Trans. Co. v. Wright, 13 Wall. (U. S.) 104 | 124 |
| Transportation Co. v. La Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, 182 U. S. 406 | 178 |
| Transportation Co. v. Pearsall, 90 Fed. 435 | 185 |
| Trigg, 37 Fed. 708 | 53 |
| Troop, 118 Fed. 769 | 59 |
| Tucker v. Alexandroff, 183 U. S. 424, 438 | 5 |
| United States v. Ansonia Co., 218 U. S. 452 | 11 |
| United States v. Forester, Newb. Adm. 81 | 24 |
| United States v. Willings, 4 Cranch. (U. S.) 48 | 23 |
| Valencia, 165 U. S. 264 | 131 |
| Vauban. See Liverpool &c. Navigation Co. v. Brooklyn Eastern Dist. Terminal, U. S. Supreme Court Advance Sheets, 85 | 170 |
| Vincent v. Company, 109 Minn. 456 | 215 |
| Western States, 151 Fed. 929 | 80 |
| White's Bank v. Smith, 7 Wall. (U. S.) 646 | 24 |
| Wildcroft, 201 U. S. 378 | 85, 122 |
| Wm. Bagaley, The, 5 Wall. (U. S.) 377 | 26, 28, 29 |
| William Brown. See Holmes, 1 Wall. Jr. 1, 26 Fed. Cas. No. 15,383 | 194 |
| Wm. H. Webb, 14 Wall. (U. S.) 406 | 168, 179 |
| Willings v. Blight, 2 Pet. Adm. 288, 30 Fed. Cas. No. 17,765 | 29 |
| Wilson v. Charlestown Pilots' Association, 57 Fed. 227 | 175 |
| Wisconsin. See Sturgis v. Boyer, 24 How. (U. S.) 110 | 170, 179 |
| Woodall v. Dempsey, 100 Fed. 613 | 37 |
| Yankee Blade, 19 How. (U. S.) 82 | 127 |
| Yarkand, 120 Fed. 887 | 53 |